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2011 census of India

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15th census
of India
← 2001 9 to 28 February 2011 2021 →
President of India Pratibha Patil receiving the 2011 census report from the Census Commissioner C. Chandramouli
General information
CountryIndia
AuthorityRGCCI
Websitecensusindia.gov.in
Results
Total population1,210,854,977 (Increase 17.70%[1])
Most populous ​stateUttar Pradesh (199,812,341)
Least populous ​stateSikkim (610,577)
Scheduled Castes201,378,372
Scheduled Tribes104,545,716
Postage stamp dedicated to the 2011 census of India

The 2011 census of India or the 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%.[2] Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was Our Census, Our Future.

Spread across 28 states[a] and 8 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935 towns and more than 600,000 villages. A total of 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 600,000 villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[3] The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$260 million)[4] – this comes to less than US$0.50 per person, well below the estimated world average of US$4.60 per person.[3] Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved.

Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[5] Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931. During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits.[6] Earlier, There was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the first time for 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs) in India.[7][8][9][10] This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.[11] Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%.[12]

There is only one instance of a caste count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971.[13]

History

[edit]

C. Chandramouli IAS was the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian census. Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages. In 2011, India and Bangladesh also conducted their first-ever joint census of areas along their border.[14][15] The census was conducted in two phases. The first, the house-listing phase, began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses.[16] Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase. The second, the population enumeration phase, was conducted from 9 – 28 February 2011 all over the country. The eradication of epidemics, the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India.[citation needed]

Information

[edit]

House-listings

[edit]

The House-listing schedule contained 35 questions.[17]

  1. Building number
    Census house number
  2. Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
  3. Ascertain use of actual house
  4. Condition of the census house
  5. Household number
  6. Total number of persons in the household
  7. Name of the head of the household
  8. Sex of the head
  9. Caste status (SC or ST or others)
  10. Ownership status of the house
  11. Number of dwelling rooms
  12. Number of married couple the household
  13. Main source of drinking water
  14. Availability of drinking water source
  15. Main source of lighting
  16. Latrine within the premises
  17. Type of latrine facility
  18. Waste water outlet connection
  19. Bathing facility within the premises
  20. Availability of kitchen
  21. Fuel used for cooking
  22. Radio/Transistor
  23. Television
  24. Computer/Laptop
  25. Telephone/Mobile phone
  26. Bicycle
  27. Scooter/Motor cycle/Moped
  28. Car/Jeep/Van
  29. Availing Banking services.

Population enumeration

[edit]

The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions.[18][19]

  1. Name of the person
  2. Relationship to head
  3. Sex
  4. Date of birth and age
  5. Current marital status
  6. Age at marriage
  7. Religion
  8. Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
  9. Disability
  10. Mother tongue
  11. Other languages known
  12. Literacy status
  13. Status of attendance (Education)
  14. Highest educational level attained
  15. Working any time during last year
  16. Category of economic activity
  17. Occupation Nature of industry
  18. Trade or service
  19. Class of worker
  20. Non economic activity
  21. Seeking or available for work
  22. Travel to place of work
  23. Birthplace
  24. Place of last residence
  25. Reason for migration
  26. Duration of stay in the place of migration
  27. Children surviving
  28. Children ever born
  29. Number of children born alive during last one year

National Population Register

[edit]

The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions.[20]

  1. Name of the person and resident status
  2. Name of the person as should appear in the population register
  3. Relationship to head
  4. Gender
  5. Date of birth
  6. Marital status
  7. Educational qualification
  8. Occupation/Activity
  9. Names of father, mother and spouse

Once the information was collected and digitised, fingerprints were taken and photos collected. Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12-digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID have been issued in 2011.[21][22]

Census report

[edit]
Decadal growth of Indian population (1901–2011).

Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 (and was updated on 20 May 2013).[23][24][25][26] Transgender population was counted in population census in India for the first time in 2011.[27][28] The overall sex ratio of the population is 943 females for every 1,000 males in 2011.[29] The official count of the third gender in India is 490,000[30]

Population Total 1,210,854,977
Males 623,724,568
Females 586,469,294
Literacy Total 74%
Males 82.10%
Females 65.46%
Density of population per km2 382
Sex ratio per 1000 males 943 females
Child sex ratio (0–6 age group) per 1000 males 919 females

Population

[edit]

The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,854,977.[31] India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[32] Of the 1.21 billion Indians, 833 million (68.84%) live in rural areas while 377 million stay in urban areas.[33][34] 453.6 million people in India are migrants, which is 37.8% of total population.[35][36][37]

India is home to many religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have been practiced alongside major religions for centuries. According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in India is 248.8 million. Of which 202.4 million are Hindu, 31.2 million are Muslim, 6.3 million are Christian, 4.1 million are Sikh, and 1.9 million are Jain[38][39] According to 2011 census, there are around 3.01 million places of worship in India.[40]

Ever since its inception, the census of India has been collecting and publishing information about the religious affiliations as expressed by the people of India. In fact, population census has the rare distinction of being the only instrument that collects this diverse and important characteristic of the Indian population.[citation needed]

