Radeon HD 2000 series
| Release date | June 28, 2007 |
|---|---|
| Codename | Radeon R600 series |
| Architecture | TeraScale 1[citation needed] |
| Transistors | 180M 65nm (RV610)
|
| Cards | |
| Entry-level | 2350, 2400 |
| Mid-range | 2600 |
| High-end | 2900 |
| API support | |
| DirectX | Direct3D 10.0[3] Shader Model 4.0 |
| OpenCL | Close To Metal |
| OpenGL | OpenGL 3.3[1][2] |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Radeon X1000 series |
| Successor | Radeon HD 3000 series |
| Support status | |
| Unsupported | |
The graphics processing unit (GPU) codenamed Radeon R600 is the foundation of the Radeon HD 2000 series and the FireGL 2007 series video cards developed by ATI Technologies. The HD 2000 cards competed with nVidia's GeForce 8 series.
Architecture
[edit]This article is about all products under the brand "Radeon HD 2000 Series". They all contain a GPU which implements TeraScale 1, ATI's first Unified shader model microarchitecture for PCs.
Video acceleration
[edit]The Unified Video Decoder (UVD) SIP core is on-die in the HD 2400 and the HD 2600. The HD 2900 GPU dies do not have a UVD core, as its stream processors were powerful enough to handle most of the steps of video acceleration in its stead except for entropy decoding and bitstream processing which are left for the CPU to perform.[4]
Other features
[edit]HDTV encoding support is implemented via the integrated AMD Xilleon encoder; the companion Rage Theater chip used on the Radeon X1000 series was replaced with the digital Theater 200 chip, providing VIVO capabilities.
For display outputs, all variants include two dual-link TMDS transmitters, except for HD 2400 and HD 3400, which include one single and one dual-link TMDS transmitters. Each DVI output includes dual-link HDCP encoder with on-chip decipher key. HDMI was introduced, supporting display resolutions up to 1,920×1,080, with integrated HD audio controller with 5.1-channel LPCM and AC3 encoding support. Audio is transmitted via DVI port, with specially designed DVI-to-HDMI dongle for HDMI output that carries both audio and video.[5]
All variants support CrossFireX technology. CrossFire efficiency was improved and shows performance approaching the theoretical maximum of twice the performance of a single card.[6][7]
Desktop products
[edit]The R600 family is called the Radeon HD 2000 series, with the enthusiast segment being the Radeon HD 2900 series which originally comprised the Radeon HD 2900 XT with GDDR3 memory released on May 14, and the higher-clocked GDDR4 version in early July.
The mainstream and budget segment products were the Radeon HD 2600 and Radeon HD 2400 series respectively, both launched June 28, 2007.[8]
Previously there were no HD 2000 series products being offered in the performance segment while ATI used models from the previous generation to address that target market; this situation did not change until the release of variants of the Radeon HD 2900 series, the Radeon HD 2900 Pro and GT, which filled the gap of the performance market for a short period of time.
Radeon HD 2400
[edit]
The Radeon HD 2400 series was based on the codenamed RV610 GPU. It had 180 million transistors on a 65 nm fabrication process. The Radeon HD 2400 series used a 64-bit-wide memory bus.[9] The die size is 85 mm2.[10] The official PCB design implements only a passive-cooling heatsink instead of a fan, and official claims of power consumption are as little as 35 W.[citation needed] The core has 16 kiB unified vertex/texture cache away from dedicated vertex cache and L1/L2 texture cache used in higher end model.
