Jump to content

Trondheim

Coordinates: 63°25′47″N 10°23′36″E / 63.42972°N 10.39333°E / 63.42972; 10.39333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Drontheim)
This article is about the city/municipality in Norway. For other uses, see Trondheim (disambiguation).

Trondheim
City
From upper left: Outer city with Nidelva and sea port, Verftsbrua bridge, Trondheim Central Station at Brattøra, Inner city with Nidaros Cathedral, Old Town Bridge with Lykkens portal, Rosenborgbassenget at Nedre Elvehavn
Flag of Trondheim
Flag
Coat of arms of Trondheim
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Stiftstaden
(English: "The Diocese City")
Location of the municipality
Location of the municipality
Trondheim is located in Trøndelag
Trondheim
Trondheim
Trondheim is located in Norway
Trondheim
Trondheim
Coordinates: 63°25′47″N 10°23′36″E / 63.42972°N 10.39333°E / 63.42972; 10.39333
CountryNorway
MunicipalityTrondheim
CountyTrøndelag
DistrictTrondheim Region
Established997
Government
 • MayorKent Ranum (H)
 • Governing mayorKristian Dahlberg Hauge (H)
Area
 • City321.81 km2 (124.25 sq mi)
 • Urban
342.30 km2 (132.16 sq mi)
 • Metro
7,295 km2 (2,817 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2022)
 • City212,660[1]
 • Urban
186,364[2]
 • Metro
279,234
 • Metro density38/km2 (99/sq mi)
 • Municipality/Urban rank
3rd/4th
 • Metro rank
4th
Demonym(s)Trondheimer, Trondhjemmer,
GDP
[3]
 • Metro€26.143 billion (2021)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Websitewww.trondheim.kommune.no
Historical population
YearPop.±%
176911,315—    
195156,582+400.1%
196059,286+4.8%
1970126,190+112.8%
1980134,726+6.8%
1990137,346+1.9%
2000148,859+8.4%
2010171,540+15.2%
2014183,960+7.2%
2022211,106+14.8%
Source: Statistics Norway[4][5]

Trondheim (UK: /ˈtrɒn(d)haɪm/ TRON(D)-hyme, US: /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ TRON-haym,[6][7] Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪm]; Southern Sami: Tråante), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros, and Trondhjem (local pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂nːjæm] ⓘ), is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2022, it had a population of 212,660.[8] Trondheim is the third most populous municipality in Norway, and is the fourth largest urban area. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. Among the significant technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), and St. Olavs University Hospital.

The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post and served as the capital of Norway from the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; it then became, and has remained, the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the site of the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality was formed in 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller, and further expanded on 1 January 2020, when Trondheim merged with Klæbu.

Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though, the microclimate is colder and snowier.

The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which is Steinkjer). This is designed to avoid making the county administration too centralized.

Trondheim is home to football club Rosenborg, Norway's most successful football club, and Granåsen Ski Centre, which has hosted the World Championship in Nordic Skiing.

Names and etymology

[edit]
The flag of Trondheim is one of the few Norwegian municipal flags that is not the banner of arms of the municipal coat of arms.
See also: Names of Trondheim in different languages

The city was established in 997 by Olav Tryggvason and it was originally named Nidaros (Old Norse: Niðaróss). The first element of the name was the local river Nid. The last element of the name was óss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the river Nid". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known as kaupangr, which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specificially kaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim (Old Norse: Þróndheimr) was the historic name for the whole district which is now known as Trøndelag. This is the area where the people were known as Trønder (þróndr). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag (Old Norse: Þrǿndalǫg) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from the Old Norse word þróndr which is an old present participle of the verb þróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive".[9][10]

During the late Middle Ages, the city name was commonly shortened to Þróndheimr, dropping the kaupanger part, and over time the name became Trondhjem, using the Dano-Norwegian spelling rather than the Old Norse spelling since the city was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for centuries.

On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms. Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look less Danish. On 1 January 1919, the name of the local Church of Norway diocese was changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (English: Diocese of Nidaros).[11] In 1924, the name of the Norwegian capital city was changed from Kristiania to Oslo, removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, a referendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name of Nidaros. The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros.[12] Despite this result, the Storting voted in 1929 to make some changes. The Trondhjem Cathedral would be changed to Nidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929[13] and the name of the city would change to Nidaros starting on 1 January 1930.[14] This change caused public outrage and even riots during 1930. This forced the Storting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed to Trondheim, using the medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish version Trondhjem. The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros.[15]

Trondheim was briefly named Drontheim during the Second World War as a German exonym.

History

[edit]
The Old Town Bridge of Trondheim
For the ecclesiastical history, see Archiepiscopate of Nidaros.

Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English: market place or trading place) by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997 CE.[16] Shortly after that, it came to be called Nidaros. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.

