Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
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Telecommunications in the United Kingdom have evolved from the early days of the telegraph to modern broadband and mobile phone networks with Internet services.[1]
History
[edit]
National Telephone Company (NTC) was a British telephone company from 1881 until 1911, which brought together smaller local companies in the early years of the telephone. Under the Telephone Transfer Act 1911 it was taken over by the General Post Office (GPO) in 1912.[citation needed]
Until 1982, the main civil telecommunications system in the UK was a state monopoly known (since reorganisation in 1969) as Post Office Telecommunications. Broadcasting of radio and television was a duopoly of the BBC and Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA): these two organisations controlled all broadcast services, and directly owned and operated the broadcast transmitter sites. Mobile phone and Internet services did not then exist. The civil telecoms monopoly ended when Mercury Communications arrived in 1983. The Post Office system evolved into British Telecom and was privatised in 1984.[citation needed] Broadcast transmitters, which belonged to the BBC and IBA, were privatised during the 1990s and now belong to Babcock International and Arqiva.[citation needed]
British Rail Telecommunications was created in 1992 by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 route kilometres of fibre optic and copper cable which connected every major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel.[2] BR also operated its own national trunked radio network providing dedicated train-to-shore mobile communications, and in the early 1980s BR helped establish Mercury Communications', now C&WC, core infrastructure by laying a resilient 'figure-of-eight' fibre optic network alongside Britain's railway lines, spanning London, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester.
Regulation of communications has changed many times during the same period, and most of the bodies have been merged into Ofcom, the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries.[3]
Infrastructure
[edit]Domestic trunk infrastructure
[edit]All communications trunks are now digital. Most are carried via national optical fibre networks. There are several companies with national fibre networks, including BT, Level 3 Communications, Virgin Media, Cable & Wireless, Easynet and Thus. Microwave links are used up to the 155 Mbit/s level, but are seldom cost-effective at higher bit rates.[citation needed]
International trunks
[edit]The UK is a focal point for many of the world's submarine communications cables, which are now mostly digital optical fibre cables. There are many satellite links too, but these now provide a relatively small part of the international bandwidth.[citation needed]
Broadcast transmission
[edit]Most broadcasting organisations, BBC and commercial, lease transmission facilities from one or more of the transmission companies. The main exception is the smaller local radio stations, some of which find it more cost-effective to provide their own.[citation needed]
Fixed phone lines
[edit]BT is still the main provider of fixed telephone lines, both POTS and ISDN, and it has a universal service obligation, although companies can now contract Openreach to install a phone line on their behalf, rather than telling the customer to get BT to install it, then transfer over.[citation needed]
Virgin Media is the second biggest player in the residential telephone line market.[citation needed] Other companies provide fixed telephone lines too, but mainly to large companies in the major cities. There are many other providers who sell fixed telephone services carried over BT lines. They have no network infrastructure of their own.[citation needed]
Digital switchover
[edit]The UK landline network is due to be terminated in 2025. The voice over IP replacement is branded as "Digital Voice" in the UK. "Digital Voice" handsets must be connected to a broadband router, rather than the old telephone sockets. Telephone subscribers without broadband connection will be supplied with the necessary equipment.[4]
Mobile phone networks
[edit]- Timeline
First generation networks
[edit]- Cellnet was originally jointly owned by British Telecom and Securicor. BT eventually bought out Securicor's stake. The network became BT Cellnet and was then demerged to become O2.[citation needed]
Both companies ran ETACS analogue mobile phone networks.
First and second generation networks
[edit]- O2 – runs a GSM-900 network, owned by Telefónica.
- Vodafone – runs a GSM-900 network.
- EE – runs a GSM-1800 network. Formerly this was two separate companies: Orange and T-Mobile, which was originally called One-2-One.
