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Kapiti Line

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Kapiti Line
A northbound train servicing the Kapiti Line after departing from Wellington railway station.
Overview
StatusOpen
OwnerKiwiRail (track)
Greater Wellington Regional Council (stations)
LocaleWellington region, New Zealand
Termini
Stations16
Service
TypeCommuter rail
SystemMetlink
Operator(s)Transdev Wellington
Rolling stockFP/FT class "Matangi" EMUs
Ridership4,461,000 per annum (2011–12)[1]
Technical
CharacterSuburban
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Electrification1,500 V DC overhead catenary
Route map

Legend
km[2]
North Island Main Trunk
(Wellington–Manawatu Line)
Waikanae
Waikanae River
State Highway 59 NZ.svg SH 59
(single track)
48.3
 Paraparaumu Bus interchange
Raumati
(proposed)
State Highway 1 NZ.svg
SH 1
Mackays Crossing
38.8
 Paekakariki
North Junction (single track)
State Highway 59 NZ.svg SH 59
Tunnels 3 - 7
South Junction (single track)
31.2
 Muri
30.4
 Pukerua Bay
State Highway 59 NZ.svg SH 59
24.5
 Plimmerton
23.2
 Mana
Pauatahanui Inlet
21.9
 Paremata
17.7
 Porirua Bus interchange
16.2
 Kenepuru
14.9
 Linden
13.8
 Tawa
13.1
 Redwood
to Johnsonville Line
closed 1938
11.9
 Takapu Road
Tunnel 2 (4,323 m)
State Highway 1 NZ.svg SH 1
Tunnel 1 (1,238 m)
Hutt Valley Line
(Wairarapa Line)
Interislander
Ferry Terminal
Interislander
State Highway 1 NZ.svg SH 1
Wellington
freight terminal
Johnsonville Line
0.0
 Wellington
km
This diagram:

Metlink's Kapiti Line[3][4] is the electrified southern portion of the North Island Main Trunk railway between New Zealand's capital city, Wellington, and Waikanae on the Kāpiti Coast, operated by Transdev Wellington on behalf of Greater Wellington Regional Council.[3] Trains run frequently every day, with stops at 16 stations. Until 20 February 2011 it was known as the Paraparaumu Line.[5]

Construction

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The Kapiti Line was constructed by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (W&MR) as part of its line between Wellington and Longburn, south of Palmerston North. It was built by a group of Wellington businessmen frustrated with the indecision of the government about the construction of a west coast route out of Wellington.[6]

Construction of the line began in September 1882 and followed a circuitous, steep route via Johnsonville. It was opened to Plimmerton in October 1885 and completed on 3 November 1886. The final spike was driven just north of Paraparaumu, at Otaihanga.[7]

The government acquired the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company on the 7 December 1908 and incorporated it into its national network as the southern portion of the North Island Main Trunk line.

See also: Wellington - Manawatu Line and North Island Main Trunk Railway

Deviation and electrification

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See also: Tawa Flat deviation

In 1928, work began on a deviation to avoid the difficult section of the line between Wellington and Tawa through Johnsonville. The deviation required the construction of two significant tunnels between Kaiwharawhara and Tawa. It opened as a single track line to freight on 24 July 1935 and as a double track line to passengers on 19 June 1937. The Wellington to Johnsonville section was retained as the Johnsonville Line.[8][9]

Electrification from Wellington to Paekakariki was completed on 24 July 1940,[10] avoiding the smoke nuisance in the new deviation's lengthy second tunnel, and providing extra tractive effort on the Paekakariki Hill between Pukerua Bay and Paekakariki. Paekakariki became a major station where long-distance trains swapped from steam (later diesel) to electric motive power and became the northern terminus of the commuter line for many years. Electrification was extended to Paraparaumu on 7 May 1983[2] and to Waikanae on 20 February 2011.[4]

Duplication

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The W&MR constructed the line as a single-track railway with crossing loops at principal stations to allow opposing trains to pass. In the 1920s the need for extra train services on the line was recognised, both to increase the tonnage of goods trains and to allow more frequent suburban passenger services. To increase the number of trains that the line could carry, duplication and electrification of the line along with other improvements, such as curve easements, was planned and progressed in stages. The first section to bed double-tracked (from Wellington to Tawa Flat (now Tawa) was the Tawa Flat deviation. it bypassed the steep (1 in 36 to 40) grades from Wellington to Ngaio on the Johnsonville Line. The sections from Tawa to Porirua and subsequently from Porirua to the Pukerua Bay saddle were later double-tracked.