People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, and the Corded Ware culture. In ancient times, the kings of Norway were hailed in Trondheim at Øretinget, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I, called 'the Good.' The battle of Kalvskinnet took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen, 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in the Hebrides and are now at the British Museum, may have been made in Trondheim.[17]

From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway, which operated from the Archbishop's Palace. Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands; he died in what today is Lier, Belgium.

From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "Horneman Fire" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.[18][citation needed]

After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag became Swedish territory briefly. However, the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.

City Map of Trondheim in 1898, Norwegian edition
Plan of Trondheim, 1942

During the Second World War, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the Namsos Campaign.[19][citation needed] During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand on the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.[20]

Municipal history

[edit]

The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.[21] On 1 January 2020, the neighboring Klæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.[22]

Coat of arms and seal

[edit]
See also: Flag of Trondheim

The coat of arms dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an archbishop with his staff and mitre in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolise the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolise justice and the motif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolise the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen.[23]

Geography

[edit]
Autumn foliage along Nidelva; October 2009

Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid-17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the Storheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft) above sea level. At the summer solstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors.[24] At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.

Climate

[edit]
Mid-winter view near Archbishop's palace and Nidaros Cathedral

Trondheim city has an oceanic climate (Cfb) or humid continental climate (Dfb), depending on the winter threshold used (−3 °C or 0 °C). The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has slightly colder winters, while the part close to the fjord has the mildest winters. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong south and southwesterly winds which can occur along the outer seaboard but is more exposed to northwesterly winds. As with the rest of Norway, the weather is dependent on the weather pattern. High pressure over Central Norway or to the east gives sunny weather which can last for weeks. Conversely, Atlantic Lows can also dominate for weeks, and both patterns can happen all year. In 2020 May saw northwesterlies with cold air from northwest lasting weeks and even bringing snowfall, while June 2020 recorded 345 sun hours and new record high 34.3 °C (94 °F), Norway's warmest high in 2020. The sunniest month on record is May 2024 with 366 sunhours. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March,[25] but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There are on average 14 days each winter with at least 25 cm (10 in) of snow cover on the ground and 22 days with a daily minimum temperature of −10 °C (14 °F) or less (1971–2000, airport). There is often more snow and later snowmelt in suburban areas at a higher elevation, with good skiing conditions in Bymarka. All the monthly record lows are from 1955 or older, with half of them from before 1920. The last overnight frost in June was in 1958, and the coldest night in May after year 2000 had low −2.7 °C. The May record low is from 1900, 3.7 °C colder than the second coldest May night. The all-time low −26 °C (−14.8 °F) was recorded February 1899. The all-time high 35 °C (95 °F) was recorded 22 July 1901. The warmest month on record is July 2014 with mean 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) and average daily high 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) (airport). The coldest month on record is February 1966 with mean −9.9 °C (14.2 °F) and average daily low −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) (airport). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 1 May [26] and average date for first freeze in autumn is 9 October[27] giving a frost-free season of 160 days (Trondheim Airport Værnes 1981-2010 average). The earliest weather stations were located closer to the city centre, from 1945 onwards the weather station has been located at a higher elevation (Voll, 127 m and Tyholt, 113 m), therefore being slightly colder. A new sunrecorder was established by met.no in the city at Gløshaugen (NTNU) December 2015, recording more sunhrs than earlier sunrecorder, which had terrain blocking issues.[28] There are on average 229 sunhours in July (based 2016–2020).[29] Trondheim recorded 197 sunhours in October 2016 beating the previous national record for October. In April 2019, Trondheim recorded 308 sunhours, setting a new national record for April.[30][31] In contrast, December 2016 only recorded 10 sunhours.

Climate data for Trondheim Airport Værnes 1991–2020 (12 m, extremes 1946–2024, sunhrs 2016–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.7
(56.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		23.3
(73.9) 		30
(86) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1
(30) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1
(34) 		5.1
(41.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11
(52) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		6.1
(43.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.4
(52.5) 		11.0
(51.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		2.8
(37.0)
Record low °C (°F) −25.6
(−14.1) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−25.6
(−14.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.6
(2.54) 		63.9
(2.52) 		61.3
(2.41) 		42.1
(1.66) 		52.7
(2.07) 		76.1
(3.00) 		74.4
(2.93) 		82.8
(3.26) 		88.9
(3.50) 		77
(3.0) 		64.4
(2.54) 		75
(3.0) 		823.2
(32.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 13 13 10 11 13 12 13 13 13 11 14 149
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34 71 124 205 236 234 229 167 130 116 46 16 1,608
Source 1: Seklima [32][full citation needed]
Source 2: NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [33]
Climate data for Trondheim 1981–2010 (Voll, 127 m, extremes 1870–present includes earlier stations, sunhrs 2016–2020 Gløshaugen/met.no)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		35.0
(95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		1.8
(35.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		9.4
(49.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		5.9
(42.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−22.7
(−8.9) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72.6
(2.86) 		67.9
(2.67) 		72.2
(2.84) 		51.5
(2.03) 		43.4
(1.71) 		70.8
(2.79) 		75.6
(2.98) 		79.6
(3.13) 		84.2
(3.31) 		78.4
(3.09) 		66.8
(2.63) 		78.1
(3.07) 		841.1
(33.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 12 13 12 10 13 11 12 12 14 12 13 147
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34 71 124 205 236 234 229 167 130 116 46 16 1,608
Source 1: eklima.met.no[34]
Source 2: Meteo-climat[35]
A panorama of Trondheim, Trondheim Fjord and surrounding areas

