NASA's Hitchhiker project began in early 1984. It was created to accommodate small attached payloads in the Space Shuttle payload bay. Hitchhikers were intended for customers whose space activity requires power, data or command services.
The first Hitchhiker launched on STS-61-C on January 12, 1986. Called HHG-1, it was mounted to the side of the payload bay and carried three experiments. The second Hitchhiker launched on STS-39 on April 28, 1991. This payload was called Space Test Payload (STP)-1 and consisted of five experiments mounted onto a cross-bay carrier. Between 1992 and 1995, 12 Hitchhikers were manifested to fly on the Space Shuttle.
The Hitchhiker system provided real-time communications between the payload and customers in the Hitchhiker control center at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. The system also provided crew control/display capability, if necessary. Hitchhikers were created to provide a quick reaction and low cost capability for flying small payloads in the Shuttle payload bay.
Along with NASA's Get Away Specials (GAS), Hitchhiker was developed and operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center Shuttle Small Payloads Project (SSPP). Unlike Hitchhikers, GAS payloads were only mounted in canisters, did not connect to orbiter electrical services and did not require significant Shuttle support.
Hitchhiker experiments were housed in canisters or attached to mounting plates. The Hitchhiker canister came in two varieties—the Hitchhiker Motorized Door Canister and the Sealed Canisters. The Hitchhiker Motorized Door Canister had mechanical interfaces nearly identical to a GAS canister and could accommodate a customer payload of up to 160 pounds (72.6 kilograms). This canister allowed a payload to be exposed directly to the environment of space.
The Sealed Canister, without a door, could accommodate a customer payload up to 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms). The payload in this canister was sealed in an atmosphere of nitrogen or air.
Experiments attached to mounting plates could be placed on the vertical plate, a 25 inches (63.5 centimeters) by 39 inches (99.1 centimeters) mounting surface for up to 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms) of customer hardware. A larger mounting plate measured 50 inches (127 centimeters) by 60 inches (152.4 centimeters). This plate, available for use on the side-mount carrier, was for larger experiments or hardware requirements. Customer hardware mounted on plates may have needed additional customer-provided thermal control provisions, such as heaters or blankets.
Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR), U of AZ/ESA
Shuttle Glow Experiment-5 & 6 (GLO-5 & 6), U of AZ
Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH), USC
Distribution and Automation Technology Advancement - Colorado Hitchhiker And Student Experiment of solar Radiation (DATA-CHASER), University of Colorado
HH Bridge
08/07/97
85
G-572 G-745
GAS
G-572 G-745
Adapter Beam
19/25/97
86
SEEDSII
CAP
SEEDSII
Adapter Beam
11/19/97
87
LHP/NaSBE (LNBP)
HH
Loop Heat Pipe Experiment (LHP), Dynatherm
Sodium Surface Battery Experiment (NaSBE), NRL
Adapter Beam
11/19/97
87
SOLSE-01
HH-Jr
Shuttle Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment (SOLSE-01), NASA GSFC
Adapter Beam
11/19/97
87
TGDF
CAP
TGDF
Adapter Beam
11/19/97
87
G-036
GAS
G-036
Adapter Beam
12/04/98
88
MIGHTYSAT-1
HH
MightySat-1, USAF Phillips Lab
Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SAC-A), Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities
Adapter Beam
12/04/98
88
JSC APFR
HH
JSC APFR
Adapter Beam
12/04/98
88
G-093R
GAS
G-093R
Adapter Beam
12/04/98
88
SEM-07
SEM
SEM-07
Adapter Beam
01/22/98
89
G-093 G-141 G-145 G-432
GAS
G-093 G-141 G-145 G-432
Adapter Beam
04/17/98
90
SVF-01
CAP
Shuttle Vibration Forces (SVF), NASA JPL
Adapter Beam
04/17/98
90
G-197 G-744 G-772
GAS
G-197 G-744 G-772
Adapter Beam
06/02/98
91
G-090 G-648 G-743 G-765
GAS
G-090 G-648 G-743 G-765
Adapter Beam
06/02/98
91
SEM-03 SEM-05
SEM
SEM-03 SEM-05
Adapter Beam
07/01/97
94
CRYOFD
HH
Cryogenic Flexible Diode (CRYOFD)
Adapter Beam
10/29/98
95
CRYOTSU
HH
Cryogenic Thermal Storage Unit (CRYOTSU), NASA GSFC
Adapter Beam
10/29/98
95
IEH-3
HH
Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR), U of AZ/ESA
Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH), USC
STAR-LITE, U of AZ
Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT), USAF Space Test Program
Solar Constant Experiment (SOLCON-02), Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
HH Bridge
10/29/98
95
IEH-3
GAS
G-238 G-764
HH Bridge
10/29/98
95
SEM-04
SEM
SEM-04
SEM-attached to SPARTAN 201-05 Bridge
10/29/98
95
G-467 G-779
GAS
G-467 G-779
Adapter Beam
05/27/99
96
SVF-02
CAP
Shuttle Vibration Forces (SVF-02), NASA JPL
Adapter Beam
05/27/99
95
STARSHINE
HH
Student Tracked Atmospheric Research Satellite for Heuristic International Networking Experiment (STARSHINE), Rocky Mountain NASA Space Grant Consortium/USU
Adapter Beam
05/19/00
101
MARS
CAP
MARS
Adapter Beam
05/19/00
101
SEM-06
SEM
SEM-06
Adapter Beam
03/08/01
102
WSVFM
CAP
Wide-band Shuttle Vibration Force Measurement (WSVFM), NASA JPL
The Hitchhiker Bridge Carrier System with GAS canisters being prepared for STS-107.
