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Mid-century modern

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Mid-century modern architecture
Tract house in Tujunga, California, featuring open-beamed ceilings, c. 1960
Years active1945–1970
LocationAll the world. Mainly in the United States, Brazil and Europe[1]
InfluencesInternational, Bauhaus

Mid-century modern (MCM) is a movement in interior design, product design, graphic design, architecture and urban development that was present in all the world, but more popular in the United States, Brazil and Europe from roughly 1945 to 1970 during the United States's post-World War II period.[2]

MCM-style decor and architecture have seen a major resurgence that began in the late 1990s and continues today.[3]

The term was used as early as the mid-1950s, and was defined as a design movement by Cara Greenberg in her 1984 book Mid-Century Modern: Furniture of the 1950s. It is now recognized by scholars and museums worldwide as a significant design movement.

The MCM design aesthetic is modern in style and construction, aligned with the Modernist movement of the period. It is typically characterized by clean, simple lines and honest use of materials, and generally does not include decorative embellishments.

On the exterior, a MCM home is normally very wide, partial brick or glass walls, low footprints with floor to ceiling windows and flat rooflines, while exposed ceilings and beams, open floor plans, ergonomically designed furniture and short staircases connecting rooms throughout the house often defines the home's interior.

Architecture

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Tulip chair (designed 1955–56) by Eero Saarinen
Detail of Copan Building, an Oscar Niemeyer building in São Paulo

The mid-century modern movement in the U.S. was an American reflection of the International and Bauhaus movements, including the works of Gropius, Florence Knoll, Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[4] Although the American component was slightly more organic in form and less formal than the International Style, it is more firmly related to it than any other.

Brazilian and Scandinavian architects were very influential at this time, with a style characterized by clean simplicity and integration with nature. Like many of Wright's designs, Mid-century architecture was frequently employed in residential structures with the goal of bringing modernism into America's post-war suburbs.

This style emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening up interior spaces and bringing the outdoors in. Many Mid-century houses utilized then-groundbreaking post and beam architectural design that eliminated bulky support walls in favor of walls seemingly made of glass. Function was as important as form in Mid-century designs, with an emphasis placed on targeting the needs of the average American family.

In Europe, the influence of Le Corbusier and the CIAM resulted in an architectural orthodoxy manifest across most parts of post-war Europe that was ultimately challenged by the radical agendas of the architectural wings of the avant-garde Situationist International, COBRA, as well as Archigram in London.

A critical but sympathetic reappraisal of the internationalist oeuvre, inspired by Scandinavian Moderns such as Alvar Aalto, Sigurd Lewerentz and Arne Jacobsen, and the late work of Le Corbusier himself, was reinterpreted by groups such as Team X, including structuralist architects such as Aldo van Eyck, Ralph Erskine, Denys Lasdun, Jørn Utzon and the movement known in the United Kingdom as New Brutalism.

Pioneering builder and real estate developer Joseph Eichler was instrumental in bringing Mid-century modern architecture ("Eichler Homes") to subdivisions in the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay region of California, and select housing developments on the east coast.

George Fred Keck, his brother Willam Keck, Henry P. Glass, Mies van der Rohe, and Edward Humrich created Mid-century modern residences in the Chicago area. Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House is extremely difficult to heat or cool, while Keck and Keck were pioneers in the incorporation of passive solar features in their houses to compensate for their large glass windows.

Mid-century modern in the United States

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Frank Sinatra's Home, in Palm Springs
Eichler Homes – Foster Residence, Santa Clara
Lincoln Center, New York City
Kaufmann Desert House, by Richard Neutra, in Palm Springs
MetLife Building (formerly Pan Am Building), in New York City, designed by Richard Roth, Walter Gropius, and Pietro Belluschi[5]

The city of Palm Springs, California is noted for its many examples of Mid-century modern architecture.[6][7]

Architects include:[8][9]

