Trope (literature)

A literary trope is the use of figurative language, via word, phrase or an image, for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech.^[1] Keith and Lundburg describe a trope as "a substitution of a word or phrase by a less literal word or phrase".^[2] The word trope has also undergone a semantic change and now also describes commonly recurring or overused literary and rhetorical devices,^[3]^[4]^[5] motifs or clichés in creative works.^[6]^[7] Literary tropes span almost every category of writing, such as poetry, film, plays, and video games.

Origins[edit]

The term trope derives from the Greek τρόπος (tropos), 'a turn, a change',^[8] related to the root of the verb τρέπειν (trepein), 'to turn, to direct, to alter, to change';^[6] this means that the term is used metaphorically to denote, among other things, metaphorical language. Tropes and their classification were an important field in classical rhetoric. The study of tropes has been taken up again in modern criticism, especially in deconstruction.^[9] Tropological criticism (not to be confused with tropological reading, a type of biblical exegesis) is the historical study of tropes, which aims to "define the dominant tropes of an epoch" and to "find those tropes in literary and non-literary texts", an interdisciplinary investigation of which Michel Foucault was an "important exemplar".^[9]

In medieval writing[edit]

A specialized use is the medieval amplification of texts from the liturgy, such as in the Kyrie Eleison (Kyrie, / magnae Deus potentia, / liberator hominis, / transgressoris mandati, / eleison). The most important example of such a trope is the Quem quaeritis?, an amplification before the Introit of the Easter Sunday service and the source for liturgical drama.^[4]^[10] This particular practice came to an end with the Tridentine Mass, the unification of the liturgy in 1570 promulgated by Pope Pius V.^[9]

Types and examples[edit]

Rhetoricians have analyzed a variety of "twists and turns" used in poetry and literature and have provided a list of labels for these poetic devices. These include

Animorphism - The fictional trope of a human transforming into an animal, in a bid to overcome challenges.
Analogy - A comparison by showing how two seemingly different entities are alike, along with illustrating a larger point due to their commonalities.^[11]^[12]^[13]
Emphasis - The use of an expression or term in a narrower and more precise sense than usual to accentuate a certain sense.^[14]^[15]^[16]
Hyperbole – The use of exaggeration to create a strong impression.
Irony – Creating a trope through implying the opposite of the standard meaning, such as describing a bad situation as "good times".
Litotes – A figure of speech and form of verbal irony in which understatement is used to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect.
Metaphor – An explanation of an object or idea through juxtaposition of disparate things with a similar characteristic, such as describing a courageous person as having a "heart of a lion".
- Allegory – A sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. For example, "The ship of state has sailed through rougher storms than the tempest of these lobbyists."
- Catachresis – A metaphor that is or can be a stretch for an audience to catch on to. Catachreses can be subjective; some people may find a metaphor to be too much while others may find it perfectly reasonable.^[2]
Metonymy – A trope through proximity or correspondence. For example, referring to actions of the U.S. president as "actions of the White House".
- Antonomasia - A kind of metonymy in which an epithet or phrase takes the place of a proper name.
Synecdoche – A literary device, related to metonymy and metaphor, which creates a play on words by referring to something with a related concept. For example, referring to the whole with the name of a part, such as "hired hands" for workers; a part with the name of the whole, such as "the law" for police officers; the general with the specific, such as "bread" for food; the specific with the general, such as "cat" for a lion; or an object with its substance, such as "bricks and mortar" for a building.
Oxymoron – The use of two opposite situations or things in one sentence to prove a point.^[2]
Pun or paronomasia - A form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words.
- Antanaclasis – The stylistic trope of repeating a single word, but with a different meaning each time; antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.

For a longer list, see Figure of speech: Tropes.

Kenneth Burke has called metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony the "four master tropes"^[17] owing to their frequency in everyday discourse.