Third generation networks
[edit]The four 2G companies all won 3G licences in a competitive auction, as did a new entrant known as Hutchison 3G, which branded its network as 3. They have now rolled out their networks. Hutchison 3G does not operate a 2G network, previously having agreements with Orange and O2 to allow roaming on their 2G networks.[citation needed]
The third generation stems from technological improvements and is in essence an improvement of the available bandwidth, enabling new services to be provided to customers. Such services include streaming of live radio or video, video calls and live TV.[citation needed]
Fourth generation networks
[edit]Long-term evolution (LTE) services are currently being rolled out. EE launched their 4G network in October 2012, using part of their existing 1800 MHz spectrum. O2 and Vodafone will use the 800 MHz band with Vodafone also using the 2600 MHz band for their services. O2 launched its 4G network on 29 August 2013, initially in London, Leeds and Bradford with a further 13 cities added by the end of 2013.[5] Vodafone commenced its 4G services on 29 August 2013, initially in London with 12 more cities to be added by the end of 2013.[6] 3 commenced LTE services in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Reading, Wolverhampton and the Black country in December 2013 albeit with a limited number of subscribers to evaluate its implementation. Full rollout to remaining subscribers commenced on 5 February 2014 on a phased basis via a silent SIM update.[7] A 50 further cities and over 200 towns are scheduled to receive LTE coverage by the end of 2014.[8][9][10] As a condition of acquiring part of EE's 1800 MHz spectrum for 4G use, 3 were unable to use it until October 2013.[11][12]
Fifth generation networks
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Numbers
[edit]When mobile cellular networks were first rolled out, there were various numbers in use by the operators. As part of the Big Number Change, all mobile (as well as pager and personal) numbers were brought together under the 07 range. The table below show the first rangers of numbers that were allocated as part of the 07 range, which began on 30 September 1999.[13]
| O2
(formerly Cellnet) |
Vodafone | EE
(formerly Orange and One2One) |
|---|---|---|
| 07701 07702 07703 07710 07711 07712 07713 07714 07715 07719 07730 07740 07750
07801 07802 07803 07808 07809 07850 07860 07885 07889 |
07721 07741 07747 07760 07767 07768 07769 07770 07771 07774 07775 07776 07778 07780 07785 07787 07788 07798
07818 07831 07833 07836 07867 07879 07880 07881 07887 07899 07901 07979 07909 07990 |
07773 07779 07790
07800 07966 07967 07968 07971 07973 07974 07976 07977 07980 07989 |
Services
[edit]Telephones
[edit]Fixed telephones
[edit]In the UK, there were 35 million (2002) mainline telephones.
The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local city councils, but by 1912–13[14] all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire and Guernsey had been bought out by the General Post Office. Post Office Telephones also operated telephone services in Jersey and the Isle of Man until 1969 when the islands took over responsibility for their own postal and telephone services.
Post Office Telephones was reorganised in 1980–81[15] as British Telecommunications (British Telecom, or BT), and was the first nationalised industry to be privatised by the Conservative government. The Hull Telephone Department was itself sold by Hull City Council as Kingston Communications in the late 1990s and celebrated its centenary in 2004.[16]
Mobile telephones
[edit]There are more mobile phones than people in the UK. In 2011 there were 82 million subscriptions in the UK.[17] There were 76 million in 2008[18] and 55 million in January 2005.
Each of the main network operators sells mobile phone services to the public. In addition, companies such as Virgin Mobile UK, Tesco Mobile and Global act as mobile virtual network operators, using the infrastructure of other companies.[citation needed]
Numbering
[edit]There is a set numbering plan for phone numbers within the United Kingdom, which is regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), which replaced the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) in 2003. Each number consists of an area code – one for each of the large towns and cities and their surroundings – and a subscriber number – the individual number. Mobile IMSI is the actual number assigned to it the mobile telephone number, and provided with individual license to the MNOs.[citation needed]
Television and radio broadcasting
[edit]Radio
[edit]In 1998, there were 663 radio broadcast stations: 219 on AM, 431 on FM and 3 on shortwave. There were 84.5 million radio receiver sets (1997). Today[when?] there are around 600 licensed radio stations in the UK.[citation needed]
Television
[edit]In 1997, there were 30.5 million households with television sets.[citation needed] Analogue television broadcasts ceased in the UK in 2012, replaced by the Digital Terrestrial Service Freeview which operates via the DVB-T and DVB-T2 (for HD broadcasts) standards. Digital Satellite is provided by BSkyB (subscription and free services) and Freesat (free-to-air services only) from services at 28.2° East. Digital cable is primarily provided by Virgin Media.[citation needed]
Internet
[edit]The country code top-level domain for United Kingdom web pages is .uk. Nominet UK is the .uk. Network Information Centre and second-level domains must be used.
At the end of 2004, 52% of households (12.6 million) were reported to have access to the internet (Source: Office for National Statistics Omnibus Survey). broadband connections accounted for 50.7% of all internet connections in July 2005,[19] with one broadband connection being created every ten seconds.[20] Broadband connections grew by nearly 80% in 2004. In 1999, there were 364 Internet service providers (ISPs). Public libraries also provide access to the internet, sometimes for a fee.