Reports has that the first batch of the RV610 core (silicon revision A12), only being released to system builders, has a bug that hindered the UVD from working properly, but other parts of the die operated normally. Those products were officially supported with the release of Catalyst 7.10 driver, which the cards were named as Radeon HD 2350 series.[11]
Several reports from owners of HD 2400 Pro suggest the card do not fully support hardware decoding for all H.264/VC-1 videos. The device driver, even with the latest stable version, seem to only honor hardware decoding for formats specified in the Blu-ray and HD-DVD specification. As a result of such restriction, the card is not deemed very useful for hardware video decoding since the majority of the H.264/VC-1 videos on the net are not encoded in those formats (even though the hardware itself is fully capable of doing such decoding work). This device driver restriction has led to the development of a third party driver patch, "ExDeus ATI HD Registry Tweak", to unlock the potential of HD 2400 Pro for full support of H.264/VC-1 hardware video decoding.[12][13][14]
Radeon HD 2600
[edit]The Radeon HD 2600 series was based on the codenamed RV630 GPU and packed 390 million transistors on a 65 nm fabrication process. The Radeon HD 2600-series video cards included GDDR3 support, a 128-bit memory ring bus and 4-phase digital PWM,[9] spanning a die size of 153 mm2.[15] Neither of the GDDR3 reference PCI-E designs required additional power connectors whereas the HD 2600 Pro and XT AGP variants required additional power through either 4-pin or 6-pin power connectors,[16] Official claims state that the Radeon HD 2600 series consumes as little as 45 W of power.[citation needed]
Radeon HD 2600 X2
[edit]The Radeon HD 2600 X2 is a dual-GPU product which includes 2 RV630 dies on a single PCB with a PCI-E bridge splitting the PCI-E ×16 bandwidth into two groups of PCI-E ×8 lanes (each 2.0 Gbit/s). The card provides 4 DVI outputs or HDMI outputs via dongle and supports CrossFire configurations. AMD calls this product the Radeon HD 2600 X2 as seen by some vendors and as observed inside the INF file of Catalyst 7.9 version 8.411. Sapphire and other vendors including PowerColor and GeCube have either announced or demonstrated their respective dual GPU (connected by crossfire) products.[17] Catalyst 7.9 added support for this hardware in September 2007. However, AMD did not provide much publicity to promote it. A vendor may offer cards containing 256 MiB, 512 MiB, or 1 GiB of video memory. Although the memory technology utilized is at a vendor's discretion, most vendors have opted for GDDR3 and DDR2 due to lower manufacturing cost and positioning of this product for the mainstream rather than performance market segment and also a big success.
Radeon HD 2900
[edit]The Radeon HD 2900 series was based on the codenamed R600 GPU and was launched on May 14, 2007. R600 packed 700 million transistors on an 80 nm fabrication process and had a 420 mm2 die size.[18] The Radeon HD 2900 XT was launched with 320 Stream Processors and a core clock of 743 MHz. The initial model was released with 512 MB of GDDR3 clocked at 828 MHz (1,656 MHz effective) with a 512-bit interface. A couple months after release ATI released the 1 GB GDDR4 model with a memory frequency of 1,000 MHz (2,000 MHz effective). Performance was on par compared to the 512 MB card. The HD 2900 XT introduced a lot of firsts. It was the first to implement a digital PWM on board (7-phase PWM), first to use an 8-pin PEG connector, and was the first graphics card from ATI to support DirectX 10.
The Radeon HD 2900 Pro was clocked lower at 600 MHz core and 800 MHz memory (1,600 MHz effective), configured with 512 MB of GDDR3 or 1 GB of GDDR4. It was rumored that some of the 1 GB GDDR4 models were manufactured using a 12" cooler borrowed from the prototype HD 2900 XTX.[19] The HD 2900 Pro had both 256-bit and 512-bit interface options for the 512 MB versions of the card. A few AIB partners offered a black and silver cooler exclusive to the 256-bit model of the Pro.[20][21]
The Radeon HD 2900 GT was a 240 Stream Processor variant clocked the same as the HD 2900 Pro, but with 256 MB of video memory on a 256-bit interface.
Mobile products
[edit]All Mobility Radeon HD 2000 series share the same feature set support as their desktop counterparts, as well as the addition of the battery-conserving PowerPlay 7.0 features, which are augmented from the previous generation's PowerPlay 6.0.
The Mobility Radeon HD 2300 is a budget product which includes UVD in silica but lacks unified shader architecture and DirectX 10.0/SM 4.0 support, limiting support to DirectX 9.0c/SM 3.0 using the more traditional architecture of the previous generation. A high-end variant, the Mobility Radeon HD 2700, with higher core and memory frequencies than the Mobility Radeon HD 2600, was released in mid-December 2007.
The Mobility Radeon HD 2400 is offered in two model variants; the standard HD 2400 and the HD 2400 XT.[22]
The Mobility Radeon HD 2600 is also available in the same two flavors; the plain HD 2600 and, at the top of the mobility lineup, the HD 2600 XT.[23]
The half-generation update treatment had also applied to mobile products. Announced prior to CES 2008 was the Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series. Released in the first quarter of 2008, the Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series consisted of two families, the Mobility Radeon HD 3400 series and the Mobility Radeon HD 3600 series. The Mobility Radeon HD 3600 series also featured the industry's first implementation of on-board 128-bit GDDR4 memory.
