Jump to content

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Pashto: د افغانستان د لوی انتخاباتي جمهوريت مسلحې ځواک
Persian: نیروهای مسلح جمهوری دموکراتیک افغانستان
Emblem of the Afghan Army, from 1980 to 1992
Motto'Watan ya Kaffan!' (Pashto; Country or Death)
'Sar Warkawoo, Sangar ne Warkawoo' (Pashto; We'll give our heads, we won't give the trench)
FoundedApril 1978; 46 years ago (1978-04)
Current formIslamic National Army
DisbandedApril 1992; 32 years ago (1992-04)
Service branches
HeadquartersMinistry of Defense, Kabul
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefNur Muhammad Taraki (1978–1978)
Hafizullah Amin (1978–1979)
Babrak Karmal (1979–1986)
Mohammad Najibullah (1986–1992)
Minister of DefenceAbdul Qadir (1978)
Shahnawaz Tanai
Nazar Mohammad (1984–1986)
Mohammed Rafie (1979–1984, 1986–1988)
Mohammad Aslam Watanjar (1990–1992)
Personnel
Military age18–40 (raised to 20–45 in 1981)
ConscriptionYes
Industry
Domestic suppliersAFSORT (Afghan–Soviet Transport Company)
Spinzar Cotton Company
Foreign suppliers Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
Related articles
HistorySaur Revolution
Chindawol uprising
1979 Herat uprising
1979 uprisings in Afghanistan
3 Hoot uprising
Bala Hissar uprising
1980 student protests in Kabul
Tajbeg Palace assault
Dehrawud Offensive (1984)
Sorubay Assault (1985)
Soviet-Afghan War
Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
RanksMilitary ranks of Afghanistan

The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (Persian: نیروهای مسلح جمهوری دموکراتیک افغانستان) was the military force of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from 1978 until its collapse in 1992. Following President Mohammad Najibullah’s National Reconciliation policy in 1986, it was renamed into the Armed Forces of the Republic of Afghanistan.

History

[edit]

Formation of the Afghan National Guard

[edit]

The Guard Regiments of the Afghan Army were established in the 1970s, under Daoud Khan, and were disbanded in 1978-79 to strengthen the 8th Division’s new brigades. In 1978, the Afghan Army had its own Republican Guard Brigade, part of the Afghan Army under the Republic of Afghanistan.[1] After the Saur Revolution, a violent Marxist–Leninist coup orchestrated by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan in 1978, the brigade remained as part of the army. The Republican Guard Brigade were present during the Saur Revolution Flag Raising Ceremony in 1978, alongside President Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin, donning Stahlhelms from the old regime with red bands, holding the Republican-era flag of the Afghan Army.[2][3] In 1983-84, the Guard Regiments were later reformed due to a growth in military strength during the tenure of Babrak Karmal.[4]

Flag of the Afghan Army in 1974, used until 1980

In 1978, the Presidential Guard Brigade was also referred to as the 21st Guard Regiment until 1988, with the 44th Guards Regiment being identified in 1979 but possibly undergoing a reformation. The 22nd Guard Regiment was also present during the Second Battle of Zhawar.[5] The brigade had various roles, such as performing ceremonial duties like military funerals, protecting monuments and the Arg Presidential Palace,[6][7] serving as guards of honour and the Presidential Guard. Additionally, the Presidential Guard and the Soviet VDV were often together near the Arg and were photographed in a “Soviet-Afghan Friendship Room”.

During the early months of Babrak Karmal’s presidency, the Presidential Guard were given a different style of uniform by April 1980, compared to the usual Afghan military dress uniform.[8][9] They had their own distinct sleeve patches and cap badges, instead of the Parcham emblem that was worn by every branch in the Afghan Armed Forces, both the patch and the cap badge contained iconography of a sword going through a horse shoe, with golden wheat surrounding the emblem, making the Presidential Guard distinct from servicemen in other branches. The uniforms were temporarily used during the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.[10][11] The Presidential Guard would also carry sabres for military parades, as well as Mosin–Nagant rifles with bayonets fixed to them when standing guard on the parade grounds, all for ceremonial purposes.[12][13]

The Presidential Guard Brigade became part of the Guards Corps established in 1988, later renamed to Special Guard, the Gard-e-Khas, along with the 22nd and 44th Guard Regiment. The name was later changed to the National Guard, the Gard-e-Mili, consisting of the 88th Heavy Artillery Regiment and 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade that also fought in Jalalabad.[14] As a result of the disbandment of the Afghan Air Assault Brigades, the 37th and 38th Commando Battalion also became part of the National Guard according to Urban.[15] This is however disputed, as Conroy states the 37th and 38th Commando Battalion did not join the National Guard, rather maintaining their independence and being sent to Bala Hissar Fortress.[16]

Mass killings of DRA military personnel

[edit]

In 2005, Afghan Interior Minister Yousuf Stanizai issued a statement that a burial site had been found in the province of Paktia, containing the bodies of 530 soldiers from the DRA army, who were executed after surrendering to Mujahideen forces in the area.[17] This was soon followed by another burial site found in the same area, which contained over 1000 bodies of DRA soldiers and officers.[18][19]

According to the province's governor at the time, the burial sites contained soldiers of the Afghan Army's 9th Brigade (judging by the remains of military uniforms), killed by fighters belonging to Afghan mujahideen field commanders after the brigade had been disbanded.[20]

In 1985, during the Panjshir offensives, corpses of Afghan Army troops, as well as the corpses of PDPA party members, ordinary people and parents who allowed their sons to join the Afghan Armed Forces, were discovered by the Soviet Army and detachments of Afghan paratroopers in Panjshir, more specifically “Safed-Chi” gorge. The corpses would subsequently be dragged out and laid out in straight lines after their discovery. Kabul National TV and Soviet media from the State Television and Radio Fund claimed that these soldiers and civilians were initially prisoners who were dragged down the stairs in the area, before being locked in underground prisons, being tortured and denied food and water before being executed by the mujahideen in Panjshir. An Afghan paratrooper who was interviewed at the site of the massacre claimed that 264 people died in the killings perpetrated by Jamiat-e Islami altogether.[21][22]

Structure

[edit]

On 9 January 1980, a law on universal conscription was adopted, allowing the government to draft men aged 20 to 40 years old into the army. Subsequently, the law was amended.[23]

The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan included:[24][25]

  • Ministry of Defense
  • KhAD[26][27]
    • Special/National Guard
    • KhAD Special Forces Battalions (attached to every province in Afghanistan)
      • 904th Battalion

However, it is reported that KhAD-i-Nezami was the military intelligence branch of the Afghan Army, separate from KhAD.

A black 1987 KHAD patch[28]

Creation and staffing of civil defense detachments were carried out on a territorial basis. In comparison to the Afghan Army, these civil defense detachments were equipped with older WW2-era surplus weapons, especially during the early part of the war, such as the PPSh-41. The first rural self-defense units were created in April–May 1980, in the Surkh-Rōd District of Nangarhar Province by residents of the villages of Hatyrkhel, Ibrahimkhel and Umarkhel.[29]

In the summer of 1980, the creation of other units began. In December 1983, the unification of territorial self-defense units into a civil defense system began.[30]

Army Corps

[edit]

Army corps – 3 (1st, 2nd, and 3rd)[25]

In 1978, the 1st Army Corps, also referred to as the Central Corps, were stationed in Kabul. The 2nd Army Corps were stationed in Kandahar and the 3rd Army Corps were stationed in Gardez.[31] By the spring of 1992, the Afghan Army consisted of six corps in total with the 1st now being stationed in Jalalabad, the 4th stationed in Herat, the 5th in Charikar and the 6th Corps at Kunduz.[32][33][34]

All three corps of the Afghan Army had their own “Special Purpose Battalions (SpN)”, that had ties to the Intelligence Directorate of the Afghan Army (KhAD-e-Nezami) and could be referred to as the DRA’s Special Forces.[35] The 203rd SpN was tied to the 1st Army Corps, the 212th SpN was tied to the 3rd Army Corps and the 230th SpN was tied to the 2nd Army Corps. SpN operators took part in the Marmoul offensives alongside the KGB Border Guard, the Battles of Zhawar and Operation Magistral. Additionally, Urban referred to the SpN as “Reconnaissance Battalions”. It is unlikely that the three newer corps had their own Special Purpose Battalions during the spring of 1992, due to the government nearing complete collapse.

Infantry divisions

[edit]

The Afghan Army had 13 infantry divisions, with two separate divisions, such as:[36]

  • 2nd Infantry Division (Parwan)
    • 64th Regiment (Panjshir)
    • 10th Brigade (Panjshir)
    • 444th Commando Battalion (Panjshir)
  • 7th Infantry Division (Kabul)
  • 8th Infantry Division (Kabul in 1979, Bagram in 1986, Qergha in 1988)
    • 4th Regiment (Kabul)
    • 5th Regiment (Kabul)
    • 72nd Brigade (Kabul)
  • 9th Infantry Division (Asadabad, Kunar)
    • 31st Mountain Brigade (Asmar)
    • 55th Brigade (Barikot)
    • 69th Brigade (Chugha Serai)
    • 46th Artillery Regiment (Chugha Serai)
  • 11th Infantry Division (Jalalabad)
    • 32nd Brigade (Jalalabad)
    • 81st Brigade (Hadda)
    • 71st Brigade (Ghanikhel)
    • 91st Artillery Regiment (Jalalabad)
    • 211th Separate Special Forces Battalion
    • 61st Separate Infantry Division
  • 12th Infantry Division (Gardez)
    • 67th Brigade (Gardez)
    • 36th Regiment (Jaji)
    • 22nd Guard Brigade
    • 15th Brigade (Urgun)
  • 14th Infantry Division (Ghazni)
    • 3rd Brigade (Ghazni)
    • Unknown regiment (Bamiyan)
    • 40th Regiment (Paktia)
  • 15th Infantry Division (Kandahar)
  • 17th Infantry Division (Herat)[37]

Reportedly, the 17th Division were sent to halt the 1979 Herat uprising, but due to the lack of Khalq party members in the division, they mutinied.[38]

Under the Presidency of Mohammad Najibullah, in 1988, several new divisions were formed from local pro-government militia formations, such as the 53rd Infantry Division (also known as the “Jowzjani” militia) led by Abdul Rashid Dostum and a division in either Helmand or Kandahar led by Abdul Jabar Qahraman.[39][40][41] These new divisions were the:

  • 55th Division
  • 80th Division
  • 93rd Division
  • 94th Division
  • 95th Division
  • 96th Division

Additionally, there could have been a possible division in Lashkar-Gah, Helmand Province.

Brigades

[edit]

The Armed Forces of the DRA had 22 brigades all together, consisting of combined arms, tank, artillery, commando brigades, a Republican guard brigade in 1978 (becoming a part of the Afghan National Guard in 1988), an air defense brigade, border and army logistics brigades.

Commando Brigades

[edit]

The Afghan Commando Brigades were attached to the Afghan Army. Some were under the control of KhAD-i-Nezami (the Afghan Army’s military intelligence wing), having airborne assault capabilities until 1988, just before the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.

  • 37th Commando Battalion (Kabul, 1986)
    • Formerly the 26th Airborne Regiment
  • 38th Commando Battalion (Parwan, 1986)
  • 200th Reconnaissance Battalion
  • 201st Commando Battalion
  • 444th Commando Battalion (Kabul, 1979, Panjshir, 1986)
  • 666th Commando Battalion (Paktia, 1986)
  • 665th Commando Battalion (Kandahar International Airport)
  • 866th Commando Battalion (Herat)
  • 466th Commando Battalion (outskirts of East Kandahar)
  • 84th Commando Battalion (formed in 1987)
  • 85th Commando Battalion (formed in 1987)
  • A possible 344th Commando Battalion in 1980
  • 625th Operative Battalion
  • 626th Operative Battalion
  • 627th Operative Battalion
  • 628th Operative Battalion
  • 629th Operative Battalion

The Afghan commando air assault brigades would cease in 1988, during the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. In 1991, the 666th Commando Battalion would be completely decimated during the Siege of Khost by the Mujahideen. Information on the fates of other commando battalions is unknown, but supposedly, none of them appeared on a list of surrendered units that came under control of the mujahideen in 1992.

Tank brigades

[edit]


Border Command

The Border Force of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan initially reported to the Ministry of Frontiers and Tribes, before being reverted to the Ministry of Defense, their job being to prevent infiltration into the country as many foreigners (such as Afghan Arabs)[42] illegally enter Afghanistan to join the mujahideen in their fight against the Soviet Army and the Afghan Armed Forces. Prominent Arab mujahideen figures include Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, who was potentially assassinated by KhAD. The Soviet KGB was also involved in the training and organization of the Afghan Border Forces, reportedly being more effective than regular Afghan Army troops in protecting borders near Pakistan. The Afghan Border Forces were also involved in extensive mining of the borders, in order to prevent further infiltration.

Motorized Infantry Brigades

[edit]
  • 9th Infantry Division
    • 55th Motorized Infantry Brigade
  • 11th Infantry Division
    • 66th Motorized Infantry Brigade
    • 71st Motorized Infantry Brigade
    • 77th Motorized Infantry Brigade
    • 81st Motorized Infantry Brigade
  • 55th Motorized Infantry Brigade

Other brigades

[edit]

Regiments

[edit]

The Afghan Armed Forces had 39 regiments with all types of troops, including combined arms, artillery, military engineering, sapper regiments, military communications, regiments of the Air Force and Air Defense, regiments of territorial troops and regiments of the rear of the army. These are the known regiments:

  • Afghan Army
    • 26th Airborne Regiment
      • Formed from the 242nd Parachute Battalion and 455th Commando Battalion
    • 717th Civil Disciplinary Regiment[43]
  • Afghan Air Force[44]
    • 232nd Air Regiment (Kabul Airport)
    • 322nd Fighter Air Regiment (Bagram Airbase)
    • 321st Air Regiment (Bagram Airbase)
    • 335th Mixed Air Regiment (Shindand Airbase)
    • 355th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Shindand Airbase)
    • 366th Fighter Air Regiment (Kandahar)
    • 377th Helicopter Regiment (Kabul Airport)
    • 373rd Air Transport Regiment
    • 393rd Training Air Regiment (Dehadi Airbase, Balkh)
    • Unknown Air Regiment
  • Afghan Air Defense
    • 99th SAM Regiment (Kabul)
    • 92nd SAM Regiment (Kabul)
  • Afghan National Guard
    • 88th Heavy Artillery Regiment
  • Ministry of Interior (Sarandoy)
    • 24th Sarandoy Regiment (Badakhshan)
    • 7th Operative Regiment
  • 10th Engineer-Sapper Regiment


Unknown regiments

  • 25th Infantry Division
    • 1 unknown tank regiment
  • 12 combined arms regiments
  • 6 air defense regiments
  • 11 territorial troop regiments
  • 2 regiments of the rear of the army
  • Unknown artillery regiments
  • Unknown engineering regiments
  • Unknown communication regiments

Separate battalions, divisions and squadrons

[edit]

The Armed Forces of the DRA had separate battalions, divisions and separate squadrons in every branch that were non-divisional, including special troops and units in the rear of the army.

  • Afghan Army
    • 1st Central Army Corps Reconnaissance Battalion
    • 57th Training Regiment (Kabul)
    • 10th Engineer Regiment (Hussein Kut, Parwan)
    • 5th Transport Regiment (Siah Sang Garrison, Kabul)
    • 119th Transport Regiment (Sherpur Barracks, Kabul)
    • 52nd Independent Signals Regiment (Kabul)
    • 235th Independent Signals Regiment (Kabul)
  • KhAD-i-Nezami
      • 203rd Special Purpose Battalion (SpN)
      • 212th Special Purpose Battalion (SpN)
      • 230th Special Purpose Battalion (SpN)
  • Afghan National Guard
    • 21st Guards Regiment (Presidential Guard Brigade)
  • Afghan Air Force[45]
    • 2 Mil-Mi24 attack helicopter squadrons in Jalalabad and Kabul
    • 373rd Air Transport
      • 12th Squadron
    • Unknown Air Regiment
      • 2 transport squadrons
      • 1 VIP squadron
  • Afghan Air Defense
  • 11th Infantry Division
    • 11th Tactical Ballistic Missile Battalion
    • Unknown mechanised battalion
    • Unknown Howitzer battalion
  • 211th Separate Special Forces Battalion
  • 61st Separate Infantry Division
  • Sarandoy
    • 12th Mountain Battalion
  • KHAD
    • 904th Battalion

Military educational institutions

[edit]

Source:[46]

  • Harbi University (Kabul Military University)
  • Air Forces and Air Defense School
  • Technical School
  • Military educational institutions for the training of officers
  • 29th Educational Brigade
  • Higher officer courses "A"
  • New technology courses
  • Military lyceum
  • Communications troops training centre
  • Border Force training regiment
  • Supply schools
  • 2 additional training centres
  • Military musical school

By 1985, the structure of the irregular forces changed to include self-defense groups formed at enterprises:[47]

  • Detachments of Sarandoy formed according to the territorial principle.[47] The first detachment in the country was created in August 1981 from 53 students of Kabul University.[48]
  • Detachments of the border militia ("malish") formed according to the tribal principle.[47]

As General S. M. Mikhailov noted, by 1989, the Afghan army was at a fairly high level of combat capability in terms of military training of personnel, equipment, and weapons.

“What is missing is unity, this is the main problem. The second reason for the difficulties is associated with very weak work among the population, for attracting the broad masses to the side of the people's power".[49]

Equipment and staffing

[edit]
Main article: List of equipment of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, weapons deliveries by the Soviets increased and included Mi-24 helicopters, MiG-21 fighter aircraft, ZSU-23-4 Shilka and ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled mounts, MT-LB armored personnel carriers, BM-27 Uragan and BM-21 Grad multiple-launch rocket systems and 9K52 Luna-M and Scud missile launchers.[50][51]

On February 1, 1986, the staffing of military equipment and personnel of the Air Force and Air Defense was:[25]

  • Personnel – 19 400 people (72% of the staff)
  • Aircraft – 226, of which 217 (96%) were combat-ready
  • helicopters – 89, of which 62 were combat-ready

At its peak, the Afghan Air Force included:

Excluding the armed formations of Sarandoy, the armed forces numbered 160,000 people.[citation needed] . Other later Western reporting indicated an active strength of around 515,000 by 1990.[55][56]

Equipment:[25]

  • Tanks - 1 568
  • BMP - 129
  • BTR and BRDM - 1 225
  • Field and rocket artillery guns, mortars – 4 880
  • vehicles – about 13 000
  • Scud-B and C launchers and Missiles – 43+ Launchers, 2 000+ Missiles

There is no exact information about the number of armed formations of Sarandoy (brigades, regiments and separate battalions) in the last year of the existence of the Republic of Afghanistan. At its peak, Sarandoy had about 115 000 personnel.[57]

Regular army units were armed with Soviet-made weapons and military equipment. Most DRA soldiers were either equipped with the AKM and AK-74 assault rifles.[58] In the early 1980s, civilian self-defense forces were equipped with older PPSh-41 submachine guns, which would be phased out for more modern rifles closer to the regime's end.[59]

The territorial self-defense units were armed mainly with light small arms, including obsolete and captured models. For example, in February 1986, the tribal militia battalion under the command of Usman-bek from Kakis-nau, which provided protection for the Sarok-Kalas-nau road in the province of Herat, had 300 fighters. Half of these fighters were armed with Kalashnikov assault rifles, and the rest with a Makarov or older Tokarev pistols. The militia also had PPSh-41 submachine guns and rifles of various systems, along with three R-104 radio stations, eleven R-105 radios, one jeep, and four trucks.[60]

Printed editions

[edit]

Since April 27, 1980, the official publication of the DRA's Ministry of Defense was a newspaper titled “د سرتیري حقیقت” (Soldier's Truth). Around fifteen thousand copies were in circulation.[61] Additionally, the Ministry of Defense also had their own annual publication (in both Pashto and Dari) titled “دا اردو مجله” (The Military Magazine, also referred to as “De Revue Militaire” in French) which began in 1939, under the Kingdom of Afghanistan.[62]

Holidays

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Urban 1988, pp. 12–14.
  2. ^ "Film The New Day Of Afghanistan.. (1978)". www.net-film.ru. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  3. ^ "Red Flag". Pad.ma. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  4. ^ Urban, Mark (1990). War in Afghanistan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20761-9. ISBN 978-0-333-51478-8.
  5. ^ Urban, Mark (1990). War in Afghanistan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20761-9. ISBN 978-0-333-51478-8.
  6. ^ "An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in Pashto). 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  7. ^ Afghanistan Today. Planeta. 1983.
  8. ^ Afghanistan Today. Planeta. 1983.
  9. ^ "An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in Pashto). 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  10. ^ "A security guard sweeps a red carpet before the arrival of former..." Getty Images. 2002-06-12. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  11. ^ "An Afghan honor guard carry the coffin of Homaria Shah, the wife of..." Getty Images. 2002-06-30. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  12. ^ "Afghan Army Jashn - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  13. ^ فیلم مستند جریان رسم و گذشت عسکری ومارش شهریان کابل مربوط سالهای حاکمیت دوکتور نجیب الله. Retrieved 2024-04-08 – via www.youtube.com.
  14. ^ Fleiss, Alex (2022-04-05). "What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?". Rebellion Research. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  15. ^ Urban, Mark (1990). "War in Afghanistan". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20761-9. ISBN 978-0-333-51478-8.
  16. ^ Ken Conboy; Paul Hannon (1992). Elite Forces of India and Pakistan.
  17. ^ "Mass grave unearthed in Afghanistan". ABC News. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  18. ^ The skull of a dead government soldier., July 1989, retrieved 2023-07-16
  19. ^ "Mass grave found in Afghanistan". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  20. ^ Происшествия // «Зарубежное военное обозрение», No. 11 (704), 2005. стр. 76
  21. ^ Kabul National TV, Jeff Kaplan (1988-01-01), "Kabul regime documentary film Kabul, 1988-01", Afghan Media Resource Center, retrieved 2024-01-07
  22. ^ Афганистан: необъявленная война. Документальный фильм (1985), retrieved 2024-01-07 —Time stamp 11:36
  23. ^ В. В. Басов, Г. А. Поляков. Афганистан: трудные судьбы революции. М., «Знание», 1988. стр. 42
  24. ^ Коллектив авторов (1997). "статья «Афганистан»". Военная энциклопедия. Vol. 1 (10000 экз ed.). М.: Воениздат. pp. 308–310. ISBN 5-203-01655-0.
  25. ^ a b c d Никитенко Е. Г. (2004). Афганистан: От войны 80-х до прогноза новых войн (10000 экз ed.). Балашиха: Астрель. pp. 130–134. ISBN 5-271-07363-7.
  26. ^ "Spies, Lies and the Distortion of History – The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  27. ^ a b Oliker, Olga (2011-10-13). "Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience".
  28. ^ "Local Military Roundtable Display". oefoif.forumotion.net. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  29. ^ Т. А. Гайдар. Под афганским небом: записки военного корреспондента. М., «Советская Россия», 1981. стр. 36–37
  30. ^ Защищая революцию // «Красная звезда», No. 296 (18283) от 27 декабря 1983. стр. 3
  31. ^ Urban, Mark (1988). War in Afghanistan. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-333-43263-1.
  32. ^ 3rd Corps, by the AMF period, 'theoretically incorporated 14th Division, 30th Division, 822nd Brigade, Border Brigades, and approximately 800.. in the Governor's Force in Paktya, Ghazni, Paktika, and Khost Provinces. Bhatia and Sedra 2008, 209.
  33. ^ Davis, Anthony (1993). "The Afghan Army". Jane's Intelligence Review.
  34. ^ Davis, Anthony (July 1994). "The Battlegrounds of Northern Afghanistan". Jane's Intelligence Review: Pages 323 onwards.
  35. ^ "«Пожарная команда» Кабула | Warspot.ru". 2022-11-30. Archived from the original on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  36. ^ "ВОЙНА В АФГАНИСТАНЕ" (PDF). monetonos.ru.
  37. ^ "THE AFGHAN ARMY: THE SOVIET MILITARY'S POOR STUDENT | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". 2017-01-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  38. ^ Urban 1988, p. 30.
  39. ^ Giustozzi 2000, p. 220.
  40. ^ Davis 1993.
  41. ^ Davis 1994.
  42. ^ Mohammed M. Hafez (March 2008). "Jihad After Iraq: Lessons from the Arab Afghans Phenomenon" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. Vol. 1, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2011-05-08.
  43. ^ Azimi, General Nabi (2019-04-11). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7.
  44. ^ "Afghan Air Force in the late seventies, before the Soviet invasion". www.easternorbat.com. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  45. ^ a b Urban 1988, pp. 225–226.
  46. ^ "Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience" (PDF). RAND Corporation.
  47. ^ a b c В. В. Басов, Г. А. Поляков. Афганистан: трудные судьбы революции. М., «Знание», 1988. стр. 45
  48. ^ К. Ф. Рашидов. Афганистан: пора становления: репортаж с места событий. М., «Известия», 1983. стр. 50–51
  49. ^ Нинель Стрельникова. Возвращение из Афганистана. М., «Молодая гвардия», 1990. стр. 57
  50. ^ "::DDR ::Heavy Weapons". Archived from the original on 2006-05-13. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
  51. ^ "Wings over the Hindu Kush | Asia@War | Helion & Company". www.helion.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  52. ^ Flight Magazine 1990 or The Encyclopaedia of World Air Forces
  53. ^ Flight Magazine or The Encyclopaedia of World Air Forces
  54. ^ Orbis Publishing Ltd, 'Sukhoi Su-7 'Fitter' – Soviet Sledgehammer, 'Warplane, Vol. 2, Issue 21, p.413. More accurate information will be found in Gordon, Yefim (2004). Sukhoi Su-7/-17/-20-22: Soviet Fighter and Fighter-Bomber Family. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-108-3.
  55. ^ Barfield, Thomas Jefferson (29 March 2010). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4008-3453-2.
  56. ^ "Lessons of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan – Middle East Policy Council". www.MEPC.org. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  57. ^ Нешумов Ю. А. (2006). "Границы Афганистана: трагедия и уроки" (2500 экз ed.). М.: «Граница». p. 222.
  58. ^ "Army Times: National Army swaps AK47s for M16s, pickups for Humvees". Afghan Regional Security Integration Command- South. 11 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  59. ^ Г. П. Кашуба. Афганские встречи. М., изд-во ДОСААФ СССР, 1981. стр. 73
  60. ^ В. В. Твиров. Дневник переводчика // Афганистан болит в моей душе... Воспоминания, дневники советских воинов, выполнявших интернациональный долг в Афганистане / лит. запись П. Ткаченко. М., «Молодая гвардия», 1990. стр. 233–234
  61. ^ В. Ф. Изгаршев. По долгу интернационалистов (из афганского дневника военного журналиста). М., Воениздат, 1981. стр. 29
  62. ^ https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=afghanuno
  63. ^ Сегодня – День армии ДРА // "Красная звезда" от 19 августа 1987
  64. ^ "Medal for the 10th Anniversary of the Saur Revolution". Medalbook. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  65. ^ "Stamp: 9th Anniversary of the Saur Revolution (AfghanistanMi:AF 1540,Sn:AF 1248,Yt:AF 1349,Sg:AF 1150". Colnect. Retrieved 2024-03-04.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan&oldid=1234157864"