Alpha

Alpha /ˈælfə/^[1] (uppercase Α, lowercase α; Ancient Greek: ἄλφα, álpha, or Greek: άλφα, romanized: álfa) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for "ox".^[2] Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter А.

Uses

Greek

In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced [a] and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: Ᾱᾱ, Ᾰᾰ.

ὥρα = ὥρᾱ hōrā Greek pronunciation: [hɔ́ːraː] "a time"
γλῶσσα = γλῶσσᾰ glôssa Greek pronunciation: [ɡlɔ̂ːssa] "tongue"

In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel IPA: [a].

In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (ά, ὰ, ᾶ), and either of two breathing marks (ἁ, ἀ), as well as combinations of these. It can also combine with the iota subscript (ᾳ).

Greek grammar

In the Attic–Ionic dialect of Ancient Greek, long alpha [aː] fronted to [ɛː] (eta). In Ionic, the shift took place in all positions. In Attic, the shift did not take place after epsilon, iota, and rho (ε, ι, ρ; e, i, r). In Doric and Aeolic, long alpha is preserved in all positions.^[3]

Doric, Aeolic, Attic χώρᾱ chṓrā – Ionic χώρη chṓrē, "country"
Doric, Aeolic φᾱ́μᾱ phā́mā – Attic, Ionic φήμη phḗmē, "report"

Privative a is the Ancient Greek prefix ἀ- or ἀν- a-, an-, added to words to negate them. It originates from the Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (syllabic nasal) and is cognate with English un-.

Copulative a is the Greek prefix ἁ- or ἀ- ha-, a-. It comes from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥.

Mathematics and science

The letter alpha represents various concepts in physics and chemistry, including alpha radiation, angular acceleration, alpha particles, alpha carbon and strength of electromagnetic interaction (as fine-structure constant). Alpha also stands for thermal expansion coefficient of a compound in physical chemistry. It is also commonly used in mathematics in algebraic solutions representing quantities such as angles. Furthermore, in mathematics, the letter alpha is used to denote the area underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level^[4] when proving null and alternative hypotheses. In ethology, it is used to name the dominant individual in a group of animals. In aerodynamics, the letter is used as a symbol for the angle of attack of an aircraft and the word "alpha" is used as a synonym for this property. In mathematical logic, α is sometimes used as a placeholder for ordinal numbers.

The proportionality operator "∝" (in Unicode: U+221D) is sometimes mistaken for alpha.

The uppercase letter alpha is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase Latin A.

International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter ɑ, which looks similar to the lower-case alpha, represents the open back unrounded vowel.

History and symbolism

Origin

The Phoenician alphabet was adopted for Greek in the early 8th century BC, perhaps in Euboea.^[5] The majority of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet were adopted into Greek with much the same sounds as they had had in Phoenician, but ʼāleph, the Phoenician letter representing the glottal stop [ʔ], was adopted as representing the vowel [a]; similarly, hē [h] and ʽayin [ʕ] are Phoenician consonants that became Greek vowels, epsilon [e] and omicron [o], respectively.

Plutarch

Plutarch, in Moralia,^[6] presents a discussion on why the letter alpha stands first in the alphabet. Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing alpha first because it is the Phoenician name for ox—which, unlike Hesiod,^[7] the Phoenicians considered not the second or third, but the first of all necessities. "Nothing at all," Plutarch replied. He then added that he would rather be assisted by Lamprias, his own grandfather, than by Dionysus' grandfather, i.e. Cadmus. For Lamprias had said that the first articulate sound made is "alpha", because it is very plain and simple—the air coming off the mouth does not require any motion of the tongue—and therefore this is the first sound that children make.

According to Plutarch's natural order of attribution of the vowels to the planets, alpha was connected with the Moon.

Alpha and Omega

As the first letter of the alphabet, Alpha as a Greek numeral came to represent the number 1. Therefore, Alpha, both as a symbol and term, is used to refer to the "first", or "primary", or "principal" (most significant) occurrence or status of a thing.

The New Testament has God declaring himself to be the "Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last." (Revelation 22:13, KJV, and see also 1:8).^{[non-primary source needed]}

Consequently, the term "alpha" has also come to be used to denote "primary" position in social hierarchy, examples being the concept of dominant "alpha" members in groups of animals.