The Hitchhiker carrier system was modular and expandable in accordance with payload requirements. This flexibility allowed maximum efficiency in utilizing orbiter resources and increased the potential for early manifesting on the shuttle.
There were two types of carrier systems—the Hitchhiker Side-Mount Carrier System and the Hitchhiker Cross-Bay Bridge Carrier System. Either system could accept the Hitchhiker canister and the mounting plates.
The Hitchhiker Side-Mount Carrier System used a GAS Adapter Beam for all equipment. The beam attached to the orbiter frame. The side-mount carrier was usually installed in the forward starboard side of the payload bay, although other configurations and locations were possible. This carrier could hold up to three experiments and the Hitchhiker avionics box, which connected the power, data and signal from the shuttle to the experiments.
The Hitchhiker Cross-Bay Carrier could be located anywhere in the payload bay. The carrier could accommodate 11 Hitchhiker canisters or 11 of the smaller mounting plates. There was also room for the necessary avionic units.
Four additional mounting slots were located on the top of the carrier and could accept 33 inch (83.8 centimeter) by 27 inch (68.6 centimeter) pallets or 33 inch (83.8 centimeter) by 55 inch (139.7 centimeter) pallets in any combination with up to 500 pounds (226.8 kilograms) of equipment. Any customer experiments and hardware that could be mounted on the side-mount carrier could also be flown on the cross-bay carrier.
NASA created Hitchhikers to provide customers with a way to send small payloads into orbit on the Space Shuttle. This was done with a short turn-around-time—from manifest to flight took an average of 18 months. To keep the project on schedule, experiments needed to fit in canisters or on mounting plates and meet standard mechanical and electrical interfaces.
Because the payload met these conditions, it also was entitled to special "handling" in the orbiter that other small payloads, like the Get Away Specials did not receive. This special handling included tapping into the Shuttle for power and "astronaut" services," such as requiring specific shuttle attitudes or maneuvers. The orbiter crew moved the Shuttle when necessary to the position needed for the Hitchhiker experiment, provided it did not interfere with the needs of the primary payloads.
Hitchhikers were manifested to fly with primary payloads that either have similar requirements or that will not be affected by the changes in shuttle position necessary to the Hitchhiker experiments. In addition to making adjustments to the orbiter, the astronaut crew participated in the Hitchhiker experiments by controlling the flow of orbiter power on or off using two switches located on the Standard Switch Panel.
The first switch controlled power to the avionics unit. The second switch allowed power to flow from the avionics unit to the experiment. This simple measure allowed the astronauts to have some control over the experiment, in the event of a problem. For some payloads, the crew had a keyboard/display unit, for additional control.
Getting the power from the shuttle to the payload required an avionics unit. This unit connected the power from the shuttle to the experiment. The avionics unit also carried the equipment for transmitting the data real-time to the ground control center. The avionics unit also contained the relay switching equipment and had the connections for the customer to use the shuttle television system, and the crew control/display system. Each avionics unit could handle the requirements for six experiments.
Goddard was responsible for the management and operation of the Hitchhiker project through the Shuttle Small Payloads Project. In this capacity Goddard provided the Hitchhiker carriers and the avionics unit.
During the mission, customers used a control center located at Goddard. The customer provided Ground System Equipment (CGSE), software and personnel to generate commands to the payload and display data from the payload during flight, as well as during payload-to-carrier integration and verification testing.
The Hitchhiker carrier system was equipped with a "transparent" data system which allowed customers to easily use their existing ground equipment and software to control their experiments during flight. Data was sent down to the control center in real time, but it also was recorded at Goddard once it reached the ground. The data was transmitted over Goddard's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.
