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Neotibicen

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Neotibicen
Linne's cicada (Neotibicen linnei)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Family: Cicadidae
Tribe: Cryptotympanini
Genus: Neotibicen
Hill & Moulds, 2015

Cicadas of the genus Neotibicen are large-bodied insects of the family Cicadidae that appear in summer or early fall in eastern North America and formerly Bermuda.[1] Common names include cicada, harvestfly, jar fly,[2] and the misnomer locust.[3]

Taxonomy

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In 2015, these species were moved from the genus Tibicen (now genus Lyristes Horvath, 1926),[4] which was redefined in the twenty-first century to include only a few European species, while species from the Western United States and Mexico are now placed in a separate genus, Hadoa.[5] In addition, several former Neotibicen species have been moved to the genus Megatibicen.[6][7]

Species and subspecies

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Description

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Neotibicen cicadas are 1–2 inches (25–51 mm) long, with characteristic green, brown, and black markings on the top of the thorax, and tented, membranous wings extending past the abdomen.[citation needed] The fore wings are about twice the length of the hindwings. Adults feed using their beak to tap into the xylem of plants; nymphs feed from the xylem of roots.[8]

Neotibicen species are the most commonly encountered cicadas in the eastern United States. Unlike periodical cicadas, whose appearances aboveground occur at 13- or 17-year intervals, Neotibicen species can be seen every year, hence their nickname "annual cicadas". Despite their annual appearances, Neotibicen probably take multiple years to develop underground, because all cicada species for which life cycle lengths have been measured do so, except when growing as agricultural pests.[9] Their annual reappearance is presumably due to overlapping generations.

Communication

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Like other members of the subfamily Cicadinae, Neotibicen species have loud, complex songs, even (in many cases) with distinct song phrases.[10]

Males produce loud calls in the afternoon or evening (depending on the species) to attract females. These sounds, distinctive for each species,[11] are produced by specialized tymbal organs on the abdomen as in most cicadas. These calls range from a loud buzz to a long rattling sound, sometimes with a pulsating quality.[11]

Predators

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Many animals feed on cicadas, which usually occurs during the final days when they become easy prey near the ground. One of the more notable predators is the cicada killer, a large wasp that catches the dog-day cicada. After catching and stinging the insect to paralyze it, the cicada killer carries it back to its hole and drags it underground to a chamber where it lays its eggs in the paralyzed cicada. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae feed on the paralyzed, but still living, cicada.

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  • Emerging N. tibicen, New Jersey, USA
    Emerging N. tibicen, New Jersey, USA
  • Malformed N. tibicen, New Jersey, USA
    Malformed N. tibicen, New Jersey, USA
  • Photo series of Neotibicen sp. moulting, Ohio, USA.
    Photo series of Neotibicen sp. moulting, Ohio, USA.
  • Husks left after moulting
    Husks left after moulting
  • Mating N. canicularis
    Mating N. canicularis
  • Shell after molting, the head was up
    Shell after molting, the head was up
  • Close-up of the head area
    Close-up of the head area

References

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  1. ^ "Cicadas of Michigan". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  2. ^ Blind Pig & The Acorn [dead link]
  3. ^ "Genus Neotibicen - Annual or Dogday Cicadas".
  4. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2021). "Opinion 2475 (Case 239) – Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 and Lyristes Horvath, 1926 (Insecta, Hemiptera): usage conserved by the suppression of Tibicen Berthold, 1827; Cicada Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Hemiptera): usage conserved by designation of Cicada orni Linnaeus, 1758 as the type species". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 78 (2): 138–141. doi:10.21805/bzn.v78.a032. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  5. ^ Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Simon, Chris (2015). "Molecular phylogenetics, diversification, and systematics of Tibicen Latreille 1825 and allied cicadas of the tribe Cryptotympanini, with three new genera and emphasis on species from the USA and Canada (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)". Zootaxa. 3985 (2): 219–251. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.3. PMID 26250031. S2CID 4331792.
  6. ^ Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2016). "Megatibicen n. gen., a new North American cicada genus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)". Zootaxa. 4168 (3). Magnolia Press: 577–582. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4168.3.10. PMID 27701330.
  7. ^ Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; et al. (2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa. 4424 (1). Magnolia Press: 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.
  8. ^ Elliott, Lang, and Wil Hershberger. 2007. The Songs of Insects. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 184. ISBN 0618663975
  9. ^ "Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia | PNAS" (PDF). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  10. ^ "Cicadas of the United States and Canada East of the 100th Meridian". InsectSingers.com. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, Lang, and Wil Hershberger. 2007. The Songs of Insects. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 19. ISBN 0618663975
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