Karaikal
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Karaikal
Karikal | |
|---|---|
Town | |
Karaikal Grand Mosque Beach Road during Dawn | |
  Karaikal Location of Karaikal in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates: 10°55′58″N 79°49′55″E / 10.932701°N 79.831853°E | |
| Country | India |
| Union territory | Puducherry |
| District | Karaikal |
| Region | Tamil Nadu |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Karaikal Municipality (Conseil Municipal de Karaikal) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Tamil, French |
| • Additional | English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 609601-609609 |
| Telephone code | +91-04368- |
| Vehicle registration | PY 02 |
| Website | www |
Karaikal (/kʌdɛkʌl/, French: Karikal /kaʁikal/) is a city of the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry.[2] It is the administrative headquarters of the Karaikal District and the second most populated city in the Union Territory after Pondicherry. Located on the Coromandel Coast of Bay of Bengal in South India, it is a coastal enclave and is surrounded by the state of Tamil Nadu in the southern region of Indian peninsula.
Etymology
[edit]The origin of the word Karaikal is uncertain. The Imperial Gazetteer of British India gives its meaning as 'fish pass'. Both the words 'Karai' and 'Kal' have several meanings, of which the more acceptable ones are 'lime mix' and 'canal' respectively. Hence it has been suggested that the name may mean a canal built of lime mix, however, no trace of such a canal is evident.
History
[edit]Karaikal was sold to the French colonial empire by the Rajah of Thanjavur and became a part of French India Colony in 1739. The French held control, with occasional interruptions from the British Raj, until 1954, when it was de facto incorporated into the Republic of India (de jure in 1962), along with the other French Indian colonies of Mahé, Yanaon, Chandernagor, and Pondichéry.
Geography
[edit]Karaikal is a small coastal enclave which was formerly part of French India. Together with the other former French territories of Pondicherry, Yanam, and Mahé, it forms the Union Territory of Puducherry. Karaikal is bounded on the North by Mayiladuthurai district South by Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu state, on the west by Tiruvarur district (also belonging to Tamil Nadu), and on the East by the Bay of Bengal. The enclave is located 140 kilometres (87 miles) south of the city of Pondicherry, 158 kilometres (98 miles) east of Trichy and is known for its rich cultural heritage.
The main branches of Kaveri below Grand Anicut are the Kudamurutti, Arasalar, Virasolanar and the Vikramanar. Although Arasalar and its branches spread through Karaikal, the waters of Kudamurutti and Virasolanar also meet the irrigation needs of the region.
Forming a part of the fertile Kaveri delta, the region is completely covered by the distributaries of Cauvery. Covered completely by a thick mantle of alluvium of variable thickness, the lie of the region is flat having a gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east. It is limited on the north by the Nandalar and on the south-east by the Vettar. The group of rocks known as Cuddalore formations is met with in the area contiguous to Karaikal region in Nagapattinam district.
Climate
[edit]Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (As).
| Climate data for Karaikal (1981–2010, extremes 1973–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.2 (90.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
40.7 (105.3) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
42.0 (107.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3 (72.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 47.8 (1.88) |
36.5 (1.44) |
24.4 (0.96) |
24.9 (0.98) |
51.2 (2.02) |
51.1 (2.01) |
45.5 (1.79) |
87.6 (3.45) |
104.0 (4.09) |
269.7 (10.62) |
487.5 (19.19) |
233.9 (9.21) |
1,464.3 (57.65) |
| Average rainy days | 2.6 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 10.5 | 13.2 | 8.4 | 55.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 75 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 66 | 67 | 70 | 76 | 78 | 81 | 79 | 73 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[3][4] | |||||||||||||
Governance
[edit]The District Collector is the official representative to the Lieutenant Governor and Chief Co-ordinator and Liaison Officer to all Government departments of Karaikal district. District Collectorate, Karaikal is the functional headquarters of Karaikal District.
Karaikal region is made up of Karaikal municipality and the Communes of
Demographics
[edit]According to the 2011 Census of India, total population of Karaikal district is 2,00,222, comprising 97,809 males and 1,02,413 females. Population of the district accounts for 16.04% of the total population of Puducherry U.T. and ranks second among the districts. The literacy rate is 87.1%, with male literacy at 92.4% and female literacy at 82.0%.[5]
Culture
[edit]
Karaikal Ammaiyar is one of the 63 nayanmar who lived in Karaikal.[6] Karaikal is also known for the temple devoted to the Lord Saneeswara at Thirunallar.[7]
Economy
[edit]Most of the people in town are office goers and industrial workers. There are a number of iron and steel rolling mills, spinning mills, tiles, polythene, rubber and chemical industries in Karaikal. Other common sources of the people's income come from business. The prominent source of income of this district is agriculture and fishing. Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of 26 kilometres (16 miles). There are 12 big fishing hamlets and around more than 25,000 fishermen (6,000 families) are living in these coastal villages. Their main employment is fishing, exporting and fishing related activities. The other main source is the liquor business, the tax being less and the cost almost half when compared to the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Karaikal is one of the towns in South India with high cost of living due to French NRI's presence. Thousands of families with their origin in Karaikal live in France. Puducherry Power Corporation Limited is Generating Electricity with Natural gas fuel in their combined cycle power plant and supply the electricity to Puducherry Electricity Department. The fuel gas received through GAIL India Limited by underground pipelines from ONGC Wells.The ONGC's office Kaveri rig is at Karaikal.[8]
Transport
[edit]Airways
[edit]Karaikal Airport is being constructed as a greenfield project. It is the first airport in the country built entirely with private capital. The project received in-principle clearance from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2011. Karaikal Airport's Air Traffic Control, however, will be operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The Airport, spread across 562 acres (227 ha), is being developed by Karaikal Airport Private Limited, a subsidiary of Super Airport Private Limited. The first phase of construction includes construction of a 1200-metre runway and a terminal building capable of handling 120 passengers during peak hours. The airport is expected to handle regional turboprop airliners like the ATR-42. The company plans to expand the airport after five years, extending the runway to 2,600 metres (8,500 feet) and increasing terminal building capacity to 500 passengers per hour. A further expansion is planned ten years down the line with a 3500-metre runway and a passenger capacity of 1,000 per hour.
