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RAC1

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"Rac1" redirects here. For the first game in the Ratchet & Clank series, see Ratchet & Clank.
RAC1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesRAC1, MIG5, Rac-1, TC-25, p21-Rac1, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1), Rac family small GTPase 1, MRD48
External IDsOMIM: 602048; MGI: 97845; HomoloGene: 69035; GeneCards: RAC1; OMA:RAC1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5879

19353

Ensembl

ENSG00000136238

ENSMUSG00000001847

UniProt

P63000

P63001

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_198829
NM_006908
NM_018890

NM_009007
NM_001347530

RefSeq (protein)

NP_008839
NP_061485

NP_001334459
NP_033033

Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 6.37 – 6.4 MbChr 5: 143.49 – 143.51 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Rac1, also known as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, is a protein found in human cells. It is encoded by the RAC1 gene.[5][6] This gene can produce a variety of alternatively spliced versions of the Rac1 protein, which appear to carry out different functions.[7]

Function

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Rac1 is a small (~21 kDa) signalling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of GLUT4[8][9] translocation to glucose uptake, cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, antimicrobial cytotoxicity,[10] and the activation of protein kinases.[11]

Rac1 is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular processes, including the cell cycle, cell-cell adhesion, motility (through the actin network), and of epithelial differentiation (proposed to be necessary for maintaining epidermal stem cells).

Role in cancer

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Along with other subfamily of Rac and Rho proteins, they exert an important regulatory role specifically in cell motility and cell growth. Rac1 has ubiquitous tissue expression, and drives cell motility by formation of lamellipodia.[12] In order for cancer cells to grow and invade local and distant tissues, deregulation of cell motility is one of the hallmark events in cancer cell invasion and metastasis.[13] Overexpression of a constitutively active Rac1 V12 in mice caused a tumour that is phenotypically indistinguishable from human Kaposi's sarcoma.[14] Activating or gain-of-function mutations of Rac1 are shown to play active roles in promoting mesenchymal-type of cell movement assisted by NEDD9 and DOCK3 protein complex.[15] Such abnormal cell motility may result in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) – a driving mechanism for tumour metastasis as well as drug-resistant tumour relapse.[16][17]

Role in glucose transport

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Rac1 is expressed in significant amounts in insulin sensitive tissues, such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Here Rac1 regulated the translocation of glucose transporting GLUT4 vesicles from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane.[9][18][19] In response to insulin, this allows for blood glucose to enter the cell to lower blood glucose. In conditions of obesity and type 2 diabetes, Rac1 signalling in skeletal muscle is dysfunctional, suggesting that Rac1 contributes to the progression of the disease. Rac1 protein is also necessary for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle activated by exercise[8][20] and muscle stretching[21]

Clinical significance

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Activating mutations in Rac1 have been recently discovered in large-scale genomic studies involving melanoma[22][23][24] and non-small cell lung cancer.[25] As a result, Rac1 is considered a therapeutic target for many of these diseases.[26]

A few recent studies have also exploited targeted therapy to suppress tumour growth by pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 activity in metastatic melanoma and liver cancer as well as in human breast cancer.[27][28][29] For example, Rac1-dependent pathway inhibition resulted in the reversal of tumour cell phenotypes, suggesting Rac1 as a predictive marker and therapeutic target for trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.[28] However, given Rac1's role in glucose transport, drugs that inhibit Rac1 could potentially be harmful to glucose homeostasis.

Dominant negative or constitutively active germline RAC1 mutations cause diverse phenotypes that have been grouped together as Mental Retardation Type 48.[30] Most mutations cause microcephaly while some specific changes appear to result in macrocephaly.

Interactions

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RAC1 has been shown to interact with:

