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Jerzy Andrzejewski

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Jerzy Andrzejewski
Jerzy Andrzejewski in 1949
Born(1909-08-19)19 August 1909
Warsaw, Vistula Land, Russian Empire
Died19 April 1983(1983-04-19) (aged 73)
Warsaw, Poland
CitizenshipRussian, Polish
Known forAshes and Diamonds
Grave of Jerzy Andrzejewski at Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw

Jerzy Andrzejewski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjɛʐɨ andʐɛˈjɛfskʲi]; 19 August 1909 – 19 April 1983) was a prolific Polish writer. His works confront controversial moral issues such as betrayal, the Jews and Auschwitz in the wartime.[1] His novels, Ashes and Diamonds (about the immediate post-war situation in Poland), and Holy Week (treating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising), have been made into film adaptations by the Oscar-winning Polish director Andrzej Wajda. Holy Week and Ashes and Diamonds have both been translated into English.[2] His novel The Gates of Paradise was translated into English by James Kirkup and published by Panther Books with the anglicised spelling "George Andrzeyevski".

Life and career

Born in Warsaw in 1909, Andrzejewski studied philology at the University of Warsaw in the Second Polish Republic. In 1932 he debuted in ABC Magazine with his first short story entitled Wobec czyjegoś życia. In 1936 he published a full collection of short stories called Drogi nieuniknione, in Biblioteka Prosto z mostu, and soon received broad recognition for his new, Catholic-inspired novel Ład serca from 1938.

During World War II he was involved in efforts to aid the Jewish refugees.[3] His short novel Holy Week (1945) has been described as "arguably the first literary attempt to examine the behavior of Poles facing the Holocaust".[4]

Immediately after World War II, Andrzejewski published the volume Night (Noc, 1945) and his most famous novel so far, Ashes and Diamonds (Popiół i diament, 1948). Having joined the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) in 1950, he left the party after the 1956 Polish October protests and riots.[5] After the suppression of the Prague Spring, in which Polish troops participated, Andrzejewski wrote a letter of apology to Eduard Goldstücker, the chairman of the Czechoslovak Writers Union.[citation needed] In 1964 he was one of the signatories of the so-called Letter of 34 to Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz regarding freedom of culture. In 1976 Andrzejewski was one of the founding members of the intellectual opposition group KOR (Workers' Defence Committee). Later, Andrzejewski was a strong supporter of Poland's anti-Communist Solidarity movement.

Andrzejewski was gay.[6][7]

Although he was frequently considered a front-runner for the Nobel Prize for Literature, he never received the honor. His purported alcoholism in his later years may have hindered his literary output, thus preventing him from ever becoming a true moral authority.[5]

He died of a heart attack in Warsaw in 1983.

Legacy

Andrzejewski's wartime writings, which inspired the Anti-Nazi Home Army, and in turn his post-war work as a propagandist for Stalinism in Poland are analyzed in Czesław Miłosz's The Captive Mind. In that book, Miłosz refers to Andrzejewski only as "Alpha."[2] According to Miłosz, Andrzejewski's writing is "sainted and supercilious," and other poets and writers in postwar Poland considered him a "respectable prostitute."[8]

On 23 September 2006, Jerzy Andrzejewski was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by Polish President Lech Kaczyński.

List of works

  • Unavoidable Roads (Drogi nieuniknione, 1936), a collection of short stories
  • Mode of the Heart (Ład serca, 1938), first novel, winner of the Polish Academy of Literature award
  • Night (Noc, 1945) featuring Holy Week
  • Ashes and Diamonds (Popiół i diament, 1948),[9] film version won Critics' Prize at 1959 Venice Film Festival
  • The Inquisitors (Ciemności kryją ziemię, 1957, tr. 1960)
  • An Effective War (Wojna skuteczna, czyli Opis bitew i potyczek z Zadufkami, 1953), stalinist feel-good story
  • The Gates of Paradise (Bramy raju, 1960), novel notable for being written almost without punctuation, in two sentences
  • A Sitter for a Satyr (Idzie skacząc po górach, 1963) published in the United Kingdom as He Cometh Leaping upon the Mountain

(and others)

Further reading

  • Irena Szymańska: Mój przyjaciel Jerzy w: "Kwartalnik Artystyczny" nr 4/1997, s. 82–101.
  • Anna Synoradzka: Andrzejewski, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1997.
  • Dariusz Nowacki: "Ja" nieuniknione. O podmiocie pisarstwa Jerzego Andrzejewskiego, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2000.

References

  1. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Liukkonen, Petri. "Jerzy Andrzejewski". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.
  3. ^ Bozena Shallcross (21 February 2011). The Holocaust Object in Polish and Polish-Jewish Culture. Indiana University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-253-00509-0.
  4. ^ Marek Haltof (2012). Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory. Berghahn Books. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-85745-356-3.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Oscar E. Swan, Holy Week: a novel of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising By Jerzy Andrzejewski, with biographical notes, and photographs. Ohio University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8214-1715-0
  6. ^ Stanley, John (2006). "Constructing a Narrative: The History of Homosexuality in Poland". In Melinda Chateauvert (ed.). New Social Movements and Sexualtity: Conference Papers 2004. New social movements and sexuality. Sofia: Bilitis Resource Center. ISBN 978-954-91940-1-2.
  7. ^ Śmieja, Wojciech (2019). "The Captive (Homosexual) Minds. On Being a Writer and a Homosexual in Communist Poland (Wilhelm Mach, Jerzy Andrzejewski)". Литературата (21): 183–194. ISSN 1313-1451. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  8. ^ Milosz, Czeslaw; translated from the Polish by Jane Zielonko (1990). The Captive Mind. New York: Vintage International. p. 109. ISBN 0679728562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Polish literature in English translation. Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine 20th century Polish literature, at roadrunner.com.

External links

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