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Right-wing dictatorship

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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process); Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan; and a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] or those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

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Military dictatorship

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Main article: Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

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Main article: Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

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The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

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Main article: Fascism in Europe
See also: European interwar dictatorships

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Albania
 Austria Fatherland Front
 Bulgaria BulgariaKingdom of Bulgaria
 Germany [need quotation to verify][9] [10][11]
[12][13]
 Greece
 Italy
 Latvia LatviaRepublic of Latvia[citation needed] Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) 1934–1940 Kārlis Ulmanis[30]
 Lithuania LithuaniaRepublic of Lithuania[31] Lithuanian Nationalist Union[32] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona[33][34]
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 San Marino San MarinoRepublic of San Marino[49] Sammarinese Fascist Party 1923–1943 Giuliano Gozi
 Spain
 Ukraine
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Kingdom of YugoslaviaKingdom of Yugoslavia[58]

Asia

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Main article: Fascism in Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[62] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Bangladesh Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh [67]
 Cambodia
 Cyprus CyprusRepublic of Cyprus EOKA B[72] 1974 Nikos Sampson[73]
 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia New Order under Golkar[74][75] 1966–1998 Suharto[76][77][78]
 Iran [79]
  • 1925–1941
  • 1941–1979
  • 1979–present
 Iraq Iraq Republic of Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 1979–2003 Saddam Hussein[80]
 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan[81] Amanat 1999–2019 Nursultan Nazarbayev
 South Korea
 Laos Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Laos[92] Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests 1959–1960 Sounthone Pathammavong
China Manchuria, China  Manchukuo Concordia Association[93][94] 1932–1945 Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
 Myanmar
 Pakistan  Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Philippines
 China (1928–1949)
 Taiwan (1945–1987)		 Right-wing Kuomintang[108]
 Syria Syria Syrian Republic[110] Military with the Arab Liberation Movement 1951–1954 Adib Shishakli
 Tajikistan Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan 1994–present Emomali Rahmon[111]
 Thailand Thailand Kingdom of Thailand[112]
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan[122] Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 1991–present
 United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates[123] House of Nahyan 1971–Present
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan[124] Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party 1991–present
Vietnam Southern Vietnam South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam[125]
  • 1956–1963
  • 1963–1964
  • 1964
  • 1964
  • 1965–1967

North, Central, and South America

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Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[126] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Argentina [127]
  • 1943–1946
  • 1946–1955
  • 1955–1958
  • 1974–1976
  • 1976–1983
 Bolivia Bolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia[128]
  • 1951–1952
  • 1966–1969
  • 1971–1978
  • 1980–1981
 Brazil [129]
  • 1930–1930
  • 1937–1945
  • 1964–1979
  • 1979–1985
 Chile Chile Military Junta of Chile[130] Military 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
 Colombia Colombia Republic of Colombia[131] Military 1953–1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
 Costa Rica First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[132][133] Military with the Peliquista Party[134] 1917–1919 Federico Tinoco Granados
 Cuba  Republic of Cuba
[135]
 Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Third Dominican Republic Dominican Party[136][137] 1930–1962 Rafael Trujillo[138]
 Ecuador Ecuador Republic of Ecuador[139] Military 1972–1979
 Mexico [140]
  • 1839–1839
  • 1845–1846
  • 1853–1855
  • 1876
  • 1877–1880
  • 1884–1911
 El Salvador El Salvador Republic of El Salvador[141]
 Guatemala  Republic of Guatemala
 Haiti [155][156][157][158]
 Honduras  Republic of Honduras Military with the National Party
 Nicaragua Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua[161] Nationalist Liberal Party
  • 1936–1956
  • 1956–1967
  • 1967–1979
 Panama Panama Republic of Panama[162]
  • 1949–1951
  • 1983–1989
 Paraguay Paraguay Republic of Paraguay[163]
  • 1940–1948
  • 1954–1989
 Peru [163]
  • 1975–1980
  • 1990–2000
 Uruguay Uruguay Oriental Republic of Uruguay[165]
  • 1973–1976
  • 1976–1981
  • 1981–1985
  • 1985
 Venezuela Republic of Venezuela Republic of Venezuela[166] Military 1948–1958

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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