Fauna

[edit]

The city has various wetland habitats. among which there is the Gaulosen. The observation tower accommodates for birdwatching and providing information about birdlife.[36]

Though Trondheim is Norway's third largest city, wild animals are regularly seen. Otters and beavers thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka.[37] Badgers and red foxes are not uncommon sights. Moose and deer are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one-year-olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. From 2002 until 2017, a wolverine lived in Bymarka.[38][39]

Cityscape and sites

[edit]
The Nidelva flows through Trondheim with old storehouses flanking both sides of this river. The Old Town Bridge can be seen on the right side of this panorama.

Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets Nordre gate (English: Northern street), Olav Tryggvasons gate and Thomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.

Central Trondheim as seen from the tower of the Nidaros Cathedral looking towards Trondheim Fjord and Munkholmen Island
The city's central square (Torvet)
The pavement cafes at Bakklandet
Bakke Bridge

In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.

DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.

Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John.

A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.

The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery, a fortress, prison, and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station.

Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.

A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina.

Nidaros Cathedral

[edit]

The Nidaros Cathedral and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in the middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most important Gothic monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christian pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages,[40] with pilgrimage routes leading to it from Oslo in southern Norway and from the Jämtland and Värmland regions of Sweden. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and the second-largest in Scandinavia.

West front of Nidaros Cathedral

During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was the coronation church of the Norwegian kings. King Haakon VII was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting with King Olav V in 1957, coronation was replaced by consecration. In 1991, the present King Harald V and Queen Sonja were consecrated in the cathedral.[41] On 24 May 2002, their daughter Princess Märtha Louise married the writer Ari Behn in the cathedral.[42]

The Pilgrim's Route (Pilegrimsleden) to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb at Nidaros Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, (Sankt Olavs vei), the main route, which is approximately 640 kilometres (400 mi) long, starts in Oslo and heads North, along Lake Mjøsa, up the valley Gudbrandsdalen, over the mountain range Dovrefjell and down the Oppdal valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successful pilgrims upon the completion of their journey.[43][44]

Other churches

[edit]

The Lutheran Church of Norway has 21 churches within the municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of the Diocese of Nidaros, which is based in Trondheim at the Nidaros Cathedral. Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple which were built almost 1,000 years ago.

Lutheran Churches in Trondheim
Deanery
(Prosti)		 Parish
(Sokn)		 Church name Year built Location
Nidaros Nidaros Domkirke og Vår Frue Nidaros Cathedral 1070–1300 Midtbyen
Vår Frue Church 1200 Midtbyen
Bakklandet Bakke Church 1715 Bakklandet
Lade Lade Church 1190 Lade
Lademoen Lademoen Church 1905 Lademoen
Byåsen Byåsen Byåsen Church 1974 Byåsen
Ilen Ilen Church 1889 Ila
Sverresborg Havstein Church 1857 Sverresborg
Heimdal Byneset Byneset Church 1180 Byneset
Heimdal Heimdal Church 1960 Heimdal
Kolstad Kolstad Church 1986 Kolstad
Leinstrand Leinstrand Church 1673 Leinstrand
Tiller Tiller Church 1901 Tiller
Strinda Berg Berg Church 1972 Berg
Bratsberg Bratsberg Church 1850 Bratsberg
Charlottenlund Charlottenlund Church 1973 Charlottenlund
Hoeggen Hoeggen Church 1997 Lerkendal
Ranheim Ranheim Church 1933 Ranheim
Strinda Strinda Church 1900 Strinda
Strindheim Strindheim Church 1979 Strindheim
Tempe Tempe Church 1960 Lerkendal

The Roman Catholic Sankt Olav domkirke is the cathedral episcopal see of the exempt Territorial Prelature of Trondheim. Being located across the street from the Nidaros Cathedral, the two of them form an unofficial religious quarter along with a synagogue, a Baptist church, a Salvation Army office, and the 8-auditorium cinema Prinsen kinosenter.

Museums

[edit]

Sverresborg, also named Zion after King David's castle in Jerusalem, was a fortification built by Sverre Sigurdsson. It is now an open-air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle was originally built in 1182–1183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, the Sverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197.[45][citation needed]

The Trondheim Science Center (Norwegian: Vitensenteret i Trondheim) is a scientific hands-on experience center. The NTNU University Museum (Norwegian: NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet) is part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. There are also a variety of small history, science and natural history museums, such as the Trondheim Maritime Museum, the Armoury, adjacent to the Archbishops's Palace, Kristiansten Fortress, the music and musical instrument museum Ringve National Museum, Ringve Botanical Garden, the Trondheim Tramway Museum, and the Jewish Museum, co-located with the city's synagogue, which is among the northernmost in the world.