Population distribution in India by states[41]
State /
Union Territory (UT) 		Capital Type Population Males Females Sex
Ratio
[42] 		Literacy
rate (%) 		Population Area[43]
(km2) 		Density
(1/km2) 		Decadal
Growth%
(2001–11)
number % of total[44] Rural[45] Urban[45]
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow State 199,812,341
16.50%
 104,480,510 95,331,831 912
67.68%
 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828 20.1%
Maharashtra Mumbai State 112,374,333
9.28%
 58,243,056 54,131,277 929
82.34%
 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365 16.0%
Bihar Patna State 104,099,452
8.60%
 54,278,157 49,821,295 918
61.80%
 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102 25.1%
West Bengal Kolkata State 91,276,115
7.54%
 46,809,027 44,467,088 950
76.26%
 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030 13.9%
Andhra Pradesh[a] Hyderabad State 84,580,777
6.99%
 42,442,146 42,138,631 993
67.02%
 56,361,702 28,219,075 275,045 308 10.98%
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal State 72,626,809
6.00%
 37,612,306 35,014,503 931
69.32%
 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236 20.3%
Tamil Nadu Chennai State 72,147,030
5.96%
 36,137,975 36,009,055 996
80.09%
 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555 15.6%
Rajasthan Jaipur State 68,548,437
5.66%
 35,550,997 32,997,440 928
66.11%
 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201 21.4%
Karnataka Bengaluru State 61,095,297
5.05%
 30,966,657 30,128,640 973
75.36%
 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319 15.7%
Gujarat Gandhinagar State 60,439,692
4.99%
 31,491,260 28,948,432 919
78.03%
 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308 19.2%
Odisha Bhubaneshwar State 41,974,218
3.47%
 21,212,136 20,762,082 979
72.87%
 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269 14.0%
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram State 33,406,061
2.76%
 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084
94.00%
 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859 4.9%
Jharkhand Ranchi State 32,988,134
2.72%
 16,930,315 16,057,819 948
66.41%
 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414 22.3%
Assam Dispur State 31,205,576
2.58%
 15,939,443 15,266,133 958
72.19%
 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397 16.9%
Punjab Chandigarh State 27,743,338
2.29%
 14,639,465 13,103,873 895
75.84%
 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550 13.7%
Chhattisgarh Raipur State 25,545,198
2.11%
 12,832,895 12,712,303 991
70.28%
 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189 22.6%
Haryana Chandigarh State 25,351,462
2.09%
 13,494,734 11,856,728 879
75.55%
 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573 19.9%
Delhi Delhi UT 16,787,941
1.39%
 8,887,326 7,800,615 868
86.21%
 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297 21%
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu(winter)
Srinagar(summer) 		State 12,541,302
1.04%
 6,640,662 5,900,640 889
67.16%
 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56 23.7%
Uttarakhand Dehradun State 10,086,292
0.83%
 5,137,773 4,948,519 963
79.63%
 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189 19.2%
Himachal Pradesh Shimla State 6,864,602
0.57%
 3,481,873 3,382,729 972
82.80%
 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123 12.8%
Tripura Agartala State 3,673,917
0.30%
 1,874,376 1,799,541 960
87.22%
 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350 14.7%
Meghalaya Shillong State 2,966,889
0.25%
 1,491,832 1,475,057 989
74.43%
 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132 27.8%
Manipur Imphal State 2,721,756
0.21%
 1,290,171 1,280,219 992
79.21%
 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 122 18.7%
Nagaland Kohima State 1,978,502
0.16%
 1,024,649 953,853 931
79.55%
 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119 −0.5%
Goa Panaji State 1,458,545
0.12%
 739,140 719,405 973
88.70%
 551,414 906,309 3,702 394 8.2%
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar State 1,383,727
0.11%
 713,912 669,815 938
65.38%
 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17 25.9%
Puducherry Pondicherry UT 1,247,953
0.10%
 612,511 635,442 1,037
85.85%
 394,341 850,123 479 2,598 27.7%
Mizoram Aizawl State 1,097,206
0.09%
 555,339 541,867 976
91.33%
 529,037 561,997 21,081 52 22.8%
Chandigarh Chandigarh UT 1,055,450
0.09%
 580,663 474,787 818
86.05%
 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252 17.1%
Sikkim Gangtok State 610,577
0.05%
 323,070 287,507 890
81.42%
 455,962 151,726 7,096 86 12.4%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair UT 380,581
0.03%
 202,871 177,710 876
86.63%
 244,411 135,533 8,249 46 6.7%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa UT 343,709
0.03%
 193,760 149,949 774
76.24%
 183,024 159,829 491 698 55.5%
Daman and Diu Daman UT 243,247
0.02%
 150,301 92,946 618
87.10%
 60,331 182,580 112 2,169 53.5%
Lakshadweep Kavaratti UT 64,473
0.01%
 33,123 31,350 946
91.85%
 14,121 50,308 32 2,013 6.2%
India 1,210,854,977
100%
 623,724,248 586,469,174 943
74.04%
 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382 17.64%

