Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment
| United States Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment | |
|---|---|
 Seal of the United States Department of State | |
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| Nominator | President of the United States |
| Inaugural holder | William L. Clayton |
| Formation | 1946 |
| Website | Official Website |
| Part of a series on the |
| United States space program |
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The Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment is an undersecretary position within the United States Department of State. The Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment serves as senior economic advisor at the State Department and advises the Secretary of State on international economic policy and is often referred to as the senior economic diplomat of the United States. The Under Secretary also leads the work of the department on trade, agriculture, aviation, and bilateral trade relations with America's economic partners.[2]
The position is called the “E” within the government. Responsibilities include international trade and investment policy; international finance, development, and debt policy; economic sanctions and combating terrorist financing; international energy security policy; international telecommunications and transportation policies; support for U.S. businesses, and economic policy analysis, public diplomacy and private sector outreach. The E also serves as the Privacy Shield ombudsperson.[2]
History
[edit]An Act of Congress first authorized an Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs on August 1, 1946, for a 2-year period as the third-ranking officer in the department. The position was not renewed, however, and between 1947 and 1958 the ranking officer in the department handling foreign economic matters was either a Deputy Under Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of State. On June 30, 1958, Congress re-established the position of Under Secretary for Economic Affairs in the Mutual Security Act. The following year, the Department of State Organization Act of July 30, 1959, authorized the President to appoint either an Under Secretary for Political Affairs or an Under Secretary for Economic Affairs.[2]
Between 1959 and 1972, during periods when there was no Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, the ranking officer for foreign economic affairs was again either a Deputy Under Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of State. On July 13, 1972, Congress established separate and permanent positions at the Under Secretary of State level for Economic Affairs and for Political Affairs, in the Foreign Relations Authorization Act. On August 16, 1985, Congress changed the title to include Agricultural Affairs. The Under Secretary for Economic and Agricultural Affairs serves as the principal adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary (previously Under Secretary) on matters relating to foreign economic and commercial policy. Specified duties, responsibilities, and assignments have varied over time. Each incumbent is commissioned with a functional designation as part of his title. On May 12, 1994, the title was changed to Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs. It was changed again in 2011 to Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment after the reorganization of the EEB bureau to EB, and the spin off of two new bureaus under the Under Secretary.[citation needed][3]
As of 2019, the E is also charged with advancing the State Department's economic development agenda; elevating and intensifying the department's efforts related to energy security, clean energy, and environmental sustainability; and fostering innovation through robust science, entrepreneurship, and technology policies. The E covers issues that reach from the vastness of space, through the Office of Space Affairs, to the depths of the oceans with the goal of advancing U.S. strategic interests through policy aimed at ensuring that economic growth and a healthy planet go hand in hand.[2][4]
List of Under Secretaries of State for Economic Affairs, 1946–1985
[edit]| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | William L. Clayton | August 3, 1946 | October 15, 1947 | Harry S. Truman |
| 2 | C. Douglas Dillon | July 1, 1958 | June 11, 1959 | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 3 | George W. Ball | February 1, 1961 | December 3, 1961 | John F. Kennedy |
| 4 | Thomas C. Mann | March 18, 1965 | May 31, 1966 | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| 5 | William J. Casey | February 2, 1973 | March 14, 1974 | Richard Nixon |
| 6 | Charles W. Robinson | January 3, 1975 | April 9, 1976 | Gerald Ford |
| 7 | William D. Rogers | June 18, 1976 | December 31, 1976 | Gerald Ford |
| 8 | Richard N. Cooper | April 8, 1977 | January 19, 1981 | Jimmy Carter |
| 9 | Myer Rashish | June 29, 1981 | January 20, 1982 | Ronald Reagan |
| 10 | W. Allen Wallis | September 23, 1982 | January 20, 1989 | Ronald Reagan |
List of Under Secretaries of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs, 1985–1994
[edit]The office of Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs was renamed the Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs on August 16, 1985.[citation needed]
| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | W. Allen Wallis | September 23, 1982 | January 20, 1989 | Ronald Reagan |
| 11 | Richard T. McCormack | April 14, 1989 | May 3, 1991 | George H. W. Bush |
| 12 | Robert Zoellick | May 20, 1991 | August 23, 1992 | George H. W. Bush |
| 13 | Joan E. Spero | April 1, 1993 | February 24, 1997 | Bill Clinton |
List of Under Secretaries of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, 1994–2011
[edit]The office of Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs was renamed the Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs on May 12, 1994.[5]
| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | Joan E. Spero | April 1, 1993 | February 24, 1997 | Bill Clinton |
| 14 | Stuart E. Eizenstat | June 6, 1997 | July 16, 1999 | Bill Clinton |
| 15 | Alan P. Larson | November 24, 1999 | February 25, 2005 | Bill Clinton and George W. Bush |
| 16 | Josette Sheeran | August 23, 2005 | April 4, 2007 | George W. Bush |
| 17 | Reuben Jeffery III | June 27, 2007 | January 20, 2009 | George W. Bush |
| 18 | Robert Hormats | September 23, 2009 | July 31, 2013 | Barack Obama |
List of Under Secretaries of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, 2011–present
[edit]The office of Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs was renamed the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment on December 8, 2011.[6]
| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Robert Hormats | September 23, 2009 | July 31, 2013 | Barack Obama |
| 19 | Catherine A. Novelli | April 22, 2014 | January 20, 2017 | Barack Obama |
| - | Manisha Singh (Acting) | September 28, 2018 | June 20, 2019 | Donald Trump |
| 20 | Keith J. Krach | June 21, 2019 | January 20, 2021 | Donald Trump |
| - | Marcia Bernicat (Acting)[7] | January 20, 2021 | August 5, 2021 | Joe Biden |
| 21 | Jose W. Fernandez | August 6, 2021 | Present | Joe Biden |
References
[edit]- ^ "Jose W. Fernandez". United States Department of State. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment". Office of the Historian. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ "Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment - Principal Officers - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
- ^ "Office of Space Affairs - United States Department of State".
- ^ "Administrative Timeline of the Department of State". history.state.gov.
- ^ Rogin, Josh (2011-12-08). State Department unveils new super-office: economics, energy, and the environment. FP (Foreign Policy Magazine), 8 December 2011. Retrieved on 2017-01-29 from https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/12/08/state-department-unveils-new-super-office-economics-energy-and-the-environment/.
- ^ "Marcia Bernicat - United States Department of State".
External links
[edit]- The government website of the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment
- The Office of the Historian's history of the position, and list of former Under Secretaries