Rockheim (Norwegian: Det nasjonale opplevelsessenteret for pop og rock, The National Discovery Center for Pop and Rock) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old warehouse, but characterised by an easily recognisable roof in the shape of a box. "The box" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that change in a variety of colours and patterns, and is a landmark in the cityscape – especially on dark winter evenings.

Prison

[edit]

Vollan District Jail (Norwegian: Vollan kretsfengsel) was a jail during the nazi occupation of Norway and was used to imprison both prisoners of war and criminals. Vollan was not considered a concentration camp.[46] In a summary of prisoners of war in Norway, numerous prisoners were registered at Vollan. One of its roles was as a transit camp for political prisoners. Many prisoners were taken from Vollan to Kristiansten Fortress and shot. The prisoners at Vollan were interrogated at the Mission Hotel in Trondheim. Some were also interrogated by Henry Rinnan and his gang.[46] It was closed in 1971 after the opening of Trondheim Prison at Tunga.

Trondheim Prison (Norwegian: Trondheim fengsel) is a prison that belongs to the Northern Region of the Norwegian Correctional Services.[47] The prison can house 184 inmates.

It consists of four main departments:

  • Nermarka ("Tunga") – closed department
  • Detention department (no: Forvaringsavdelingen) at Nermarka
  • Leira – open division. Through joint positive activities, the individual inmate on certain conditions teaches to be responsible with other people.[48]
  • division Kongens gt. – halfway house, located in downtown Trondheim.
Trondheim's town hall.

Wider urban area

[edit]

Trondheim forms the centre of the Trondheim Region, and is a common commuting point for work, shopping, and healthcare. Although the official list of metropolitan regions of Norway defines the region very broadly, the area of two-way commuting where Trondheim residents too would head outwards for transport, shopping, and upper secondary schools, consists roughly of Trondheim, Malvik, downtown Stjørdal (incl. Værnes), downtown Melhus, Skaun, and the lower sections of Vanvikan in Indre Fosen.[49]

Government

[edit]

Trondheim Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[50] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

On 1 January 2005, the city was reorganized from five boroughs into four, with each of these having separate social services offices. The current boroughs are Midtbyen (44,967 inhabitants), Østbyen (42,707 inhabitants), Lerkendal (46,603 inhabitants) and Heimdal (30,744) inhabitants. The Population statistics listed are as of 1 January 2008. Prior to 2005, Trondheim was divided into the boroughs Sentrum, Strinda, Nardo, Byåsen and Heimdal.

See also: List of mayors of Trondheim

Municipal council

[edit]

The city council (Bystyret) of Trondheim is made up of 67 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Prior to 2011, there were 85 city council members, but this number was reduced to 67 in 2011. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Trondheim kommunestyre 2023–2027 [51]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 17
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 20
  Industry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 3
  Red Party (Rødt) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:67
Trondheim bystyre 2019–2023 [52]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 17
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 14
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 3
  Red Party (Rødt) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:67
Trondheim bystyre 2015–2019 [53]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 28
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 14
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Red Party (Rødt) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:67
Trøndheim bystyre 2011–2015 [54]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 27
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 18
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Red Party (Rødt) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:67
Trondheim bystyre 2007–2011 [53]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 37
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 13
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 13
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  The Democrats (Demokratene) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 2003–2007 [53]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 26
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 10
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 18
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  The Democrats (Demokratene) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 15
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1999–2003 [53]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 26
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 7
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 30
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
 City list (Bylista)1
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1995–1999 [55]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 22
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 36
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
 City list (Bylista)3
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1991–1995 [56]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 22
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 29
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 12
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
 City List (Bylista)4
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1987–1991 [57]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 31
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
 City List (Bylista)6
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1983–1987 [58]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 35
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 28
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1979–1983 [59]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 36
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 30
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1975–1979 [60]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 34
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 24
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 2
  Red Electoral Alliance (Rød Valgallianse) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1971–1975 [61]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 40
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 19
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1967–1971 [62]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 43
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 22
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1963–1967 [63]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 45
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 23
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Trondheim bystyre 1959–1963 [64]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 41
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:77
Trondheim bystyre 1955–1959 [65]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 38
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:77
Trondheim bystyre 1951–1955 [66]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 36
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 20
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:76
Trondheim bystyre 1947–1951 [67]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 31
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 19
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 15
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:76
Trondheim bystyre 1945–1947 [68]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 30
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 14
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 18
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:76
Trondheim bystyre 1937–1941* [69]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 33
  Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:76
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Trondheim bystyre 1934–1937 [70]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 29
  Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 16
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 18
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:76
Trondheim bystyre 1931–1934 [71]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 24
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 2
  Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 22
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 4
Total number of members:76
Trondhjem / Nidaros bystyre 1928–1931 [72]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 28
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 4
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 22
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:76
Trondhjem bystyre 1925–1928 [73]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 18
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 3
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 12
  Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
 Workers' Common List (Arbeidernes fellesliste)4
Total number of members:76
Trondhjem bystyre 1922–1925 [74]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 28
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 18
  Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 9
Total number of members:76
Trondhjem bystyre 1919–1922 [75]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 22
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 5
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 22
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 7
Total number of members:68
Trondhjem bystyre 1917–1919 [76]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 32
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 20
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 3
Total number of members:68
Trondhjem bystyre 1914–1916 [77]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 26
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 3
  Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 21
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 10
Total number of members:68

Education and research

[edit]
NTNU's Main Building, viewed from the Old City Bridge (NTNUs Hovedbygning), Trondheim, Norway – 20091216
See also the list of primary schools in Trondheim.