These tropes can be used to represent common recurring themes throughout creative works, and in a modern setting relationships and character interactions. It can also be used to denote examples of common repeating figures of speech and situations.^[18]

Whilst most of the various forms of phrasing described above are in common usage, most of the terms themselves are not, in particular antanaclasis, litotes, metonymy, synecdoche and catachresis.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

^ Miller (1990). Tropes, Parables, and Performatives. Duke University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780822311119.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lundberg, Christian O.; Keith, William M. (10 November 2017). The essential guide to rhetoric. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 9781319094195. OCLC 1016051800.
^ "Definition of trope". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cuddon, J. A.; Preston, C. E. (1998). "Trope". The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 948. ISBN 9780140513639.
^ "What is a Trope?". 22 January 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "trope". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
^ "trope (revised entry)". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τάβλα , τροπέω , τρόπος". An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Childers, Joseph; Hentzi, Gary (1995). "Trope". The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism. New York: Columbia UP. p. 309. ISBN 9780231072434.
^ Cuddon, J. A.; Preston, C. E. (1998). "Quem quaeritis trope". The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 721. ISBN 9780140513639.
^ "When & How to write Tropes". LiteraryTerms.net. 6 October 2015.
^ "Analogy: Definition and Examples". LiteraryTerms.net. 19 July 2015.
^ Ball, Cheryl E. (2012). "Assessing Scholarly Multimedia: A Rhetorical Genre Studies Approach". Technical Communication Quarterly. 21 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1080/10572252.2012.626390. S2CID 143663366.
^ "What is emphasis? - Answer". 20 June 2021.
^ Vegge, Ivar (2008). 2 Corinthians, a Letter about Reconciliation: A Psychagogical, Epistolographical, and Rhetorical Analysis. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161493027.
^ "Definition of emphasis - What it is, Meaning and Concept - I want to know everything - 2022".
^ Burke, Kenneth (1969). A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
^ D'Angelo, Frank J. (September 1992). "The four master tropes: Analogues of development". Rhetoric Review. 11 (1): 91–107. doi:10.1080/07350199209388989. ISSN 0735-0198.

Sources[edit]

Baldrick, Chris. 2008. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199208272
Corbett, Edward P. J. and Connors, Robert J. 1999. Style and Statement. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195115430
Kennedy, X.J. et al. 2006. The Longman Dictionary of Literary Terms: Vocabulary for the Informed Reader. New York: Pearson, Longman. ISBN 032133194X
Forsyth, Mark. 2014. The Elements of Eloquence. New York: Berkley Publishing Group / Penguin Publishing. ISBN 9780425276181
Quinn, Edward. 1999. A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 0816043949
"Silva Rhetorica". Rhetoric.BYU.edu.
"What is a Trope?". Oregon State Guide to Literary Terms. 22 January 2023.

[1] Miller (1990). Tropes, Parables, and Performatives. Duke University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780822311119.

[Lundberg-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lundberg, Christian O.; Keith, William M. (10 November 2017). The essential guide to rhetoric. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 9781319094195. OCLC 1016051800.

[3] "Definition of trope". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[cuddon-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cuddon, J. A.; Preston, C. E. (1998). "Trope". The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 948. ISBN 9780140513639.

[5] "What is a Trope?". 22 January 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.

[trope_mw-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b "trope". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.

[OED-7] "trope (revised entry)". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.

[8] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "τάβλα , τροπέω , τρόπος". An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024.

[childers-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Childers, Joseph; Hentzi, Gary (1995). "Trope". The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism. New York: Columbia UP. p. 309. ISBN 9780231072434.

[10] Cuddon, J. A.; Preston, C. E. (1998). "Quem quaeritis trope". The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 721. ISBN 9780140513639.

[literaryterms.net-11] "When & How to write Tropes". LiteraryTerms.net. 6 October 2015.

[12] "Analogy: Definition and Examples". LiteraryTerms.net. 19 July 2015.

[13] Ball, Cheryl E. (2012). "Assessing Scholarly Multimedia: A Rhetorical Genre Studies Approach". Technical Communication Quarterly. 21 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1080/10572252.2012.626390. S2CID 143663366.

[14] "What is emphasis? - Answer". 20 June 2021.