Seaways
[edit]Karaikal port is a new deep sea water port being constructed in Karaikal. More than 600 acres (2.4 km2) of land was leased out to MARG corporation in year 2005 for 30 years and can be renewed for every 10 years thereafter. The port will have a total of nine berths and is constructed for primary transport of coal, textile and cement. The Karaikal port is intended to primarily handle cement and coal to serve the hinterland in Ariyalur, Perambalur and Tiruchi districts. The port is also expected to provide an alternative to the Chennai and Tuticorin ports, which are the major ports in the coastline but are separated by long distance. Further, Karaikal is in the middle of the Tamil Nadu coast, midway between the two deepwater ports of Chennai and Tuticorin.
The recent warming of Indo-Sri Lankan relations and the vivacity of pan-Tamilism in southern India has encouraged the redevelopment of maritime transport between the two countries, hitherto stopped due to the civil war in Sri Lanka, then due to financial struggle (debt problems) of the private company which operated a ferry line (Tuticorin-Colombo line). A new ferry service was planned between the North of Sri Lanka (Kankesanthurai Port) and the South of India, as part of the Sagarmala Programme initiated by the Indian Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways for the promotion of coastal shipping.[9] This ferry project was once planned to depart from the port of Karaikal,[9] but it was finally carried out with the departure port of Nagapattinam (nearby Karaikal) in the state of Tamil Nadu.[10][11]
Roadways
[edit]The National Highway NH 32 connects Chennai and Thoothukudi, passes through Karaikal. It is located at the distance 297 km (185 mi) from Chennai, 132 km (82 mi) from Puducherry, 154 km (96 mi) from Tiruchirapalli, 57 km (35 mi) from Kumbakonam and 20 km (12 mi) from Nagapattinam. Karaikal is connected with both National Highways and State Highways. Both Gov't. and Private buses available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Puducherry, Cuddalore, Chidambaram.
Railways
[edit]Karaikal having rail line connected from Tiruchirapalli via Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, and Nagore. Presently Rails are available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Ernakulam, Tiruchirapalli, Tanjore, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Nagore, Velanganni and currently Karaikal to Peralam Railway line work is under progress.
Education
[edit]
According to the 2011 Census, Karaikal has literacy rate of 87.1%. There is a wide network of educational institutions right from elementary level to collegiate level in the Karaikal region.
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) was established in Karaikal in 2016 with an initial intake of 50 students. The students are selected through entrance exams conducted nationwide.
National Institute of Technology Puducherry was established in Karaikal in 2010. The students are admitted based on Joint Entrance Examination – Main entrance exam score.
Notable people
[edit]See also
[edit]- French India
- French colonial empire
- French East India Company
- Municipal Administration in French India
- Marakkar
- Karaikal Carnival
- Serumavilangai
References
[edit]- ^ http://www.karaikal.gov.in/DistrictProfile/AAG_General.htm [dead link]
- ^ "80% work on new Karaikal – Peralam railway line over". The Times of India. 9 November 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Station: Karaikal Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 391–392. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M196. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Census of India 2011 - Puducherry UT - Series 35 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Karaikal (Report). 2014.
- ^ Cūriyamūrtti, Kōmati (2003). Kāraikkālammaiyār. Intiya ilakkiyac ciṟpikaḷ. Sahitya Akademi. Putu Tilli: Cākittiya Akātami. ISBN 978-81-260-1645-7.
- ^ "Thirunallar Temple Website -". www.thirunallar.org.
- ^ "ONGC :: Contact Us :: ONGC Offices". Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
- ^ a b Krishnamoorthy, R. (7 July 2021). "Karaikal-Jaffna Ferry Service Boost Tourism-". The Hindu.
- ^ "Sea service: The Hindu Editorial on the ferry service between Kankesanthurai and Nagapattinam". The Hindu. 18 October 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "Ferry service between India and Sri Lanka begins from Nagapattinam to Kankesanthurai". newsonair.gov.in. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
External links
[edit]
- Official website
- www.KaraikalPort.com
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