Computer encodings

Greek alpha / Coptic alfa^[8]

Character information
Preview	Α		α		Ⲁ		ⲁ
Unicode name	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA		GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA		COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALFA		COPTIC SMALL LETTER ALFA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	913	U+0391	945	U+03B1	11392	U+2C80	11393	U+2C81
UTF-8	206 145	CE 91	206 177	CE B1	226 178 128	E2 B2 80	226 178 129	E2 B2 81
Numeric character reference	Α	Α	α	α	Ⲁ	Ⲁ	ⲁ	ⲁ
Named character reference	Α		α
CP 437			224	E0
DOS Greek	128	80	152	98
DOS Greek-2	164	A4	214	D6
Windows 1253	193	C1	225	E1
TeX			\alpha

For accented Greek characters, see Greek diacritics: Computer encoding.

Latin / IPA alpha

Character information
Preview	Ɑ		ɑ		ɒ		ᶐ		ᵅ		ᶛ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA		LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA		LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA		LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK		MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ALPHA		MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED ALPHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	11373	U+2C6D	593	U+0251	594	U+0252	7568	U+1D90	7493	U+1D45	7579	U+1D9B
UTF-8	226 177 173	E2 B1 AD	201 145	C9 91	201 146	C9 92	225 182 144	E1 B6 90	225 181 133	E1 B5 85	225 182 155	E1 B6 9B
Numeric character reference	Ɑ	Ɑ	ɑ	ɑ	ɒ	ɒ	ᶐ	ᶐ	ᵅ	ᵅ	ᶛ	ᶛ

Mathematical / Technical alpha

Character information
Preview	⍺		⍶		𝚨		𝛂		𝛢		𝛼
Unicode name	APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA		APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA UNDERBAR		MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL ALPHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	9082	U+237A	9078	U+2376	120488	U+1D6A8	120514	U+1D6C2	120546	U+1D6E2	120572	U+1D6FC
UTF-8	226 141 186	E2 8D BA	226 141 182	E2 8D B6	240 157 154 168	F0 9D 9A A8	240 157 155 130	F0 9D 9B 82	240 157 155 162	F0 9D 9B A2	240 157 155 188	F0 9D 9B BC
UTF-16	9082	237A	9078	2376	55349 57000	D835 DEA8	55349 57026	D835 DEC2	55349 57058	D835 DEE2	55349 57084	D835 DEFC
Numeric character reference	⍺	⍺	⍶	⍶	𝚨	𝚨	𝛂	𝛂	𝛢	𝛢	𝛼	𝛼

Character information
Preview	𝜜		𝜶		𝝖		𝝰		𝞐		𝞪
Unicode name	MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ALPHA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL ALPHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	120604	U+1D71C	120630	U+1D736	120662	U+1D756	120688	U+1D770	120720	U+1D790	120746	U+1D7AA
UTF-8	240 157 156 156	F0 9D 9C 9C	240 157 156 182	F0 9D 9C B6	240 157 157 150	F0 9D 9D 96	240 157 157 176	F0 9D 9D B0	240 157 158 144	F0 9D 9E 90	240 157 158 170	F0 9D 9E AA
UTF-16	55349 57116	D835 DF1C	55349 57142	D835 DF36	55349 57174	D835 DF56	55349 57200	D835 DF70	55349 57232	D835 DF90	55349 57258	D835 DFAA
Numeric character reference	𝜜	𝜜	𝜶	𝜶	𝝖	𝝖	𝝰	𝝰	𝞐	𝞐	𝞪	𝞪

References

^ "alpha". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Brookes, I. (2004). Chamber Concise Dictionary. Allied Pub (p) Limited. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-86062-36-4. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek grammar for colleges. paragraph 30 Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine and note Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Chapter 5: Analysing the Data Part II : Inferential Statistics". Research Methods and Statistics PESS202 Lecture and Commentary Notes. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.
^ The date of the earliest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarizes the present scholarship on the dating.
^ Symposiacs, Book IX, questions II & III On-line text Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine at Adelaide library
^ Hesiod, in Works and Days (see on Perseus Project Archived 17 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine), advises the early Greek farmers, "First of all, get a house, then a woman and third, an ox for the plough."
^ "Character Encodings". Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

[1] "alpha". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[2] Brookes, I. (2004). Chamber Concise Dictionary. Allied Pub (p) Limited. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-86062-36-4. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[3] Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek grammar for colleges. paragraph 30 Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine and note Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[4] "Chapter 5: Analysing the Data Part II : Inferential Statistics". Research Methods and Statistics PESS202 Lecture and Commentary Notes. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.

[5] The date of the earliest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarizes the present scholarship on the dating.

[6] Symposiacs, Book IX, questions II & III On-line text Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine at Adelaide library

[7] Hesiod, in Works and Days (see on Perseus Project Archived 17 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine), advises the early Greek farmers, "First of all, get a house, then a woman and third, an ox for the plough."

[8] "Character Encodings". Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

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