About the time of late March to early April, 2008, AMD renewed the device ID list on its website [24] with the inclusion of Mobility Radeon HD 3850 X2 and Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 and their respective device IDs. Later in Spring IDF 2008 held in Shanghai, a development board of the Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 was demonstrated alongside a Centrino 2 platform demonstration system.[25] The Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 was based on two M88 GPUs with the addition of a PCI Express switch chip on a single PCB. The development board used for demonstration was a PCI Express 2.0 ×16 card, while the final product is expected to be on AXIOM/MXM modules.
Radeon feature matrix
[edit]The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).
| Name of GPU series | Wonder | Mach | 3D Rage | Rage Pro | Rage 128 | R100 | R200 | R300 | R400 | R500 | R600 | RV670 | R700 | Evergreen | Northern Islands |
Southern Islands |
Sea Islands |
Volcanic Islands |
Arctic Islands/Polaris |
Vega | Navi 1x | Navi 2x | Navi 3x | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Released | 1986 | 1991 | Apr 1996 |
Mar 1997 |
Aug 1998 |
Apr 2000 |
Aug 2001 |
Sep 2002 |
May 2004 |
Oct 2005 |
May 2007 |
Nov 2007 |
Jun 2008 |
Sep 2009 |
Oct 2010 |
Jan 2012 |
Sep 2013 |
Jun 2015 |
Jun 2016, Apr 2017, Aug 2019 | Jun 2017, Feb 2019 | Jul 2019 |
Nov 2020 |
Dec 2022 | |||
| Marketing Name | Wonder | Mach | 3D Rage |
Rage Pro |
Rage 128 |
Radeon 7000 |
Radeon 8000 |
Radeon 9000 |
Radeon X700/X800 |
Radeon X1000 |
Radeon HD 2000 |
Radeon HD 3000 |
Radeon HD 4000 |
Radeon HD 5000 |
Radeon HD 6000 |
Radeon HD 7000 |
Radeon 200 |
Radeon 300 |
Radeon 400/500/600 |
Radeon RX Vega, Radeon VII |
Radeon RX 5000 |
Radeon RX 6000 |
Radeon RX 7000 | |||
| AMD support | 
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kind | 2D | 3D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Instruction set architecture | Not publicly known | TeraScale instruction set | GCN instruction set | RDNA instruction set | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microarchitecture | TeraScale 1 (VLIW) |
TeraScale 2 (VLIW5) |
|
GCN 1st gen |
GCN 2nd gen |
GCN 3rd gen |
GCN 4th gen |
GCN 5th gen |
RDNA | RDNA 2 | RDNA 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Type | Fixed pipeline[a] | Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines | Unified shader model | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct3D | — | 5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 9.0 11 (9_2) |
9.0b 11 (9_2) |
9.0c 11 (9_3) |
10.0 11 (10_0) |
10.1 11 (10_1) |
11 (11_0) | 11 (11_1) 12 (11_1) |
11 (12_0) 12 (12_0) |
11 (12_1) 12 (12_1) |
11 (12_1) 12 (12_2) | |||||||||||
| Shader model | — | 1.4 | 2.0+ | 2.0b | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 6.5 |
6.7 | |||||||||||||||
| OpenGL | — | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.1[b][28] | 3.3 | 4.5[29][30][31][c] | 4.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vulkan | — | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| OpenCL | — | Close to Metal | 1.1 (not supported by Mesa) | 1.2+ (on Linux: 1.1+ (no Image support on clover, with by rustiCL) with Mesa, 1.2+ on GCN 1.Gen) | 2.0+ (Adrenalin driver on Win7+) (on Linux ROCM, Mesa 1.2+ (no Image support in clover, but in rustiCL with Mesa, 2.0+ and 3.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm), 5th gen: 2.2 win 10+ and Linux RocM 5.0+ |
2.2+ and 3.0 windows 8.1+ and Linux ROCM 5.0+ (Mesa rustiCL 1.2+ and 3.0 (2.1+ and 2.2+ wip))[32][33][34] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| HSA / ROCm | — |
|
? | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Video decoding ASIC | — | Avivo/UVD | UVD+ | UVD 2 | UVD 2.2 | UVD 3 | UVD 4 | UVD 4.2 | UVD 5.0 or 6.0 | UVD 6.3 | UVD 7 [35][d] | VCN 2.0 [35][d] | VCN 3.0 [36] | VCN 4.0 | ||||||||||||
| Video encoding ASIC | — | VCE 1.0 | VCE 2.0 | VCE 3.0 or 3.1 | VCE 3.4 | VCE 4.0 [35][d] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fluid Motion [e] |
|
|
|
? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power saving | ? | PowerPlay | PowerTune | PowerTune & ZeroCore Power | ? | |||||||||||||||||||||
| TrueAudio | — | Via dedicated DSP | Via shaders | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| FreeSync | — | 1 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HDCP[f] | ? | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 [37] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| PlayReady[f] | — | 3.0 |
|
3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported displays[g] | 1–2 | 2 | 2–6 | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Max. resolution | ? | 2–6 × 2560×1600 |
2–6 × 4096×2160 @ 30 Hz |
2–6 × 5120×2880 @ 60 Hz |
3 × 7680×4320 @ 60 Hz [38] |
7680×4320 @ 60 Hz PowerColor |
7680x4320
@165 HZ | |||||||||||||||||||
/drm/radeon[h]
|
|
— | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
/drm/amdgpu[h]
|
— | Experimental [39] | Optional [40] |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
- ^ The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
- ^ R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
- ^ OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
- ^ a b c The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
- ^ Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.