Trondheim is home to both the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) with its many technical lab facilities and disciplines, and BI-Trondheim, a satellite campus for the Norwegian Business School (BI).[78] Both universities welcome a number of international students on a yearly basis and offer various scholarships.[79]

St. Olav’s University Hospital, a regional hospital for Central Norway, is located in downtown Trondheim. St. Olav's is a teaching hospital and cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) on both research and medical education.

SINTEF, a large independent research organisation in Scandinavia, has 1,800 employees with 1,300 of these located in Trondheim.[80] The Air Force Academy of the Royal Norwegian Air Force is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim.

The Geological Survey of Norway is located at Lade in Trondheim and is a major geoscientific institution with 220 employees of which 70% are scientists.

There are 11 high schools in the city. Trondheim katedralskole ("Trondheim Cathedral School") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest upper secondary school (gymnasium) in Norway, while Charlottenlund videregående skole is the largest in Sør-Trøndelag with its 1,100 students and 275 employees. Brundalen Skole, has big festivals each year, and is building out to increase space.

Ila skole was founded in 1770 and is the oldest primary school in Trondheim.[81]

Media

[edit]

Adresseavisen is the largest regional newspaper and the oldest active newspaper in Norway, having been established in 1767. The two headquarters of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) are located at Tyholt in Trondheim, and in Oslo.[82] On 31 December 2019 the fully digital and local newspaper Nidaros was launched as a competitor to Adresseavisen.[83] The student press of Trondheim features three types of media. Under Dusken is the student paper, Radio Revolt is the student radio, and Student-TV broadcasts videos online.

Radio stations established in Trondheim include Trøndelag-focused opt-out feeds of NRK P1 and NRK P1+, local versions of NRK Trafikk and P5 Hits, Radio Trondheim, and Radio 247.[84] Along with Norway's national radio stations, they can be listened to on DAB+ across most of Trøndelag, as well as on internet radio.

Culture

[edit]

Visual arts

[edit]

The Trondheim Art Museum has Norway's third largest public art collection, mainly Norwegian art from the last 150 years.[85]

The National Museum of Decorative Arts and Design [no] boasts a large collection of decorative arts and design, including a great number of tapestries from the Norwegian tapestry artist Hannah Ryggen, as well as Norway's only permanent exhibibition of Japanese arts and crafts.[86]

Trøndelag senter for samtidskunst (English: Trøndelag Centre for Contemporary Art, TSSK) was established in 1976.[87]

There are two artist-run spaces, Galleri Blunk [no], that was founded by students of the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art in 2002, and Babel, that was founded by Lademoen Kunstnerverksteder (English: Lademoen Artist Workshops, LKV) in 2006.[88]

Kunsthall Trondheim was inaugurated at its permanent premises on Kongens gate in October 2016.[89][90]

Stage

[edit]

The main regional theatre, Trøndelag Teater, is situated in Trondheim. Built in 1816, the theatre is the oldest theatre still in use in Scandinavia.[91] The city also features an alternative theatre house Teaterhuset Avant Garden, and the theatre company Teater Fusentast.[92]

Music

[edit]
The Ringve Museum is a museum devoted to music

Trondheim has a broad music scene, and is known for its strong communities committed to rock, jazz and classical music. The city's interest in Jazz and classical music are spearheaded by the music conservatory at NTNU which has been called one of the most innovative in the world,[93] and the municipal music school, Trondheim Kommunale Musikk- og Kulturskole.[94] The Trondheim Symphony Orchestra and the Trondheim Soloists are well-known. The city hosts a yearly Jazz festival, and is home to Trondheim Jazz Orchestra.[95] The Fjordgata Records label is also hosted in Trondheim.

Classical artists hailing from Trondheim include violinist Arve Tellefsen, Elise Båtnes and Marianne Thorsen. Also the Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir.

Thomas Bergersen, a Norwegian self-taught composer, multi-instrumentalist, and the co-founder of the production music company Two Steps From Hell, was born in Trondheim.

Pop/rock artists and bands associated with Trondheim include Åge Aleksandersen, Margaret Berger, DumDum Boys, Lasse Marhaug, Gåte, Keep Of Kalessin, Lumsk, Motorpsycho, Kari Rueslåtten, the 3rd and the Mortal, TNT, Tre Små Kinesere, the Kids, Bokassa, Casino Steel (of the Boys), Atrox, Bloodthorn, Manes, child prodigy Malin Reitan and Aleksander With. The most popular punk scene is UFFA.