Religious demographics

[edit]

The religious data on India census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015.[46][47][48] Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million) while Sikhs are 20.8 million comprising 1.72% of the population,[49] Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India.[47][50][51] and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India.[52][53] For the first time, a "No religion" category was added in the 2011 census.[54] 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to "No Religion" in India in the 2011 census[55][56] 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion.[57][58] Given below is the decade-by-decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census.[59][60][61] There are six religions in India that have been awarded "National Minority" status – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis.[62][63] Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India.[64][65][66] As per 2011 census, six major faiths- Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while "other religions, persuasions" (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths- 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate.[67] Maharashtra is having the highest number of non-religious in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala.[68]

Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)[citation needed]
Year Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains Zoroastrians Atheists or
other religion
1951
84.1%
9.8%
2.3%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.13%
0.8%
1961
83.45%
10.69%
2.44%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.09%
0.8%
1971
82.73%
11.21%
2.60%
1.89%
0.70%
0.48%
0.09%
0.41%
1981
82.30%
11.75%
2.44%
1.92%
0.70%
0.47%
0.09%
0.42%
1991
81.53%
12.61%
2.32%
1.94%
0.77%
0.40%
0.08%
0.44%
2001
80.46%
13.43%
2.34%
1.87%
0.77%
0.41%
0.06%
0.8%
2011
79.80%
14.23%
2.37%
1.72%
0.70%
0.37%
0.05%
0.9%
Change in growth rate
since 1951 		Decrease 5.12% Increase 45.21% Increase 3.04% Decrease 3.91% Decrease 5.41% Decrease 19.56% Decrease 61.53% Increase 12.51%

Language demographics

[edit]
Main article: Languages of India
Fastest growing languages of India — Hindi (first), Kashmiri (second), Gujarati & Meitei/Manipuri (third), Bengali (fourth) — based on 2011 census of India[69]

Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India.[70] The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages".[71] According to 2011 census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi,[72] in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue.[73][74] The language data was released on 26 June 2018.[75]

Hindi is the fastest growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.[69]

The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018.[76][77][78] The number of bilingual speakers in India is 314.9 million, which is 26% of the population in 2011.[79] 7% of Indian population is trilingual.[80] Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups.[81]

Numbers regarding languages spoken available in the 2011 Indian census data may not reflect actual data in India due to how the data was collected, with participants being allowed to give any response they wished for what languages they spoke.

First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2011 census)
Language First language
speakers 		Second language
speakers 		Third language
speakers 		Total speakers
num.[82] % of total pop. num.[72][83] % of total pop.
Hindi 528,347,193
43.63%
 139,207,180 24,000,000 692,000,000
57.1%
English 259,678
0.02%
 83,125,221 46,000,000 129,000,000
10.6%
Bengali 97,237,669
8.3%
 9,037,222 1,000,000 107,000,000
8.9%
Marathi 83,026,680
7.09%
 13,000,000 3,000,000 99,000,000
8.2%
Telugu 81,127,740
6.93%
 12,000,000 1,000,000 95,000,000
7.8%
Tamil 69,026,881
5.89%
 7,000,000 1,000,000 77,000,000
6.3%
Gujarati 55,492,554
4.74%
 4,000,000 1,000,000 60,000,000
5%
Urdu 50,772,631
4.34%
 11,000,000 1,000,000 63,000,000
5.2%
Kannada 43,706,512
3.73%
 14,000,000 1,000,000 59,000,000
4.94%
Odia 37,521,324
3.2%
 5,000,000 390,000 43,000,000
3.56%
Malayalam 34,838,819
2.97%
 500,000 210,000 36,000,000
2.9%
Punjabi 33,124,726
2.83%
 2,230,000 720,000 36,600,000
3%
Maithili 13,063,042
1.08%
 400,000 130,000 13,583,464
1.12%
Sanskrit 24,821
<0.01%
 1,230,000 1,960,000 3,190,000
0.19%

Literacy

[edit]

Any individual above age seven who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age five were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age seven and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate.[84]

Effective literacy rate (1901–2011)[citation needed][85]
S.No. Census year Total (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 1901
5.35%
9.83%
0.60%
2 1911
5.92%
10.56%
1.05%
3 1921
7.16%
12.21%
1.81%
4 1931
9.50%
15.59%
2.93%
5 1941
16.10%
24.90%
7.30%
6 1951
16.67%
24.95%
9.45%
7 1961
24.02%
34.44%
12.95%
8 1971
29.45%
39.45%
18.69%
9 1981
36.23%
46.89%
24.82%
10 1991
42.84%
52.74%
32.17%
11 2001
64.83%
75.26%
53.67%
12 2011
74.04%
82.14%
65.46%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Prior to the creation of Telangana.

References

[edit]
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  16. ^ Kumar, Vinay (4 April 2010). "House listing operations for Census 2011 progressing well". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
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  22. ^ "India launches biometric census". BBC News. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
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