Cottonseed meal
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Cottonseed meal is the byproduct remaining after cotton is ginned, the oil extracted, and the seeds crushed. Cottonseed meal is usually used for animal feed and in organic fertilizers.[1]
Cottonseed meal is about 40 percent protein by weight.[2] Compared to cellulose and lignin, proteins decompose rapidly and release nitrogen.[3] Unweathered, light-colored plant material such as hay, autumn tree leaves, sawdust, straw, woodchips, and wood shavings are nitrogen deficient, and do not decompose easily. Cottonseed meal, which is rich in nitrogen, is often mixed with these types of materials to improve decomposition speed.[4]
Whole cottonseed should not be fed to poultry and to ruminants like cattle, goats, and sheep.[2] Cottonseed meal also contains gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids.[2] Cottonseed meal should only be fed to adult ruminants, as immature animals have less well-developed digestive systems. Gossypol is also highly toxic to monogastrics.[5] Cyclopropenoid fatty acids can have a number of effects, some adverse, such as reduced fertility in laying hens; alterations in the composition of fatty acids in blood plasma, the heart, the liver, and the ovaries; the slowing of growth in young animals; and B vitamin deficiency.[6] The protein in cottonseed meal is also low in lysine.[2]
Glandless cottonseed was developed in the early 1960s.[7] Cottonseed meal derived from glandless cottonseed contains almost no gossypol.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Card, Adrian; David Whiting; Carl Wilson; Jean Reeder (2009). "CMG Garden Notes #234 Organic Fertilizers" (PDF). Colorado State University Extension. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Jacob, Jacquie (2022). "Cottonseed Meal in Poultry Diets". Extension.org. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Ernest, Malea Garver (May 8, 2015). "Weekly Crop Update: Mulching Blueberries". University of Delaware. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Campbell, Stu (2001). Mulch It!: A Practical Guide to Using Mulch in the Garden and Landscape. Pownal, Vt.: Storey Books. pp. 18–19, 33. ISBN 9781580173162.
- ^ Morgan, Sandra. "Gossypol Toxcicity in Livestock" (PDF). Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Shone, G.G. (1966). "Adverse effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 25 (1): 38–40. doi:10.1079/pns19660009. PMID 5953351. S2CID 2387792.
- ^ Luses, E.W.; Jividen, G.M. (June 1987). "Glandless cottonseed: A review of the first 25 years of processing and utilization research". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 64 (6): 839–854. doi:10.1007/BF02641491. S2CID 93455770.
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