Georg Kajanus, creator of the bands Eclection, Sailor and DATA, was born in Trondheim. The music production team Stargate started out in Trondheim.

Trondheim is also home to Rockheim, the national museum of popular music, which is responsible for collecting, preserving and sharing Norwegian popular music from the 1950s to the present day.[96][97][98]

Film

[edit]

Trondheim features a lively film scene, including three filmfests: Minimalen Short Film Fest and Kosmorama International Film Fest in March, and Trondheim Documentarfestival in November. Trondheim has two cinemas in the center of the city, Prinsen Kino and Nova kino Prinsen Kinosenter, Nova Kinosenter

Student culture

[edit]
The building of the Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem

With students comprising almost a fifth of the population, the city of Trondheim is heavily influenced by student culture. Most noticeable is Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem, the city's student society. Its characteristic round, red building from 1929 sits at the head of the bridge crossing the river southwards from the city centre. As the largest university in Norway, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is the host of some 36,000 students.[99]

Student culture in Trondheim is characterised by a long-standing tradition of volunteer work. The student society is for example run by more than 1,200 volunteers.[100] NTNUI, Norway's largest sports club, is among the other volunteer organisations that dominate student culture in Trondheim. Students in Trondheim are also behind two major Norwegian culture festivals, UKA and The International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT). NTNU lists over 200 student organisations with registered web pages on its servers alone.[101]

[edit]

Trondheim culture is parodied on the Monty Python album Another Monty Python Record in the form of the fictitious Trondheim Hammer Dance.[102]

Trondheim is also a key location in the Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun universe, as it is a critical battleground for both factions.

Trondheim was the name of a planet in the Hundred Worlds of the Ender's Game novel series.

Trondheim likely serves as an inspiration for the fictional city Tronjheim in The Inheritance Cycle.

Sports and recreation

[edit]

Granåsen Ski Centre, a Nordic skiing venue located in Byåsen, regularly hosts World Cup competitions in ski jumping, biathlon and cross-country skiing, as well as the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Trondheim attempted but failed to become the Norwegian candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Hiking and recreational skiing is available around the city, particularly in Bymarka, which can be reached by the tramway. Trondheim Golfklubb, one of the oldest golf clubs in Norway, has a nine-hole golf course in Byåsen. Byneset Golfklubb has a full 18 hole par 72 course, which has hosted the Norwegian Challenge of the Challenge Tour in 2012, as well as a short and easy 9 hole course, located at Spongdal. Klæbu Golfklubb in Klæbu has another 9 hole course, albeit with artificial greens. There's also a public (no golf experience of course required) 9 hole par 3 course with a nice view overlooking the city centre at Byåsen.

Rosenborg BK is one of the city's two premier football clubs and plays their home matches at Lerkendal Stadion. They have won the Norwegian Premier League 26 times between 1967 and 2018, have reached the UEFA Champions League group stage 12 times, and made it to the last 8 on one occasion. Ranheim Fotball is the city's second premier football club having been promoted from the Norwegian First Division to join Eliteserien in 2018, coming in at seventh place out of 16 in its first season. Byåsen IL plays in the women's handball league, and is a regular in the EHF Women's Champions League, playing their home games at Trondheim Spektrum.

Trondheim and Trøndelag is also regarded as the home of the basse game.

Major sports teams

[edit]
Club Sport Founded League Venue
Rosenborg BK Football 1917 Eliteserien (football) Lerkendal stadion
Ranheim Fotball Football 1901 OBOS-ligaen EXTRA Arena
Byåsen Handball (Women) 1921 Eliteserien (women's handball) Trondheim Spektrum
Nidaros Hockey Ice hockey 2015 1. divisjon Leangen Ishall
Rosenborg BK Kvinner Football (women) 1972 Toppserien Koteng Arena
Kolstad Håndball Handball (men) 1972 Eliteserien (men's handball) Kolstad Arena
Spektra Cricket Cricket 2014 [103] NCF Menn Lade and Spektrum
Nidaros Jets Basketball 2014 BLNO Menn Husebyhallen

Major championships hosted

[edit]
Event Sport Years Venue
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships Nordic skiing 1997, 2025 Granåsen
World Allround Speed Skating Championships Speed skating 1907, 1911, 1926, 1933, 1937 Øya Stadion
IHF World Women's Handball Championship Handball 1993, 1999, 2023 Trondheim Spektrum
IHF World Men's Handball Championship Handball 2025 Trondheim Spektrum
European Men's Handball Championship Handball 2008, 2020 Trondheim Spektrum
World Orienteering Championships Orienteering 2010 Throughout Trondheim
UEFA Super Cup Football 2016 Lerkendal Stadion

Transportation

[edit]
Skansen Marina
Railway station
Costa Victoria in Trondheim
Main article: Public Transport in Trondheim

Trondheim has an international airport, Trondheim Airport, Værnes, situated in Stjørdal, which is Norway's fourth largest airport in terms of passenger traffic. Værnes has non-stop connections to cities such as London, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and Stockholm, among others. The domestic route Trondheim – Oslo is among the busiest air routes in Europe with around 2 million passengers annually.