As part of the Plimmerton to Paekakariki duplication, a Westinghouse three-wire (two feed and one return) Centralised Train Control (CTC) system was installed in 1940; to control trains from Wellington. It was the first CTC system in New Zealand and the first outside the United States of America.[11] This avoided the need for two new signal boxes at the North and South junctions and the need with "tablet" working to continuously man five stations with 3 or 4 tablet porters at each station (3 tablet porters at Porirua, Paremata and Pukerua Bay; and 4 tablet porters at Tawa Flat and Plimmerton); so requiring 19 men for traffic working instead of 8 with CTC (and also 11 staff houses). CTC working applied between Paekakariki and Plimmerton on 25 February, Plimmerton and Paremata on 30 June and Tawa to Porirua on 4 December 1940; giving full traffic control from Wellington to Paekakariki (as Wellington to Tawa was double-tracked). [12]

From 14 June 1943 a siding for the US Marines' camp at Mackays Crossing with a crossing loop and tablet station was opened; near where the Wellington Tramway Museum is now located. With duplication of the track from Paekakariki to Mackays Crossing and automatic signalling from Paekakariki to Paraparaumu, Mackays Crossing was relay worked from the Paekakariki South signal box from December 1943. But on 25 March 1946 the catch points and two cross-overs of the siding were lifted, and Mackays Crossing became the point where the double-track section north ended.[13]

Further duplication was delayed in the 1940s but continued in the 1950s with the completion of the Tawa to Porirua section on 15 December 1957. Double track from Porirua to Mana was opened on 7 November 1960. Harbour reclamation allowed mostly straight track with the line no longer following the curves of the shoreline bays north of Porirua. A new station and bridge at Paremata was required. The Mana to Plimmerton section was opened on 16 October 1961.[14]

In conjunction with the extension of electrification to Paraparaumu in March 1983, double-track was extended from Paekakariki to Mackays Crossing on 5 December 1983.[15] The section between Mackays Crossing and Paraparaumu, built across a peat swamp, remained single track. Extension of double track from Mackays Crossing to a junction south of the Waikanae River bridge was completed in February 2011 to coincide with the extension of electrification to Waikanae.[15]

The North–South Junction section north of the South Junction (north of the former Muri Station, at the top of the Pukerua Saddle) and with five short single-track tunnels to the North Junction (at the northern portal of No 13 tunnel) before Paekakariki and along the coast below the steep and unstable Paekakariki Escarpment remains as a single track.

Operation

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From electrification in 1940 until the 1980s, the majority of commuter services on the line were operated by DM/D electric multiple units, with some carriage trains hauled by ED and EW electric locomotives, particularly at peak periods. ED and EW locomotives also hauled freight trains over this section until the floors of the tunnels between Pukerua Bay and Paekakariki were lowered in 1967 and DA diesel locomotives could be used into Wellington.

In 1948 the traffic over the 24 mile (38.5 km) Wellington to Paekakariki section averaged 30 passenger trains, 18 goods trains and 13 light engines (ED class) daily, with 67 daily crossings; opinion was that train delays were less frequent and of shorter duration with CTC than with Tyers Tablet control in 1937. The average tons per train was 474 tons per train northward and 473 southward, with passenger trains just over 560 tons in aggregate.[12]

From 1982, the new EM/ET electric multiple units were delivered. They had been ordered to replace the wooden carriage trains hauled by electric locomotives on commuter services and largely displaced the DM/D units on the Paraparaumu Line.

By the 1980s, the ED and EW electric locomotives were not required for either freight trains or for commuter trains. They were retired due to age and lack of use, the EDs by 1981 and the EWs by 1988. From 2010 the introduction of the Matangi EMUs provided extra passenger capacity, and enabled the remaining DM/D EMUs to be withdrawn in 2012. A second batch of Matangi EMUs was then ordered to replace the EM/ET EMUs (rather than reconditioning them).

A proposal to extend the electrification to Waikanae was approved by the Greater Wellington Regional Council on 8 May 2007. This project included the double tracking of the single track line between Mackays Crossing (between Paekakariki and Paraparaumu) as far as the rail underbridge and river bridge south of Waikanae. The $90 million project started in December 2008, and was completed in 2011, with the first commuter trains to Waikanae on 20 February.[4] Completion of the project was delayed to 2011 to minimise commuter disruption by working in the quiet end-of-year holiday period, according to ONTRACK programme director David Gordon. The project involved 50 workers and 20 machines installing 600 traction poles in eight or nine metre deep holes, and laying 30 km of rail and 30,000 sleepers. The project allows commuter services from Waikanae every 15 minutes at peak travel times but more commonly every 30 minutes.[16] The new Matangi electric multiple units were used on the Kapiti Line from mid-2011.[3] Paraparaumu and Waikanae stations were upgraded at a cost of more than $1 million each. Upgrading Waikanae station rather than moving it south of Elizabeth Street or providing a road underpass was criticised locally, as frequent closing of the Elizabeth Street level crossing south of the station (which connected to State Highway through the town) could increase traffic congestion in Waikanae.[17] However this has since been alleviated by the opening of the Kāpiti Expressway which has moved the main road west and out of the centre of Waikanae itself.

