Haplogroup M-P256

Haplogroup M-M4
Haplogroup M-M4
Possible time of origin	8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP (Kayser 2003)
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia - Melanesia[citation needed]
Ancestor	M-P256
Defining mutations	M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35[citation needed]

Haplogroup M-P256
Haplogroup M-P256
Possible time of origin	32,000-47,000 years BP (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin	Wallacea (eastern Indonesia); or New Guinea
Ancestor	K2b1
Defining mutations	P256

Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago (Scheinfeldt 2006).

M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea (Kayser 2003). It is also found in neighboring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.

Both M-P256 and Haplogroup S (B254) are the only primary subclades of K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS.

Phylogenetic structure

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 (ISOGG 2016) and YCC in 2008.(Karafet 2008)

M* (P256)
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
  - M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
    - M1a1 (P51)
    - M1a2 (P94)
  - M1b (P87)
    - M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
      - M1b1a (M16)
      - M1b1b (M83)
- M2 (M353, M387)
  - M2a (M177/SRY9138)
- M3 (P117, P118)

Distribution

M* (M-P256*)

The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences^[spelling?] in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).^[1]

M1 (M-M4)

Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

Una 100% (Kayser 2003)
Ketengban 100% (Kayser 2003)
Awyu 100% (Kayser 2003)
Citak 86% (Kayser 2003)
Asmat 75% (Kayser 2003)
West Papua
- Lowlands/coast 77.5% (Kayser 2003)
- Highlands 74.5% (Kayser 2003)
Kombai/Korowai 46% (Kayser 2003)
Papua New Guinea
- Coast 29% (Kayser 2003)
- Highlands 35.5% (Kayser 2003)
Tolai (New Britain) 31% (Kayser 2003)
Trobriand Islands 30% (Kayser 2003)
Maluku (Moluccas) 21% (Kayser 2003)
Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous".(Nagle 2015)

An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif.(Haber 2012). The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008)	M-M4
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	24
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1U
Karafet 2001	37
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H17
Capelli 2001	E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	M*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	M
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	M1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	M1

M1a (M-P34)

M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands (Karafet 2005 and Kayser 2008).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008)	M-P34
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	24
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1U
Karafet 2001	37
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H17
Capelli 2001	E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	M1
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	M1
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	M1a
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	M1a

M1b (M-P87)

M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in addition to one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea (Scheinfeldt 2006).

The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa. (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008)	M-P22
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	24
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1U
Karafet 2001	38
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H17
Capelli 2001	E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	M2*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	M2a
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	M1b1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	M1b1

M2 (M-M353)

M2 is found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna (Kayser 2006).

The subclade M2a (M-M177, also referred to as M-SRY9138) has been found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands (Cox 2006).

Alternative names previously used within peer-reviewed literature for the M2a subclade are listed below.

Old names (YCC 2002/2008)	K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 AKA M-M177
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	23
Underhill 2000	VIII
Hammer 2001	1E
Karafet 2001	25
Semino 2000	Eu16
Su 1999	H5
Capelli 2001	F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	K1
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	K1
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	M2a
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	M2a

M3 (M-P117)

M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and is also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

Previous phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, at least seven different naming systems for the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree were used within academic literature, leading to considerable confusion. To resolve this, in 2002, major research groups collaborated to form the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC), resulting in the publishing of a joint paper that contained a single new tree that they all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely.

The table below brings together the nomenclature used in studies of Haplogroup M prior to the landmark 2002 YCC Tree, enabling researchers reviewing older literature to quickly convert between the different nomenclatures that were in use.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
M4	24	VIII	1U	37	Eu16	H17	E	M*	M	M1	M1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-P34	24	VIII	1U	37	Eu16	H17	E	M1	M1	M1a	M1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-P22/M-M104	24	VIII	1U	38	Eu16	H17	E	M2*	M2a	M1b1	M1b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-M16	24	VIII	1U	39	Eu16	H17	E	M2a	M2a1	M1b1a	M1b1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M-M83	24	VIII	1U	38	Eu16	H17	E	M2b	M2a2	M1b1b	M1b1b	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138	23	VIII	1E	25	Eu16	H5	F	K1	K1	M2a	M2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Sources

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.^{[citation needed]}

References

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo [id], Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biological Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.

Works cited

Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. S2CID 4824401.
Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang (2012). Kayser, Manfred (ed.). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders" (PDF). Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, LA; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, RB; Schiefenhoevel, W (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2234–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0. PMID 16923821.
Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
Nagle, N.; et al. (2015). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539.
"ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup M". www.isogg.org.

Sources for conversion tables

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906.
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597.
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685.

External links

Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic