Jump to content

Lavo Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lavo Kingdom
468–1388
Lavo Kingdom and mainland Southeast Asian polities, 700 CE
Lavo Kingdom and mainland Southeast Asian polities, 700 CE
Map of mainland Southeast Asian polities c. 1000–1100 CE Cyan: Lavo Kingdom Red: Khmer Empire Green: Hariphunchai Kingdom Light green: Srivijaya Yellow: Champa Blue: Dai Viet Pink: Pagan Kingdom
Map of mainland Southeast Asian polities c. 1000–1100 CE
Cyan: Lavo Kingdom
Red: Khmer Empire
Green: Hariphunchai Kingdom
Light green: Srivijaya
Yellow: Champa
Blue: Dai Viet
Pink: Pagan Kingdom
Capital
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentMandala kingship
Monarch 
• 648–700
Kalawandith
• 1002–1006
Suryavarman I
• 1052–1069
Chadachota
• 1340–1388
Ramathibodi I
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Establishment
468
• Chenla influence
6th century
• Siridhammana influence
927
• Angkor influence
1002
• Ayodhya as seat
1082
• Secession of Sukhothai
1239
• Formation of Ayutthaya
1351
• Annexed into Ayutthaya
1388
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Dvaravati
Sukhothai
Ayutthaya
Khmer Empire
Hariphunchai

The Lavo Kingdom was a political entity (mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo.

Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with Si Thep and Sema [th], was the center of the mandala-style state, Dvaravati; however, due to the weather-induced migration, Si Thep and Sema lost its power, and Lavo became the only center of power in the area until it fell under Khmer hegemony during the 10th to 11th centuries.[1]

History

[edit]

Dvaravati and Mon domination

[edit]
Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries
Main article: Dvaravati

The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by Mon people who had arrived and appeared centuries earlier. The foundations of Buddhism in central Southeast Asia were laid between the 6th and 9th centuries when a Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati.[2]: 27 

The Mon people of Lavo

[edit]
A plan of Narai's new capital complex of Lopburi ("Louvo" in French sources).
Further information: Mon people

According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila in 468 CE.[3][4] According to Thai records, Phraya Kakabatr from Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Tak or Nakhon Chai Si)[5][6]: 29 [7] set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city a decade later.

The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language. However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people),[8][9] with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during the time of the Lavo kingdom.

Theravada Buddhism remained a major belief in Lavo although Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire wielded considerable influence.[10] Around the late 7th century, Lavo expanded to the north. In the Northern Thai Chronicles, including the Cāmadevivaṃsa, Camadevi, the first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king.

Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo. In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan Kingdom. By the Song dynasty, Lavo was known as Luówō (Chinese: 羅渦).[11]

Wars of the Three Kings

[edit]

Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas is likely to be the same ethnic group, the "Mon people," or any ethnic group that uses the Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained a good relationship for the first 300 years.[12]

In the early 10th century, several battles between these two mandalas that happened from 925 to 927 were recorded.[12] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai: อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) of Haripuñjaya moved south aiming to seize the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Nakhon Si Thammarat of Srivijaya), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo.[13] Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district).[12] The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa.[13]

After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapura (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost.[14] He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath.[14]

Later in 960, Lavapura was annexed by Siamese from Ayodhya,[15] who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom in the south under the Srivijaya Empire.[11] Kampoch possibly fled to Angkor, then back to sack Lavapura in 1002, and eventually merged Lavo into the Angkorian Empire in 1022 after claiming the Angkor and enthroned as Suryavarman I.[13]

Khmer cultural vassalization

[edit]
Prang Sam Yot, showing considerable Khmer influences on the architecture in late 11th century
Main article: Khmer Empire

Isanavarman I of the Chenla Kingdom expanded Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century but did not exercise political control over the region.[16] Later in 1002, Suryavarman I who was born to a Khmer princess and Tambralinga prince, Kampoch, claimed the Khmer Empire throne and usurped Khmer's King, Udayadityavarman I, defeating his armies that year. After a protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be successor, Jayavirahvarman, Suryavarman I failed in the first attempt. He then marched back to Lavo and attacked the Ankor again four years later. He won and claimed the Khmer throne in 1010.[17]

Due to long nine-year wars to claim the Khmer throne, the Lavapura lost its prosperity and was almost abandoned.[18] The Khmer general Sri Lakshmi Pativarman was assigned the new Lavo ruler to revive the city in 1006 and Lavo was eventually merged into Khmer Empire in around 1022,[13] which caused former Dvaravati cities on the east Chao Phraya plain fell under Khmer hegemony, while the western cities were spared from Khmer hegemony and formed Suvarnabhumi.[19] Lavo was the center from which Khmer authority ruled over the Dvaravati.

Due to the diplomatic relations between the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty, established in 1012 during the reign of Suryavarman I, the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against those two dynasties and consequently lost control over the lower Chao Phraya River basin in present-day Central Thailand, which led to the emerging of the Siamese's Suvarnabhumi kingdom and the independence declaration of Tambralinga in 1230.[20]: 134–136 [21][22][23]

Around the 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand merged into two mandalas – Lavo (modern Lopburi) and Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri).[19] Khmer lost power over Lavo around the 12th century after the former Lavo capital, Lopburi, was seized by Singhanavati's king, Phrom in 1106,[24] as well as the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.[25]

Arrival of the Tai peoples

[edit]
Main article: Tai peoples

Modern Thai historians think the Tai peoples originated in northern Vietnam and Guangxi province in China.[26] The origin of the Tai peoples were living in northern Southeast Asia by the 8th century.[27] Five linguistic groups emerged: the northern Tai in China (ancestors of Zhuang); the upland Tai people in northern Vietnam (ancestors of the Black, White and Red Tai); the Tais in northeastern Laos and bordering Vietnam (ancestors of the Tai of Siang Khwang and the Siamese in Ayutthaya); the Tai in northern Laos; and the Tai west of Luang Prabang, northern Thailand and in the adjoining parts of Laos, Yunnan and Burma.[2]: 26  The Tai people had emigrated in the area what is now Thailand around 11th century, the land was already inhabited by Mon and Khmer speaking peoples, who had arrived earlier.

Emergence of Tai city-states

[edit]
Image of Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat. The Siamese would later form their own kingdom and become a major rival of Angkor.
Further information: Mueang

Tai peoples lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Village would combine to form a Mueang (Thai: เมือง), a group of villages governed by a Chao (Thai: เจ้า) (lord).[2]: 25  When Tai people settled in Central Plain of Thailand, the Cambodian ruler named them Siem (Khmer: សៀម) in the Khmer language. The Tai lords adopted both Mon alphabet and Khmer alphabet, which the Tai developed into their own writing systems as Tai Tham alphabet, for the Thai Yuan people in the north, and Khom-Thai alphabet, for the Siamese Tai in the lower region. The Siamese also called themselves as Tai or Thai and called Lavo as "Lopburi" in Tai dialect language.[citation needed]

Settled in the rural fringes of the Khmer Empire and in upper Laos, the Tai peoples, united by their lords, were becoming a formidable threat to the Khmer Empire. Despite intermarriage between the Tai and the Khmer ruling families, the Tai people kept their distinct cultural and ethnic identity, retaining their own languages and units of social organisation.

Siamese Lavo (11th century)

[edit]
Main article: History of Thailand

The formidable political control exercised by the Angkor Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok, the lower central plain and the upper Ping River in the Lamphun-Chiang Mai region.[2]: 28 

The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Tai groups were probably assimilated into Khmer population. Historical records show that they maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Angkor Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo or Lopburi (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.[2]: 28 

In the 11th century, Lavo was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of vassal state of the Khmer Empire of Angkor, However, Lavo wanted liberation and sought acknowledgement from China (Song dynasty) in 1001 and 1155 as an independent state. Lavo's large Tai population and its roots in the Dvaravati did not assimilate well with the Khmer civilisation, and in Khmer writings Lopburi was considered a province of Angkor that had a Syamese (Siamese) identity.[2]: 29 

The Khmer influences on Lavo began to wane as a result of the growing influence of the emerging Burmese kingdom of Pagan. In 1087, Kyansittha of Pagan invaded Lavo, but King Narai of Lavo was able to repel the Burmese invasion and Lavo, emerging relatively stronger from the encounter, was thus spared from either Khmer or Burmese hegemony. King Narai moved the capital to Ayodhya,[28] and Lavo was then able to exert pressure on Suvarnabhumi to the west and slowly to take its cities.[29]

Yet another wave of Khmer invasions arrived under Jayavarman VII. This time, Lavo was assimilated into the religious cosmos of the Khmer Empire – Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. Khmer influence was great on Lavo arts and architecture as seen in the Prang Sam Yot.[30]: 170 [31]

In 1239, the Tai governor of Sukhothai rebelled and declared independence from Lavo – giving birth to the Sukhothai Kingdom. Lavo is called “Khom” In Northern Thai chronicles, and the Lavo kingdom shrank swiftly during the 13th century due to the expansion of Sukhothai under King Ram Khamhaeng the Great, retreating to its heartland around Lavo and Ayodhya.[citation needed]

The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, sent embassies to China between 1289 and 1299.[20]: 221–222  in 1349 Xiān people of Sukhothai become united with the people of Lo-hu, the new kingdom named Xiānluó (暹羅) by the chinese.[32]: 102  However, Xiān might refer to the Suphannaphum Kingdom of Suphanburi Province.[33]

Merger with Ayutthaya Kingdom

[edit]

In 1350, Uthong, who had been a post-Angkorian ruler of one of the cities in Lower Chao Phraya Valley and Borommarachathirat I of Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri) co-founded a Ayutthaya city, an island on intersection of three rivers; Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River and Pa Sak River, and Uthong became the king of the city. But Borommarachathirat I took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and then Ramesuan retreated back to Lavo. In 1388, Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, Thong Lan. Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharachathirat took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century.

There are many theories about Uthong's origin. According to HRH Prince Chula Chakrabongse, he was thought to have been a descendant of Mangrai.[34]: 28  Van Vliet's chronicles, a seventeenth-century work, stated that King Uthong was a Chinese merchant who established himself at Phetchaburi before moving to Ayutthaya. Tamnan Mulla Satsana, a sixteenth-century Lanna literature, stated that King Uthong was from Lavo Kingdom.

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lavo was incorporated into a major stronghold of Ayutthaya Kingdom. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai in the mid-17th century, and the king resided there about eight months a year.

List of rulers

[edit]

Before 11th century: Lavapura as seat

[edit]
Name Reign Note
English Thai
Kalawandith กาฬวรรดิษฐ์ 468–500
Unknown 500–9th century Isanavarman I, the 3rd king of the Chenla Kingdom, expanded influence to the Chao Phraya valley in the 7th century, but Mon people took Lavo back in the early 10th century.
Uchitthaka Chakkawat อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ ?–927
Due to the wars with Haripuñjaya and Siridhammana from 925–927, the capital Lavapura was almost left abandoned and was controlled by King of Siridhammana from Ligor (暹罗/六坤).[13]
Kampoch กัมโพช 927–? Also older brother of Jayavarman IV.
As a tributary state of Siridhammana (Ligor) of Srivijaya[12][14]
Sri Mongkhon Arthit[15] ศรีมงคลอาทิตย์ 960–961 In Song Huiyao Jigao called 积利胡大霡果境; as King of Siam-Lavo (暹羅國; under controlled of a mandala-style state of Sian [暹 in Song Huiyao Jigao])[11]
Sri Chula[15] ศรีจุฬา 961–975 Also King of Sian-Lo
Sri Saw/Xià chí[15] ศรีซอ/แฮเตรีย/เซี่ยฉือ 975–991 In Song Huiyao Jigao called 夏池, also King of Sian-Lo[11]
After the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty in the early 11 century, Srivijaya declined and lost control over the Chao Phraya River basin.
Unknown 991–1002 In 1002, Lavo was sacked by the Angkorian king, Suryavarman I, and Lavapura was abandoned.[18]
Suryavarman I สุริยวรมันที่ 1 1002–1006 Before claiming the throne of the Angkor
Sri Lakshmi Pativarman[13] ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน 1006–? Appointed by Suryavarman I[13]
Unknown ?–1052 Lavo was seized by Rampong Bandhit (r.1006–1046) of Mueang Uthong and became the Siamese's tributary state.[35]
Chadachota จันทรโชติ 1052–1069 Lavo began to resist the Ankorian control.[2]: 28 
Regent 1069–1082
Around the 11th century, the capital was shifted southward and named Ayodhya by King Narai, the old capital was then renamed Lopburi[28]

After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat

[edit]
Ayodhya rulers Reign Lopburi rulers Reign
English Thai English Thai
Phra Narai พระนารายณ์ 1082–1087 Phra Narai พระนารายณ์ 1082–1087
Vacant 1087–1089 Vacant 1087–1106
Phra Chao Luang พระเจ้าหลวง 1089–1111 King Prom of Yonok seized Lopburi in 1106 and appointed his son from
Si Satchanalai, Kraisornrat, as a new ruler[24]
Sai Nam Peung สายน้ำผึ้ง 1111–1165 Kraisornrat[24] ไกรศรราช 1106–?[disputed – discuss]
Dhammikaraja พระเจ้าธรรมิกราชา 1165–1205 Sri Thammasokkarat[30]: 170  ศรีธรรมโศกราช ?–1191
Uthong พระเจ้าอู่ทอง 1205–1253 Indravarman II[α][31] นฤปตีนทรวรมัน 1191?–1218[disputed – discuss]
Chaisen พระเจ้าชัยเสน 1253–1289 Kraisornrat[36] ไกรศรราช ?–1283[disputed – discuss]
Lavo sent tribute to China in 1289.[31]
Suwanracha พระเจ้าสุวรรณราชา 1289–1301 King of Phraek Si Racha (Name unidentified)
(As a tributary state of Sukhothai)		 1283–1319
Thammaracha พระเจ้าธรรมราชา 1301–1310
Boromracha พระบรมราชา 1310–1344 After King of Phraek Si Racha died in 1319, both Lopburi and the city of
Ayodhya was considered royal inheritances for his daughter, Son Sai (สนไส้/
จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา), who later passed it to her son, Uthong (Ramathibodi I).[36][β]
Ramathibodi I (Uthong)
(Also the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom)		 พระรามาธิบดีที่ 1 1344-1369
After Ayutthaya Kingdom was established in 1351, Lavo was eventually annexed into Ayutthaya in 1388.
Note:
  • [α] Appointed by Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218)[31]
  • [β] Some historical records indicates that King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) was the son of Lavo's princess, Sunantha Devi (สุนันทาเทวี), who married to prince of Si Satchanalai, Boromaraja (พระบรมราชา), not the descendent of King of Phraek Si Racha.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ อธิษฐาน จันทร์กลม (6 September 2019). "หลงกลิ่นอาย 'ละโว้ ศรีเทพ เสมา' มัณฑละแห่ง 'ศรีจนาศะ'". Matichon (in Thai). Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Ellen London, 2008, Thailand Condensed 2000 years of history and culture, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, ISBN 9789812615206
  3. ^ พระราชพงศาวดารเหนือ (in Thai), โรงพิมพ์ไทยเขษม, 1958, retrieved March 1, 2021
  4. ^ Adhir Chakravarti, "International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam", Our Heritage: Bulletin of the Department of Post-graduate Training and Research, Sanskrit College, Calcutta, vol.XXIX, part I, January–June 1981, pp. 1-23, nb p. 15; also in The South East Asian Review (Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995.
  5. ^ Huan Phinthuphan (1969), ลพบุรีที่น่ารู้ (PDF) (in Thai), p. 5, retrieved March 1, 2021
  6. ^ Saritpong Khunsong (2010), พัฒนาการทางวัฒนธรรมของเมืองนครปฐมโบราณในช่วงก่อนพุทธศตวรรษที่ 19 (PDF) (in Thai), retrieved March 1, 2021
  7. ^ กําแพงเพชร เมืองก่อนประวัติศาสตร์ (PDF) (in Thai), February 28, 2021, retrieved March 1, 2021
  8. ^ "The Kingdom of Syam". Meruheritage.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  9. ^ John Pike. "Thailand - 500-1000 - Lavo / Lopburi". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  10. ^ [1][dead link]