- ^ a b To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
- ^ More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
- ^ a b DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.
Graphics device drivers
[edit]AMD's proprietary graphics device driver "Catalyst"
[edit]AMD Catalyst is being developed for Microsoft Windows and Linux. As of July 2014, other operating system are not officially supported. This may be different for the AMD FirePro brand, which is based on identical hardware but features OpenGL-certified graphics device drivers.
AMD Catalyst supports of course all features advertised for the Radeon brand.
Microsoft Windows
[edit]The Purple Pill tool issue, which could allow unsigned drivers to be loaded into Windows Vista and tamper with the operating system kernel,[41] was resolved in the Catalyst 7.8 release (version 8.401).[42] The AVIVO video converter for Windows Vista, and color temperature control in Catalyst Control Center was added with the release of Catalyst 7.9, package version 8.411. Software CrossFire was enabled for HD 2600 and HD 2400 series video cards with the release of Catalyst 7.10 (package version 8.421)
The Catalyst 8.1, package version 8.451, supports for MultiView technology for accelerated OpenGL rendering on multiple video card setup (CrossFire). The driver also allows CrossFire configurations for Radeon HD 3850 and HD 3870 video cards.[43][44]
The Catalyst 8.3 is described by AMD as a milestone release,[45] supporting DirectX 10.1, ATI CrossFire X technology and allowing the mixing of different Radeon HD 3800 series video cards to form a CrossFire X setup with 2 to 4 GPUs. Catalyst 8.3 introduced to new video controls to further enhance the video playback quality, these controls includes edge enhancement and noise reduction settings. There is also the support for extended desktop in CrossFire X mode. The anti-aliasing support for Unreal Engine 3.0 in DirectX 9.0 games, support for CFAA filters (wide tent and box tent) to be enabled when Super AA is enabled, and other features as developer support for hardware surface tessellation, hardware accelerated wide aspect ratio LCD scaling, HydraVision support for Windows Vista allowing to add maximum 9 virtual desktops and new Folding@home client are also officially supported in this release.
The Catalyst 8.5, package version 8.493[46] brought new features include component video with 480i and 480p resolutions, SECAM TV output support, 1080p HDTV custom mode via HDMI, 1080p24 (1080p resolution at 24 Hz) support, HDMI Audio for non-standard TV modes (CEA 861b), support for adaptive anti-aliasing (and later, in Catalyst 8.6, also support for custom filters [47]) under OpenGL, Windows XP SP3 support and un-install utility enhancements. The driver also includes performance improvements and fixes some instability issues and rendering issues on some games.