  • Welton Becket: Bullock's Palm Springs (with Wurdeman) (1947) (demolished, 1996[10])
  • John Porter Clark: Welwood Murray Library (1937); Clark Residence (1939) (on the El Minador golf course); Palm Springs Women's Club (1939)
  • William F. Cody: Stanley Goldberg residence;[11] Del Marcos Motel (1947); L'Horizon Hotel, for Jack Wrather and Bonita Granville (1952); remodel of Thunderbird Country Club clubhouse (c. 1953) (Rancho Mirage); Tamarisk Country Club (1953) (Rancho Mirage) (now remodeled); Huddle Springs restaurant (1957); St. Theresa Parish Church (1968); Palm Springs Library (1975)
  • Craig Ellwood: Max Palevsky House (1970)
  • Albert Frey: Palm Springs City Hall (with Clark and Chambers) (1952–57); Palm Springs Fire Station #1 (1955); Tramway Gas Station (1963); Movie Colony Hotel; Kocher-Samson Building (1934) (with A. Lawrence Kocher); Raymond Loewy House (1946); Villa Hermosa Resort (1946); Frey House I (1953); Frey House II (1963); Carey-Pirozzi house (1956); Christian Scientist Church (1957); Alpha Beta Shopping Center (1960) (demolished)
  • Victor Gruen: City National Bank (now Bank of America) (1959)[12] (designed as an homage to the Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, by Le Corbusier)
  • A. Quincy Jones: Palm Springs Tennis Club (with Paul R. Williams) (1946); Town & Country Center (with Paul R. Williams) (1947–50); J.J. Robinson House (with Frederick E. Emmons) (1957); Ambassador and Mrs. Walter H. Annenberg House (with Frederick E. Emmons) (1963); Country Club Estates Condominiums (1965)
  • William Krisel:[13] Ocotillo Lodge(1957); House of Tomorrow(1962).
  • John Lautner: Desert Hot Springs Motel (1947); Arthur Elrod House (1968) (interiors used in filming James Bond's Diamonds Are Forever); Hope Residence (1973)
  • John Black Lee: Specialized in residential houses. Lee House 1 (1952), Lee House 2 (1956) for which he won the Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects, Day House (1965), * System House (1961), Rogers House (1957), Ravello (1960)
  • Gene Leedy: The Sarasota School of Architecture, sometimes called Sarasota Modern, is a regional style of post-war architecture that emerged on Florida's Central West Coast.
  • Frederick Monhoff: Palm Springs Biltmore Resort (1948) (demolished, 2003[10])
  • Richard Neutra (Posthumous AIA Gold Medal honoree): Grace Lewis Miller house (1937) (includes her Mensendlieck posture therapy studio);[14] Kaufmann Desert House (1946);[15] Samuel and Luella Maslon House, Tamarisk Country Club, Rancho Mirage (1962) (demolished 2003)[10]
  • William Pereira: Robinson's (1953)
  • William Gray Purcell (with protégé Van Evera Bailey): Purcell House (1933) (cubist modern)
  • Donald Wexler: Steel Developmental Houses,[16] Sunny View Drive (1961). Home developer, Alexander Homes, popularized this post-and-beam architectural style in the Coachella Valley. Alexander houses and similar homes feature low-pitched roofs, wide eaves, open-beamed ceilings, and floor-to-ceiling windows.[17]: 66–75 
  • E. Stewart Williams: Frank Sinatra House (1946) (with piano-shaped pool); Oasis commercial building (with interiors by Paul R. Williams) (1952); William and Marjorie Edris House (1954); Mari and Steward Williams House (1956); Santa Fe Federal Savings Building (1958); Coachella Valley Savings & Loan (now Washington Mutual) (1960); Palm Springs Desert Museum (1976)
  • Paul Williams: Palm Springs Tennis Club (with Jones) (1946)
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Jr.: Oasis Hotel (1923)
  • Walter Wurdeman: Bullock's Palm Springs (with Welton Becket) (1947) (demolished 1996)[10]

Examples of 1950s Palm Springs motel architecture include Ballantines Movie Colony (1952) – one portion is the 1935 Albert Frey San Jacinto Hotel – the Coral Sands Inn (1952), and the Orbit Inn (1957).[18] Restoration projects have been undertaken to return many of these residences and businesses to their original condition.[19]

Mid-Century modern in Brazil

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Cathedral of Brasília, by Oscar Niemayer, in the Brazilian federal capital Brasília
São Paulo Museum of Art, by Lina Bo Bardi, in São Paulo

Brazil is the only country in the world where an entire city, and in this case the country's capital, Brasília, was built entirely in the mid-century modern style.[20] The city was inaugurated in 1961, and is the third most populous city in the country, behind only São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In addition to the memorable buildings by architect Oscar Niemeyer, there are also works by Athos Bulcão, Marianne Peretti, João Filgueiras Lima, and landscaping by Burle Marx.[21]

Architects include:[22]

Mid-Century modern in Europe

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Scandinavia had a great influence on the mid-century modern furniture. The style design is characterized by a minimalist, clean-lined approach that looks to combine functionality with beauty, well-crafted, classic, and timeless. With an emphasis being put on utilizing natural materials to improve daily life through unique, purposeful design, durability and reliability. The Scandinavian mid-century modern goal was to minimize, quality over quantity, curated contrast, and cozy togetherness. The Nordic style united innovation, simplicity, and elegance. Scandinavian modern designers, such as Børge Mogensen, Hans Wegner, Finn Juhl, Arne Vodder, Verner Panton, and Alvar Aalto, stood out in this movement.[23]

Bailey House, Case Study House 21, Los Angeles

Case study houses

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Main article: Case study houses