A tram in Trondheim

Major railway connections are the northbound Nordland Line, the eastbound Meråker Line to Åre and Östersund in Sweden, and two southbound connections to Oslo, the Røros Line and Dovre Line.

The Coastal Express ships (Hurtigruten: Covering the Bergen–Kirkenes stretch of the coast) call at Trondheim, as do many cruise ships during the summer season. Since 1994 there is also a fast commuter boat service to Kristiansund, the closest coastal city to the southwest. Every morning the Hurtigruten ships have one southbound and one northbound arrival and departure in Trondheim.

A car ferry route from the port of Flakk in the northwest of the municipality, connects Trondheim with Fosen. Various bridge projects over the Trondheim Fjord to replace the ferry have been planned, but none have begun construction.

Trondheim also boasts the northernmost (since closure of Arkhangelsk tram in 2004) tramway line in the world: the Gråkallen Line, the last remaining segment of the Trondheim Tramway, is an 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) route (which is mostly single-track outside the innermost parts of the city; except the stretch between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem stations) which runs from the city centre, through the Byåsen district, and up to Lian, in the large recreation area Bymarka. Trondheim boasts the world's only bicycle lift, Trampe.

The bus network, operated by AtB, runs throughout most of the city and its suburbs. A new metro line system went public 3 August 2019. The new transportation system covers the Trondheim area (Trondheim, Malvik, and Melhus). The three metro lines and the city lines that link the city across. The new public transport system becomes flexible, with buses running more often and accommodating more passengers. Fewer travelers must take a detour through the center of Trondheim.

In addition, the Nattbuss (Night Bus) service ensures cheap and effective transport for those enjoying nightlife in the city centre during the weekends. The Nattbus has other prices than ordinary buses. The European route E6 highway passes through the city centre of Trondheim in addition to a motorway bypass along the eastern rim of the city.

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Trondheim is twinned with:[104]

Business

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Public Service & public thinking