The Radeon HD 2000 series has been transitioned to legacy support, where drivers will be updated only to fix bugs instead of being optimized for new applications.[48]
Current Catalyst drivers do not support the AGP versions of Radeon HD 2000/3000 series cards with RIALTO bridge. Installing Catalyst drivers on those cards will yield the following error message: "setup did not find a driver compatible with your current hardware or operating system." or simply fail outright. The AGP cards in question are supported unofficially by ATI/AMD with a hot-fixed Catalyst driver-set each month since May 2008 with the Catalyst 8.5 hotfix.[49] Their PCI vendor IDs are listed below:[50]
| GPU core | Product | PCI device ID |
|---|---|---|
| RV610 | Radeon HD 2400 Pro | 94C4 |
| RV630 | Radeon HD 2600 Pro | 9587 |
| RV630 | Radeon HD 2600 XT | 9586 |
Free and open-source graphics device driver "Radeon"
[edit]The free and open-source drivers are primarily developed on Linux and for Linux, but have been ported to other operating systems as well. Each driver is composed out of five parts:
- Linux kernel component Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)
- Linux kernel component KMS driver: basically the device driver for the display controller
- user-space component libDRM
- user-space component in Mesa 3D;
- a special and distinct 2D graphics device driver for X.Org Server, which if finally about to be replaced by Glamor
The free and open-source "Radeon" graphics driver supports most of the features implemented into the Radeon line of GPUs.[51]
Documentation release
[edit]The free and open-source "Radeon" graphics device drivers are not reverse engineered, but based on documentation released by AMD.[52]
Initial register documentation and parser code to execute the AtomBIOS ROM routines were released in September 2007. The R600 family Instruction Set Architecture guide was released on June 11, 2008.[53] Sample code and register headers for the R600 and R700 3D engines were released in December 2008. AMD released the specifications for both the r6xx and r7xx families on January 26, 2009.[54]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ "Driver Support for AMD Radeon HD 4000, HD 3000, HD 2000 and older Series". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
- ^ Wasson, Scott (May 25, 2007). "Radeon HD 2900 XT lacks UVD video acceleration". The Tech Report. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
- ^ DailyTech report, retrieved December 7, 2007
- ^ Wasson, Scott. AMD Radeon HD 2900 XT graphics processor: R600 revealed, Tech Report, May 14, 2007
- ^ Wilson, Derek. ATI Radeon HD 2900 XT: Calling a Spade a Spade: Multi-GPU Performance - Prey, AnandTech, May 14, 2007.
- ^ HD2400 & HD2600 Press release
- ^ a b AMD official press release
- ^ Beyond3D RV610 chip reference, retrieved September 25, 2007
- ^ Fudzilla report, retrieved October 31, 2007 Archived November 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Official Page for ExDeus ATI HD Registry Tweak
- ^ AVSForum.com: Details on the registry settings for ExDeus ATI HD Registry Tweak
- ^ AVSForum.com: Details on the effects of each setting for ExDeus ATI HD Registry Tweak
- ^ Beyond3D RV630 chip reference, retrieved September 25, 2007
- ^ Sapphire HD2K Product Matrix
- ^ Beyond3D report, retrieved September 13, 2007
- ^ Beyond3D R600 review, retrieved September 25, 2007
- ^ "Radeon HD 2900 PRO 1GB Out Now: Foot-long Heatsink Optional". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
- ^ "ATI Radeon HD 2900 PRO Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
- ^ "HIS Unveils ATI Radeon HD 2900 Pro 512MB PCIe". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
- ^ Mobility Radeon HD 2400 specifications Archived 2010-04-02 at the Wayback Machine and Mobility Radeon HD 2400 XT specifications Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ HD 2600 specifications Archived 2010-03-05 at the Wayback Machine and HD 2600 XT specifications Archived 2010-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ATI Vendor ID page Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hexus.net report: Welcome to the world's fastest laptop, brought to you by Intel and ATI, retrieved April 8, 2008
- ^ "AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards". HWlab. hw-lab.com. December 19, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture
- ^ "GPU Specs Database". TechPowerUp. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ "NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)". Khronos Group. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ "AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ "AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs". Phoronix. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte". TopCPU.net (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Killian, Zak (March 22, 2017). "AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux". Tech Report. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- ^ Larabel, Michael (September 15, 2020). "AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding". Phoronix. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Edmonds, Rich (February 4, 2022). "ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals". Windows Central. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ "Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
- ^ Larabel, Michael (December 7, 2016). "The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel". Phoronix. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ "AMDGPU". Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ DailyTech report
- ^ "ATI patches 'purple pill'". 2007-08-18. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ Fudzilla review, retrieved February 15, 2008 Archived February 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Legit Reviews review, retrieved February 15, 2008
- ^ Catalyst 8.3 release notes, retrieved March 5, 2008
- ^ Catalyst 8.4 release notes, retrieved April 17, 2008
- ^ "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. - Unauthorized Download". A248.e.akamai.net. 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
- ^ "Driver Support for AMD Radeon™ HD 4000, HD 3000, HD 2000 Series and Older Graphics Products". AMD.
- ^ AGP issue on AMD support page
- ^ guru3D discussion thread
- ^ "RadeonFeature". Xorg.freedesktop.org. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
- ^ "AMD Developer Guideds". Archived from the original on 2013-07-16.
- ^ Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. R600-Family Instruction Set Architecture Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, X.org website, June 11, 2008.
- ^ Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Radeon R6xx/R7xx 3D Register Reference Guide Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, X.org website, January 26, 2009.