  11. ^ a b c d "เส้นทางศรีวิชัย : เครือข่ายทางการค้าที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในทะเลใต้ยุคโบราณ ตอน ราชวงศ์ไศเลนทร์ที่จัมบิ (ประมาณ พ.ศ.1395-1533) (ตอนจบ)" (in Thai). Manager Daily. 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (28 August 2019). "ปริศนาโบราณคดี l 'สงครามสามนคร' (1): กษัตริย์หริภุญไชยผู้พลัดถิ่นหนีไปแถบเมืองสรรคบุรี?" (in Thai). Matichon. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"". Fine Arts Department (in Thai). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  14. ^ a b c เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (12 September 2019). "ปริศนาโบราณคดี : 'สงครามสามนคร' (จบ) : การปรากฏนามของพระเจ้ากัมโพชแห่งกรุงละโว้?" (in Thai). Matichon. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d "รัชกาลที่ ๒๐ มหาจักรพรรดิพ่อศรีมงคลอาทิตย์ กรุงละโว้ ปี พ.ศ.๑๕๐๓-๑๕๐๔". www.usakanaenew.com (in Thai). 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  16. ^ [2] Archived August 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Suryavarman I". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  18. ^ a b "เมื่อ ลวปุระ-ลพบุรี ถูกพระเจ้าสุริยวรมันที่ 1 ยกทัพบุกทำลายจนมีสภาพเป็นป่า". www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  19. ^ a b Thepthani, Phra Borihan (1953). Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times (in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. p. 30. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  20. ^ a b Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  21. ^ Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers
  22. ^ Society and culture: the Asian heritage : Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D. University of the Philippines Asian Center p.106
  23. ^ R. C. Majumdar (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers
  24. ^ a b c สงบ สุริยินทร์ (30 December 2022). "เมืองลพบุรีเป็นของไทยเมื่อใด?". www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  25. ^ ผาสุข อินทราวุธ. "ตำนวนเมืองลพบุรี (ละโว้)" (PDF). www.damrong-journal.su.ac.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  26. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). "Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai" (PDF). MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities. 17 (20): 47–64. doi:10.1163/26659077-01703004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2015.
  27. ^ Pittayaporn 2014, pp. 47–64.
  28. ^ a b [3] Archived August 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Thepthani 1953, p. 52.
  30. ^ a b Phramaha Phocana Suvaco (1 January 2022). "Some Observation on Lineage of King Chandrabanu of Tambralinga" (in Thai). Retrieved 26 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  31. ^ a b c d ศานติ ภักดีคำ. "จาก 'ลวะปุระ' สู่ 'เมืองละโว้' ลูกหลวงแห่งเมืองพระนคร" (in Thai). Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  32. ^ Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433), Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1970, ISBN 0521010322
  33. ^ Wade, Geoff (September 2000). "The Ming shi-lu as a Source for Thai History – Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 249–276.
  34. ^ Chula Chakrabongse (1967). Lords of Life: A History of the Kings of Thailand. Alvin Redman.
  35. ^ Thepthani 1953, p. 42.
  36. ^ a b Thepthani 1953, p. 109.
  37. ^ สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (21 April 2023). "พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์". www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavo_Kingdom&oldid=1238141499"