[edit]
Albert Angell
Idun Reiten, 2005

The Arts

[edit]
Agnar Mykle, 1956
Liv Ullmann, 2014

Sports

[edit]
Hjalmar Andersen, 2010
Frode Rønning, 1982

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Trondheim – 1601 (Sør-Trøndelag)". ssb.no/ (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Folkemengde og areal i tettsteder 1. januar". ssb.no/ (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2001). "Folke- og boligtellingen 2001, kommune- og bydelshefter 1601 Trondheim" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Tabell 6 Folkemengde per 1. januar, etter fylke og kommune. Registrert 2010. Framskrevet 2011–2030, alternativ MMMM" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  6. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  7. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  8. ^ "Population, SSB". SSB. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Þróask". Cleasby & Vigfusson Dictionary. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  10. ^ Peterson, Lena (2007). Nordiskt runnamnslexikon. Femte, reviderade utgåvan (in Norwegian). p. 237.
  11. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1918. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 578. 1918.
  12. ^ Bratberg, Terje T. V. (10 January 2008). "Striden om bynavnet". Arbeideravisa (in Norwegian). Trondheim. p. 27.
  13. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1929. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 64. 1929.
  14. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1929. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 181. 1929.
  15. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1931. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 54. 1931.
  16. ^ Sjåvik, Jan (2010). The A to Z of Norway (The A to Z Guide Series Book 234). Scarecrow Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780810872134. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  17. ^ Moore, Susan (20 June 2019). "The enduring enigma of the 'lost' Lewis chessmen". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  18. ^ Nikel, David (2017). Moon Norway (Travel Guide). Moon Publications. p. 376. ISBN 978-1631214813. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  19. ^ Brown, David (2000). Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway, April–June 1940 (Naval Staff Histories). Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 0714651192. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  20. ^ "Hitlers drøm om Trondheim". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  21. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  22. ^ Trondheim Kommune (17 June 2016). "Ja til sammenslåing av Klæbu og Trondheim" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  23. ^ "Trondheim's coat of arms and seal". Trondheim kommune. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  24. ^ "Trondheim, Norway – Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times for the whole year – Gaisma". Gaisma.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  25. ^ "See Norway's snow, weather, water and climate anytime anywhere". Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  26. ^ "Siste frostnatt om våren". NRK. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  27. ^ Husebø, Trond-Ole (25 September 2013). "Første frostnatt". NRK. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  28. ^ "Over 1600 soltimer i Bergen" (in Norwegian). årstadposten. 25 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  29. ^ "Slik er været i fellesferien – statistisk sett". Met.no. 22 June 2021 [13 June 2021]. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Været i april: Uvanlig varmt og tørt – VG". Verdens Gang. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Tidenes solfest i Trøndelag i april". adressa.no. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  32. ^ seklima.met.no
  33. ^ "NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020". Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  34. ^ "eKlima – Climate statistics for Norway from Meteorologisk Institutt (Norwegian Meteorological Institute)". January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  35. ^ "Moyennes". March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  36. ^ "Trondheim". ESN Trondheim. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  37. ^ "Bymarkbeveren skal holdes i sjakk" (in Norwegian). 24 October 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  38. ^ "Jerven som flyktet til byen" (in Norwegian). 8 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  39. ^ "Norges eldste jerv (18) er død" (in Norwegian). 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  40. ^ "Pilgrim ways in Norway, background". Trondheim kommune. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  41. ^ "The consecration of King Harald and Queen Sonja". The Norwegian Royal Family. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  42. ^ "The wedding of Princess Märtha Louise". The Norwegian Royal Family. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  43. ^ "Pilegrimsleden (Miljøstatus i Norge)" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  44. ^ Raju, Alison (2010). The Pilgrim Road to Nidaros: St Olav's Way – Oslo to Trondheim. Cicerone Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-85284-314-4.
  45. ^ Denham, Sean Dexter; Westling, Sara (2015). "Osteologiske og paleobotaniske undersøkelser av skjelett og jordprøve fra Sverresborg, Trøndelag Folkemuseum, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag" [Osteological & paleobotanical examinations of skeleton & soil sample from Sverresborg, Trøndelag Folkemuseum, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag] (PDF). Oppdragsrapport (in Norwegian). 8. Universitetet i Stavanger. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  46. ^ a b "11.7 Fangenskap i Norge" Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, NOU 1998: 12 Alta bataljon, regjeringen.no.
  47. ^ "Trondheim Fengsel". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  48. ^ Trondheim Prison dep. Leira, a study Archived 2012-09-07 at the Wayback Machine in Norwegian
  49. ^ "15 000 Trondheims-pendlere" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Miljøpakken. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  50. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  51. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Trøndelag Trööndelage". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  52. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Trøndelag". Valg Direktoratet. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  53. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  54. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Sør-Trøndelag". Valg Direktoratet. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  55. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  56. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  57. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  58. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  59. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  60. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  61. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  62. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  63. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  64. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  65. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  66. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  67. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  68. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  69. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  70. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  71. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1931" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1932. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  72. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1928" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1929. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  73. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1925" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1926. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  74. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1922" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1923. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  75. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1919" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1920. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  76. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1916" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1917. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  77. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1913" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  78. ^ Fossen, Christian. "Norwegian University of Science and Technology". ntnu.edu. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  79. ^ "Scholarships". BI Business School. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  80. ^ "About us – SINTEF". Sintef.no. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  81. ^ no:Ila skole (Trondheim)
  82. ^ Haugan, Trond E (2008). Byens magiske rom: Historien om Trondheim kino. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 978-82-519-2242-5.
  83. ^ "Lanserer ny lokalavis i Trondheim". 26 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  84. ^ "Radiokanaler på DAB". Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  85. ^ "Trondheim kunstmuseum". trondheimkunstmuseum.no. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  86. ^ "Nordenfjeldske". Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  87. ^ "Trøndelag senter for samtidskunst". Kunzt.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  88. ^ Caron, Vittoria (2 January 2017). "10 Must-Visit Contemporary Galleries in Trondheim, Norway". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  89. ^ "this is a political (painting)". e-flux. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  90. ^ "Kunsthall Trondheim". Kunzt.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  91. ^ Haugan, Trond E. Byens magiske rom: Historien om Trondheim kino (Tapir Akademisk Forlag, 2008, ISBN 978-82-519-2242-5) Norwegian
  92. ^ "About". Teater Fusentast. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  93. ^ Nicholson, Stuart (1 May 2014). Is Jazz Dead?: Or Has It Moved to a New Address. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136731006.
  94. ^ "History". Jazzfest. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  95. ^ "Jazz Fest". Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  96. ^ "Rockheim". Rockheim. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  97. ^ "Det nasjonale opplevelsessenteret for pop og rock i Trondheim vil ligge på Brattøra". Regjeringen. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  98. ^ Skybakmoen, Jonas (5 August 2010). "Rocken kommer heim". Adressa. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  99. ^ "NTNU blir størst". Khrono. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  100. ^ "About Studentersamfundet" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  101. ^ "NTNU Student Organisations (in Norwegian)". Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  102. ^ "Apologies/ Trondheim Hammer Dance". madmusic.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  103. ^ "Spektra Cricket Klubb i Trondheim". Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  104. ^ "Internasjonalt arbeid". trondheim.kommune.no (in Norwegian). Trondheim Kommune. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  105. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Tordenskjold, Peder" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 50–51.
  106. ^ IMDb Database Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 November 2020
  107. ^ IMDb Database Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 November 2020
  108. ^ IMDb Database Archived 10 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 November 2020
  109. ^ IMDb Database Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 10 November 2020

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trondheim&oldid=1238443435"