The Case Study Houses was a program creating a series of architectural prototype-homes involving major mid-century architects, including Charles and Ray Eames, Craig Ellwood, A. Quincy Jones, Edward Killingsworth, Pierre Koenig, Richard Neutra, Ralph Rapson, Eero Saarinen, and Raphael Soriano to design and build modern efficient and inexpensive model homes for the post-WWII residential housing boom in the United States. The program began in 1945 and lasted through 1966. The houses were documented by architectural photographer Julius Shulman.[24][25]

Industrial design

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Wright Accessories (Russel Wright and Mary Wright) Spun aluminum coffee urn, c.1935

Scandinavian design was very influential at this time, with a style characterized by simplicity, democratic design and natural shapes. Glassware (Iittala – Finland), ceramics (Arabia – Finland), tableware (Georg Jensen – Denmark), lighting (Poul Henningsen – Denmark), and furniture (Danish modern) were some of the genres for the products created.

In the United States, east of the Mississippi, the American-born Russel Wright and Mary Wright, designing for Steubenville Pottery, and Hungarian-born Eva Zeisel designing for Red Wing Pottery and later Hall China created free-flowing ceramic designs that were much admired and heralded in the trend of smooth, flowing contours in dinnerware.

On the West Coast of the United States, the industrial designer and potter Edith Heath (1911–2005) founded Heath Ceramics in 1948. The company was one of the numerous California pottery manufacturers that had their heyday in post-war United States, and produced Mid-Century modern ceramic dish-ware.

Edith Heath's "Coupe" line remains in demand and has been in constant production since 1948, with only periodic changes to the texture and color of the glazes.[26]

The Tamac Pottery company produced a line of mid-century modern biomorphic dinnerware and housewares between 1946 and 1972.[27]

Social medium

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Oscar Niemeyer's Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro

Printed ephemera documenting the mid-century transformations in design, architecture, landscape, infrastructure, and entertainment include mid-century linen post cards from the early 1930s to the late 1950s. These post cards came about through innovations pioneered through the use of offset lithography. The cards were produced on paper with a high rag content, which gave the post card a textured look and feel. At the time this was a less expensive process.

Along with advances in printing technique, mid-century linen postcards allowed for very vibrant ink colors. The encyclopedic geographic imagery of mid-century linen post cards suggests popular middle-class attitudes about nature, wilderness, technology, mobility and the city during the mid-20th century.[28]

Curt Teich in Chicago[29] was the most prominent and largest printer and publisher of Linen Type postcards[30] pioneering lithography with his "Art Colortone" process.[31]

Other large publishers include Stanley Piltz in San Francisco, who established the "Pictorial Wonderland Art Tone Series", Western Publishing and Novelty Company in Los Angeles and the Tichnor Brothers in Boston.[32] The printing of mid-century linen post cards began to give way in the late 1950s to Kodachrome and Ektachrome color prints.