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000136238 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001847 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R (Oct 1989). "rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (28): 16378–82. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84716-6. PMID 2674130.
  6. ^ Jordan P, Brazåo R, Boavida MG, Gespach C, Chastre E (Nov 1999). "Cloning of a novel human Rac1b splice variant with increased expression in colorectal tumors". Oncogene. 18 (48): 6835–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203233. PMID 10597294.
  7. ^ Zhou C, Licciulli S, Avila JL, Cho M, Troutman S, Jiang P, Kossenkov AV, Showe LC, Liu Q, Vachani A, Albelda SM, Kissil JL (Feb 2013). "The Rac1 splice form Rac1b promotes K-ras-induced lung tumorigenesis". Oncogene. 32 (7): 903–9. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.99. PMC 3384754. PMID 22430205.
  8. ^ a b Sylow, Lykke; Nielsen, Ida L.; Kleinert, Maximilian; Møller, Lisbeth L. V.; Ploug, Thorkil; Schjerling, Peter; Bilan, Philip J.; Klip, Amira; Jensen, Thomas E. (2016-04-09). "Rac1 governs exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through regulation of GLUT4 translocation in mice". The Journal of Physiology. 594 (17): 4997–5008. doi:10.1113/JP272039. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 5009787. PMID 27061726.
  9. ^ a b Ueda S, Kitazawa S, Ishida K, Nishikawa Y, Matsui M, Matsumoto H, Aoki T, Nozaki S, Takeda T, Tamori Y, Aiba A, Kahn CR, Kataoka T, Satoh T (Jul 2010). "Crucial role of the small GTPase Rac1 in insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the mouse skeletal muscle sarcolemma". FASEB Journal. 24 (7): 2254–61. doi:10.1096/fj.09-137380. PMC 4183928. PMID 20203090.
  10. ^ Xiang RF (Mar 2016). "Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate (Rac) and Src Family Kinases (SFK) Are Proximal and Essential for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Activation in Natural Killer (NK) Cell-mediated Direct Cytotoxicity against Cryptococcus neoformans". J Biol Chem. 291 (13): 6912–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.681544. PMC 4807276. PMID 26867574.
  11. ^ Ridley AJ (Oct 2006). "Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking". Trends in Cell Biology. 16 (10): 522–9. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. PMID 16949823.
  12. ^ Parri M, Chiarugi P (2010). "Rac and Rho GTPases in cancer cell motility control". Cell Communication and Signaling. 8 (23): 23. doi:10.1186/1478-811x-8-23. PMC 2941746. PMID 20822528.
  13. ^ Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (Mar 2011). "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation". Cell. 144 (5): 646–74. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013. PMID 21376230.
  14. ^ Ma, Qi; Cavallin, Lucas E.; Yan, Bin; Zhu, Shoukang; Duran, Elda Margarita; Wang, Huili; Hale, Laura P.; Dong, Chunming; Cesarman, Ethel (2009-05-26). "Antitumorigenesis of antioxidants in a transgenic Rac1 model of Kaposi's sarcoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (21): 8683–8688. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8683M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812688106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2679580. PMID 19429708.
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  16. ^ Stallings-Mann ML, Waldmann J, Zhang Y, Miller E, Gauthier ML, Visscher DW, et al. (Jul 11, 2012). "Matrix metalloproteinase induction of Rac1b, a key effector of lung cancer progression". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (142): 510–523. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004062. PMC 3733503. PMID 22786680.
  17. ^ Yang WH, Lan HY, Huang CH, Tai SK, Tzeng CH, Kao SY, Wu KJ, Hung MC, Yang MH (Apr 2012). "RAC1 activation mediates Twist1-induced cancer cell migration". Nature Cell Biology. 14 (4): 366–74. doi:10.1038/ncb2455. PMID 22407364. S2CID 4755216.
  18. ^ Sylow L, Kleinert M, Pehmøller C, Prats C, Chiu TT, Klip A, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2014). "Akt and Rac1 signaling are jointly required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and downregulated in insulin resistance". Cellular Signalling. 26 (2): 323–31. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.007. PMID 24216610.
  19. ^ Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Højlund K, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski J, Prats C, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Jun 2013). "Rac1 signaling is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is dysregulated in insulin-resistant murine and human skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (6): 1865–75. doi:10.2337/db12-1148. PMC 3661612. PMID 23423567.
  20. ^ Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Mouatt JR, Maarbjerg SJ, Jeppesen J, Prats C, Chiu TT, Boguslavsky S, Klip A, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Apr 2013). "Rac1 is a novel regulator of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (4): 1139–51. doi:10.2337/db12-0491. PMC 3609592. PMID 23274900.
  21. ^ Sylow L, Møller LL, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2015). "Stretch-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is regulated by Rac1". The Journal of Physiology. 593 (3): 645–56. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284281. PMC 4324711. PMID 25416624.
  22. ^ Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L (Jul 2012). "A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma". Cell. 150 (2): 251–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024. PMC 3600117. PMID 22817889.
  23. ^ Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R (Sep 2012). "Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1006–14. doi:10.1038/ng.2359. PMC 3432702. PMID 22842228.
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  25. ^ Stallings-Mann ML, Waldmann J, Zhang Y, Miller E, Gauthier ML, Visscher DW, Downey GP, Radisky ES, Fields AP, Radisky DC (Jul 2012). "Matrix metalloproteinase induction of Rac1b, a key effector of lung cancer progression". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (142): 142ra95. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004062. PMC 3733503. PMID 22786680.
  26. ^ McAllister SS (Jul 2012). "Got a light? Illuminating lung cancer". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (142): 142fs22. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004446. PMID 22786678. S2CID 12093516.
  27. ^ Chen QY, Xu LQ, Jiao DM, Yao QH, Wang YY, Hu HZ, et al. (Nov 2011). "Silencing of Rac1 modifies lung cancer cell migration, invasion and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and enhances chemosensitivity to antitumor drugs". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 28 (5): 769–776. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2011.775. PMID 21837360.
  28. ^ a b Dokmanovic M, Hirsch DS, Shen Y, Wu WJ (Jun 2009). "Rac1 contributes to trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer cells: Rac1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 8 (6): 1557–69. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0140. PMID 19509242.
  29. ^ Liu S, Yu M, He Y, Xiao L, Wang F, Song C, Sun S, Ling C, Xu Z (Jun 2008). "Melittin prevents liver cancer cell metastasis through inhibition of the Rac1-dependent pathway". Hepatology. 47 (6): 1964–73. doi:10.1002/hep.22240. PMID 18506888. S2CID 21106205.
  30. ^ Reijnders, Margot R.F.; Ansor, Nurhuda M.; Kousi, Maria; Yue, Wyatt W.; Tan, Perciliz L.; Clarkson, Katie; Clayton-Smith, Jill; Corning, Ken; Jones, Julie R.; Lam, Wayne W.K.; Mancini, Grazia M.S.; Marcelis, Carlo; Mohammed, Shehla; Pfundt, Rolph; Roifman, Maian; Cohn, Ronald; Chitayat, David; Millard, Tom H.; Katsanis, Nicholas; Brunner, Han G.; Banka, Siddharth (September 2017). "RAC1 Missense Mutations in Developmental Disorders with Diverse Phenotypes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (3): 466–477. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.08.007. PMC 5591022. PMID 28886345.
  31. ^ a b Shin OH, Exton JH (Aug 2001). "Differential binding of arfaptin 2/POR1 to ADP-ribosylation factors and Rac1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 285 (5): 1267–73. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5330. PMID 11478794.
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Further reading

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