In 2017, 90% of households were reported to have access to an internet connection. This percentage shows an increase in internet access from 80% in 2012 and 61% in 2007.[21]
- Telecommunications in Anguilla
- Telecommunications in Antarctica (including the British Antarctic Territory)
- Telecommunications in Bermuda
- Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory
- Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands
- Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands
- Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands
- Telecommunications in Gibraltar
- Telecommunications in Guernsey
- Telecommunications in the Isle of Man
- Telecommunications in Jersey
- Telecommunications in Montserrat
- Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands
- Telecommunications in Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha
- Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands
See also
[edit]- BBC
- British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company
- British Telegraph Company
- BT Group, formerly British Telecom
- Electric Telegraph Company
- Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom
- Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA)
- Institute of Telecommunications Professionals
- List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom
- List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom (about 120)
- List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom (about 2900)
- List of telephone operating companies
- London District Telegraph Company
- National Telephone Company (NTC), 1881 to 1911
- Telegraph Act 1868
- Telephone Transfer Act 1911
- United Kingdom Telegraph Company
References
[edit]- ^ "Events in British Telecomms History". Events in British TelecommsHistory. Archived from the original on 5 April 2003. Retrieved 25 November 2005.
- ^ "History of Thales Telecommunications Services". Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Office, Great Britain: National Audit (5 July 2006). The Creation of Ofcom: Wider Lessons for Public Sector Mergers of Regulatory Agencies. The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780102939125. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018.
- ^ Fletcher, Yvette (20 January 2023). "Digital Voice and the landline phone switch-off: what it means for you". Which?. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ Seppala, Timothy J. (31 July 2013). "UK's O2 launches 4G service August 29th in London, Leeds and Bradford (updated)". Engadget. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Trew, James (7 August 2013). "Vodafone UK confirms 4G network to launch August 29th, plans start at £26 a month". Engadget. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Morris, Jonathan (5 February 2014). "Three's 4G network is live! First batch of customers activated this morning". Archived from the original on 4 January 2017.
- ^ "Three adds 4G to all 8m customers, huge 2014 rollout plans listed". March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ Joe, Antasa (4 January 2010). "What's the difference between a traditional number and a virtual landline number?". Flower Telecom. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ "Get Ready for 4G". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013.
- ^ BBC News (2 October 2012). "4G timetable agreed by UK mobile network operators". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
- ^ Kelion, Leo (31 July 2013). "UK completes 4G airwave clearance for mobile networks". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/numbering/s7_code.txt
- ^ "1912to1968". www.btplc.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
- ^ "1981 – 1983". Archived from the original on 29 July 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2005.
- ^ "Kingston Communications 1904–2004 Communicating for 100 Years". kcom.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Facts & Figures". Ofcom. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Vodafone Sees Loss of UK Market Share and Lower ARPUs". Cellular-news.com. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
- ^ "UK prefers broadband to dial-up". BBC News. 19 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "Broadband in the UK gathers pace". BBC News. 20 December 2004. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Open Government Licence. "Internet access – households and individuals: 2017". Office for National Statistics.
Bibliography
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Cave, Martin. "The evolution of telecommunications regulation in the UK." European Economic Review 41.3-5 (1997): 691–699.
- Cave, Martin. "40 years on: An account of innovation in the regulation of UK telecommunications, in 3½ chapters." Telecommunications Policy 41.10 (2017): 904–915.
- Cave, Martin, and Peter Williamson. "Entry, competition, and regulation in UK telecommunications." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 12.4 (1996): 100–121.
- Green, James R., and David J. Teece. "Four approaches to telecommunications deregulation and competition: the USA, the UK, Australia and New Zealand." Industrial and Corporate Change 7.4 (1998): 623–635.
- Hindmarch-Watson, Katie. "Embodying Telegraphy in Late Victorian London." Information & Culture 55#1 (2020): 10–29. online
- Hindmarch-Watson, Katie. Serving a Wired World: London's Telecommunications Workers and the Making of an Information Capital (2020).
- Morris, Robert C. Between the Lines: A Personal History of the British Public Telephone and Telecommunications Service 1870–1990 (1994), we;; illustrated.
- Potter, Simon J. Broadcasting Empire: The BBC and the British World, 1922-1970 (2012)
- Scannell, Paddy, and David Cardiff. A Social History of British Broadcasting: Volume 1 – 1922–1939, Serving the Nation (1991)
- Solomon, Jonathan H. "Telecommunications Evolution in the UK." Telecommunications Policy 10.3 (1986): 186–192.
- Spiller, Pablo T., and Ingo Vogelsang. "The institutional foundations of regulatory commitment in the UK: the case of telecommunications." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft (1997): 607–629.
- Starr, Paul. The creation of the media: Political origins of modern communications (2004).
- Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet: The remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century's online pioneers (Phoenix, 1998) online
External links
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