Examples

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Architecture

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Furniture

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Additional notable names

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mid-Century Modern in the USA, Brazil and Europe
  2. ^ "Understanding Mid-Century Modern and How To Use it in Your Home". September 29, 2017.
  3. ^ "Mid-century modern is the style that won't die". The Washington Post. June 13, 2023.
  4. ^ Jason Peterson (2014-02-01). "Designer Spotlight: Florence Knoll". Emfurn. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
  5. ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran; American Institute of Architects, eds. (2010). AIA guide to New York City (5th ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-538385-0. OCLC 464581439.
  6. ^ Wills, Eric (May–June 2008). "Palm Springs Eternal". Preservation. 60 (3): 38–45.
  7. ^ Cygelman, Adèle; David, Rosa (forward); Glomb, David (photographs) (1999). Palm Springs Modern: Houses in the California Desert. New York: Rizzoli International. p. 192. ISBN 0-8478-2091-2. LCCN 98048811.
  8. ^ Goldberger, Paul (May–June 2008). "The Modernist Manifesto". Preservation. 60 (3): 30–35.
  9. ^ "The Time: Modern: Highlights in the development of modernism in the Coachella Valley". Palm Springs Life. Palm Springs, CA. February 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15.
  10. ^ a b c d "Lost: Maslon House". Palm Springs Preservation Foundation. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  11. ^ "A Winter Residence in Palm Springs" (PDF). Architectural Digest. Fall 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2012. Interior Design by Arthur Elrod, A.I.D. and William Broderick, A.I.D.; Architecture by William Cody, F.A.I.A.
  12. ^ "Palm Springs Preservation Foundation: Then and Now". Palm Springs Preservation Society. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.
  13. ^ "William Krisel". Palm Springs Modern Committee. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  14. ^ Leet, Stephen (2004). Richard Neutra's Miller House. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 191. ISBN 1-56898-274-7. LCCN 2003021531.
  15. ^ Friedman, Alice T. (2010). "2. Palm Springs Eternal: Richard Neutra's Kaufmann Desert House". American Glamour and the Evolution of Modern Architecture. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. pp. 262. ISBN 978-0300116540. LCCN 2009032574.
  16. ^ Bricker, Lauren Weiss; Williams, Sidney J. (2011). Steel and Shade: The Architecture of Donald Wexler. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Art Museum. p. 131. ISBN 978-0981674346. LCCN 2010043639.
  17. ^ Hess, Alan; Danish, Andrew (2001). Palm Springs Weekend: The Architecture and Design of a Midcentury Oasis. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 180. ISBN 0811828042. LCCN 00024046.
  18. ^ Howser, Huell (September 27, 2002). "'50s Motel – Palm Springs Week (20)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
  19. ^ Colacello, Bob; Becker, Jonathan (photographs) (June 1999). "Palm Springs Weekends" (PDF). Vanity Fair: 192–211. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11.
  20. ^ Architecture of Brasília
  21. ^ Urban legacy of great artists transforms Brasília into an open-air museum
  22. ^ Mid-century modern architects - Brazil
  23. ^ The Best Mid-Century Scandinavian Furniture Designers
  24. ^ Smith, Elizabeth T.; McCoy, Esther (1989). Blueprints for Modern Living History and Legacy of the Case Study Houses. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art. ISBN 9780262692137. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  25. ^ Smith, Elizabeth A.T. Smith (2016). Case Study Houses: The Complete CSH Program, 1945–1966. Taschen. ISBN 9783836535601. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  26. ^ Zahid Sardar (2004-02-01). "Home Is Where the Heath Is: A Bay Area pottery tradition continues under new ownership". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  27. ^ "Tamac Plate: Decorative Arts". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  28. ^ Meikle, Jeffrey L. "A Paper Atlantis". Journal of Design History. 13 (4): 267–286. doi:10.1093/jdh/13.4.267.
  29. ^ Curt Teich Postcard Archives, Lake County Discovery Museum. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  30. ^ Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  31. ^ "An Offset Pioneer" in: American Printer, October 1, 2006.
  32. ^ Tichnor Brothers Collection, Boston Public Library.
  33. ^ Mayhew, Augustus (11 July 2011). "Urbane Developments: Miami & Delray". New York Social Diary. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  34. ^ Saperstein, Pat (2014-08-07). "David Weidman, Animation Artist Whose Work Appeared on 'Mad Men,' Dies at 93". Variety. Retrieved 2014-08-29.

Further reading

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  • Andersen, Kurt (23 February 1998). "Annals of Architecture: Desert Cool" (PDF). The New Yorker. Vol. 74, no. 2. Robert Polidori (photographs). pp. 128–137. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17. Retrieved May 23, 2012. (Abstract: Chronicles the return to fashionability of Palm Springs, including the post-WWII architecture of John Lautner, Richard Neutra, and Albert Frey.)
  • Coquelle, Aline (2006). Palm Springs Style. Assouline. p. 192. ISBN 978-2843237430.
  • Dailey, Victoria (2003). LA's Early Moderns: Art, Architecture, Photography. Princeton Archit. Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1890449162.
  • Dietsch, Deborah K. (2000). Classic Modern: Midcentury Modern At Home. Simon & Schuster. p. 208. ISBN 978-0684867441.
  • Greensberg, Cara (2000). Mid-Century Modern: Furniture of the 1950s. London: Thamse & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500278598. OCLC 901886281. OL 1984249W.
  • Hess, Alan (2007). Forgotten Modern: California Houses 1940–1970. Weintraub, Alan (photographs). Gibbs Smith. p. 280. ISBN 978-1586858582.
  • Keith, Michele (2010). "Michael Berman: ... Palm Springs; Alex Jordan: ... Palm Desert". Designers here and there: inside the city and country homes of America's top decorators. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1580932462. LCCN 2009042910.
  • Dream Homes Deserts: A Showcase of the Finest Architects, Designers & Builders in Las Vegas, Palm Springs & New Mexico. Dallas, TX: Panache Partners. 2008. p. 200. ISBN 978-1933415284.
  • "Desert Classic". Metropolitan Home. Hachette Filipacchi II. November–December 2003. ISSN 0273-2858. OCLC 7045895. A pair of artists revitalizes a Neutra landmark by respecting both its architecture and view.
  • "A spectacular renovation in Palm Springs respects the past but pushes the midcentury feel into the future". Metropolitan Home. Des Moines, IA: Meredith Corp. March 2006. ISSN 0273-2858. OCLC 14634311.
  • "Palm Springs Infusion: Splashes of color and sophistication revive a desert house". Architectural Digest. New York. February 2008.
  • "Jim Jennings Emphasizing Form & Light in his Elegantly Spare Palm Springs Retreat". Architectural Digest. New York. September 2009.
  • "At Home in the Desert ... a house near Palm Springs". Architectural Digest. New York. April 2010.
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