Ten traction substations along the line take electricity from Wellington Electricity or Electra's 11,000-volt distribution network and transform and rectify it to 1500-volt direct current for the overhead traction lines. The substations are located at Wellington, Kaiwharawhara, Glenside, Paremata, Mana, Pukerua Bay, Paekakariki, Raumati, Lindale and Waikanae. Also along the line are two "cross-tie" substations at Ngauranga and Tawa, which provide a switching function but don't have transformers or rectifiers.

Public road-rail crossings have warning lights and barriers, and some are now fitted with automatically locking pedestrian gates to prevent use while alarms are operating.[18]

In 2021 upgrading of the Plimmerton railway station started, to be completed by 2023. Some trains will then turn around at Plimmerton rather than Porirua thus increasing the peak capacity of the line by reducing the number of passengers on trains to Waikanae.[19]

Accidents on line

[edit]

On 17 August 2021 a landslip blocked the Kapiti Line one kilometre south of the Fisherman’s Table restaurant at the north end of the single-line section, and derailed a Matangi train. The single-track section had had one slip alarm, but not on the section of line where the slip occurred. The Matangi EMUs are expected to be take months to repair, at a cost of up to half a million dollars.[20][21][22]

Future

[edit]
The Kapiti Line (2007, before electrification), looking south from the Otaihanga Road level crossing. On the right is the location of a former halt; on the left is the Southward Car Museum.

Proposals for new stations at Raumati South, between Mackays Crossing and Paraparaumu, and Lindale, north of Paraparaumu near Otaihanga, were on hold, to be reconsidered after 2010, as it was claimed that there were problems affecting a station at Raumati (the provision of access to SH 1 and park-and-ride facilities) and an unstable hillside behind the line.[23][24][25][26]

The 2013 Review and Draft 2014 Review of the Wellington Regional Public Transport Plan confirmed that building additional stations on the Kapiti Line at Raumati and Lindale was no longer recommended, with the cost of new stations outweighing the benefits. The detailed analysis for Raumati (which was a "viability benchmark" for other new stations) said that the modelled peak-hour patronage needed to be about 300 new passengers to justify a new station, and that most Raumati users would have switched from Paraparaumu Station. Network extensions beyond the current Metlink rail operation limits would be by "shuttles or non-electrified services" running to Wellington.[27]

Proposed infrastructure upgrades include sleeper replacement in tunnels, stabilisation of high-risk slopes and renewal of one bridge with timber elements. To cater for freight trains with more frequent passenger trains, there will be a new freight loop at Plimmerton or an improved loop at Porirua (2021/2022; $11.09 million); and Plimmerton will get a high capacity train turn-back facility as a terminal station (2021; $12.8 million). Power supply upgrades will allow more long (8 car) trains (2020; $10.1 million).[28][29]

The single-track section above the coast between Pukerua Bay and Paekakariki (known as the North–South Junction) may also be double tracked through a single long double track tunnel (replacing five short tunnels) or replaced by a less steep deviation; although the proposal in 2007 was to daylight only the northernmost (No. 7) tunnel which is through rock, and have double track north from there.[30]

Extension to Ōtaki

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Further extension of the electrification 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north from Waikanae to Ōtaki remains a possibility. The two over bridges of the Peka Peka to Otaki expressway which opened in 2022 were designed to allow for a future double track line.[31] A group known as "Save Kapiti" is actively campaigning for the extension.[32] The Otaki Community Board also supports the extension of electrification.[33] Provision has been made during road earthworks north of Waikanae for a future crossing loop between Peka Peka and Ōtaki.[34] In 2012 the Greater Wellington Regional Council investigated extension of the electrification with Matangi trains north of Waikanae to Ōtaki (estimated cost $30 million for the Ōtaki project) and north of Upper Hutt to a new station at Timberlea.[35]