[15] Vegge, Ivar (2008). 2 Corinthians, a Letter about Reconciliation: A Psychagogical, Epistolographical, and Rhetorical Analysis. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161493027.

[16] "Definition of emphasis - What it is, Meaning and Concept - I want to know everything - 2022".

[Burke-17] Burke, Kenneth (1969). A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[18] D'Angelo, Frank J. (September 1992). "The four master tropes: Analogues of development". Rhetoric Review. 11 (1): 91–107. doi:10.1080/07350199209388989. ISSN 0735-0198.

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v t e Narrative
Character	Antagonist Archenemy Character arc Character flaw Characterization Confidant Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Gothic double Hamartia Hero Anti Byronic Tragic Narrator Protagonist Stock character Straight man Supporting character Title character Tritagonist Villain
Plot	Ab ovo Action Backstory Origin story Chekhov's gun Cliché Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Kishōtenketsu MacGuffin Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Red herring Reveal Self-insertion Shaggy dog story Stereotype Story arc Story within a story Subplot Suspense Trope
Setting	Alternate history Backstory Crossover Dreamworld Dystopia Fictional location city country universe parallel Utopia Worldbuilding
Theme	Irony Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Moral development Motif Deal with the Devil Conflict between good and evil Self-fulfilling prophecy Time travel
Style	Allegory Bathos Comic relief Diction Figure of speech Imagery Mode Mood Narration Narrative techniques Hook Show, don't tell Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone
Structure	Act Act structure Three-act structure Freytag's Pyramid Exposition/Protasis Rising action/Epitasis Climax/Peripeteia Falling action/Catastasis Denouement/Catastrophe Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Premise Types of fiction with multiple endings
Form	Drama Fabliau Flash fiction Folklore Fable Fairy tale Legend Myth Tall tale Gamebook Narrative art Narrative poetry Epic poetry Novel Novella Parable Short story Vignette
Genre (List)	Autobiography Biography Fiction Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docu Epistolary Ergodic Erotic Historical Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Pop culture Psychological Religious Rogue Romance Chivalric Prose Saga Satire Speculative fiction Fantasy Gothic Southern Horror Magic realism Science Hard Utopian and dystopian Underwater Superhero Theological Thriller Urban Western Nonfiction Novel Creative
Narration	Diegesis First-person Second-person Third-person Third-person omniscient narrative Subjectivity Unreliable narrator Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness
Tense	Past Present Future
Related	Dominant narrative Fiction writing Continuity Canon Reboot Retcon Parallel novel Prequel / Sequel Genre List Literary science Literary theory Narrative identity Narrative paradigm Narrative therapy Narratology Metafiction Political narrative Rhetoric Glossary Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Verisimilitude

v t e Figures of speech
Schemes	Alliteration Anadiplosis Anaphora Antimetabole Antithesis Aposiopesis Assonance Asyndeton Chiasmus Climax Anti Consonance Epanalepsis Epiphrase Epistrophe Epizeuxis Hendiadys Homeoteleuton Hypallage Hyperbaton Hysteron proteron Isocolon Parallelism Polyptoton Polysyndeton Spoonerism Symploce Tmesis Zeugma
Tropes	Allegory Allusion Antiphrasis Antonomasia Aphorism Apostrophe Catachresis Ecphonesis Ekphrasis Epanorthosis Hyperbole Adynaton Dysphemism Euphemism Meiosis Innuendo Irony Apophasis Sarcasm Litotes Metaphor Metonymy Oxymoron Personification Pleonasm Procatalepsis Pun Antanaclasis Rhetorical question Simile Synecdoche Tautology

v t e Literary composition
General topics	Characterization Description Exposition Fiction writing Literature Writer Writer's block
Techniques / devices	Linguistic contrast Literary contrast Cliché Idiom Trope
Methods	Writing process Prewriting Assemblage Cut-up technique Diegesis Mimesis Pastiche Plagiarism
Features	Writing style Writer's voice Grammatical mood Register Rhetorical modes Stylistics Tone
Forms	Creative nonfiction Essay Joke Novel Poetry Screenplay Short story
Beyond the arts	Articulation (sociological) Composition studies Technical writing