In March 2014, the GWRC said that electrification to Ōtaki was estimated to cost $115 million to $135 million and was too costly for the number of new passengers it would attract (approximately 250 new passengers). Because the trip would take over an hour, new trains with toilets would be required.[36] As an alternative to electrification, it was suggested that diesel multiple units could be used on services north of Waikanae.[36] This could be a "final nail in the coffin" for the under-threat Capital Connection service from Wellington to Palmerston North, which also stops at Ōtaki.[36] During the 2017 general election, the Green Party proposed extending electrification to Ōtaki as an alternative to the Northern Corridor extension from Pekapeka.[37]

In the lead up to the local authority elections of 2019, candidate for Mayor of the Kāpiti Coast District, Gwynn Compton, started a petition to extend electrification to Ōtaki.[38]

During the 2020 general election the National Party announced that National would extend the electric commuter rail service to Ōtaki and fast-track a four-lane expressway from Ōtaki to Levin.[39]

A business case for extending the line further to Levin has been pushed for by transport minister Michael Wood in 2022, adding an extra 35 km to the line, going past Ōtaki and possibly including Te Horo and Manakau.[40]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Wellington Metropolitan Rail 2011/12 Annual Report" (PDF). Greater Wellington Regional Council. 30 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  2. ^ a b Yonge, John, ed. (1993). New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas (4th ed.). Essex: Quail Map Company. p. 15-16. ISBN 090060932X.
  3. ^ a b c "Metlink - Kapiti Line". Greater Wellington Regional Council. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  4. ^ a b c "Metlink, January 2011". January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  5. ^ Hurst 2020, p. 41.
  6. ^ Churchman & Hurst 2001, p. 164.
  7. ^ Churchman & Hurst 2001, pp. 5, 6.
  8. ^ Parsons 2010, pp. 85, 86.
  9. ^ Churchman & Hurst 2001, p. 168.
  10. ^ Bruce Murray and David Parsons: Rails through the Valley: The story of the construction and use of the railway lines through Tawa (2008, Tawa Historical Society) ISBN 978-0-473-14410-4
  11. ^ Changes to the Railway Line through Porirua City Archived 5 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Porirua City Council. Accessed 4 September 2016.
  12. ^ a b Heine 2000, p. 146.
  13. ^ Heine 2000, p. 139.
  14. ^ Hoy 1970, pp. 70, 71.
  15. ^ a b Parsons 2010, p. 200.
  16. ^ Kapiti Observer 18 January 2010 pp8,9
  17. ^ Kapiti Observer 7 December 2009 page 3
  18. ^ "Safety upgrade confirmed for high-risk Wellington railway crossing". Stuff (Fairfax). 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  19. ^ "Plimerton station upgrade". KiwiRail. 2022. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Train units could be out of action for months after Paekakariki derailment". Stuff/Fairfax. 7 September 2020.
  21. ^ "SH1 open after Kapiti train derailment slip but delays still likely". Stuff/Fairfax. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Road and rail delayed after morning slip north of Wellington". Radio New Zealand. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  23. ^ The Dominion Post, 15 April 2008, page A5 "Railway station plans go on hold"
  24. ^ "metlink wellington bus, train, ferry public transport timetables: Metlink News - Issue 5, April 2008". Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
  25. ^ Greater Wellington – Kapiti Coast railway upgrade details revealed Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Nigel Wilson. "Raumati Station Now". Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  27. ^ Draft Wellington Regional Public Transport Plan, April 2014 p 58
  28. ^ "Wellington Metro Upgrade". KiwiRail. 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  29. ^ Wellington Timetable Changes and Infrastructure Upgrades by Bruce Taylor in The New Zealand Railway Observer June–July 2018 No 349 Volume 75 No 2, pages 62,63
  30. ^ Terry McDavitt, et al., Proposed Western Corridor Plan: Hearing Subcommittee's Report Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Greater Wellington Regional Council, 8 March 2006), 51-4.
  31. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ "Protests dominate rail opening". More FM Horowhenua. 20 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  33. ^ "Is Rail the Answer? And if so what is the Question?". Ann Chapman. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  34. ^ Kapiti Observer 18 January 2010 page 7
  35. ^ Forbes, Michael (24 November 2012). "Electric extension for trains". The Dominion Post. Wellington. p. A2.
  36. ^ a b c "Rail electrification to Otaki too costly". Stuff/Fairfax. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  37. ^ "Greens suggest extending electric rail services and commuter trains". Scoop.co.nz. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  38. ^ "Over 1,000 sign petition to extend commuter rail to Otaki". Scoop.co.nz. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  39. ^ "National promises Ōtaki road and rail for Kāpiti Coast". Radio New Zealand. 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  40. ^ "Government fast-tracks plans to extend Wellington's commuter rail network to Levin". stuff.co.nz. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

Bibliography

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