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Coyolxāuhqui

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Coyolxauhqui
Goddess of the moon
Disk depicting a dismembered Coyolxāuhqui, which was found during construction in 1978 in Mexico City. Its discovery led to the excavation of the Huēyi Teōcalli.
PlanetMoon
RegionMesoamerica
Ethnic groupAztec, Mexica (Nahua)
Genealogy
ParentsMixcoatl and Coatlicue (Codex Florentine)[3]
Siblings• Huitzilopochtli and the Centzon Huitznahua (Codex Florentine)[1]
• the Centzon Mimixcoa (Codex Ramirez)[2]
ConsortNone
Equivalents
Greek equivalentSelene
Maya equivalentAwilix
Huitzilopochtli springs from Coatlicue's womb fully armed and defends himself and his mother against Coyolxauhqui. He dismembers his sister, and fights his 400 brothers, the Centzon Huitznahuas

In Aztec religion, Coyolxāuhqui (Nahuatl pronunciation: [kojoɬˈʃaːʍki], "Painted with Bells"[4]) is a daughter of the goddess Cōātlīcue ("Serpent Skirt"). She was the leader of her brothers, the Centzon Huitznahua ("Four Hundred Huitznahua").[4] She led her brothers in an attack against their mother, Cōātlīcue, when they learned she was pregnant, convinced she dishonored them all.[5] The attack is thwarted by Coyolxāuhqui's other brother, Huitzilopochtli, the national deity of the Mexicas.[4]

In 1978, workers at an electric company accidentally discovered a large stone relief depicting Coyolxāuhqui in Mexico City. The discovery of the Coyolxāuhqui stone led to a large-scale excavation, directed by Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, to unearth the Huēyi Teōcalli (Templo Mayor in Spanish).[6] The prominent position of the Coyolxāuhqui stone suggests the importance of her defeat by Huitzilopochtli in Aztec religion and national identity.[4][7]

Birth of Huitzilopochtli and Coyolxauqui's defeat at Coatepec

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On the summit of Coatepec ("Serpent Mountain"), sat a shrine for Coatlicue, the maternal Earth deity. One day, as she swept her shrine, a ball of hummingbird feathers fell from the sky. She "snatched them up; she placed them at her waist."[8] Thus, she became pregnant with the Aztec deity Huitzilopochtli.

Her miraculous pregnancy embarrassed Coatlicue's other children, including her eldest daughter, Coyolxauhqui. Hearing of her pregnancy, the Centzon Huitznahuas, led by Coyolxauhqui, decided to kill Coatlicue. As they prepared for battle and gathered at the base of Coatepec, one of the Centzon Huitznahuas, Quauitlicac, warned Huitzilopochtli of the attack while he was in utero. Hearing of the attack, the pregnant Cōātlīcue miraculously gave birth to a fully grown and armed Huitzilopochtli who sprang from her womb, wielding "his shield, teueuelli, and his darts and his blue dart thrower, called xinatlatl."[8]

Huitzilopochtli killed Coyolxāuhqui, beheading her and throwing her body down the side of Coatepec: "He pierced Coyolxauhqui, and then quickly struck off her head. It stopped there at the edge of Coatepetl. And her body came falling below; it fell breaking to pieces; in various places her arms, her legs, her body each fell."[8] As for his brothers, the Centzon Huitxnahuas, he scattered them in all directions from the top of Coatepec. He pursued them relentlessly, and those who escaped went south.[8]

Some authors have written that Huitzilopochtli tossed Coyolxauhqui's head into the sky where it became the Moon, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night, and that her scattered brothers became the Southern Star deities.[9] It is difficult to verify these variations of the narrative with 16th century sources.

Imagery in Poses

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The Templo Mayor stone disk served as a cautionary sign to foes of Tenochtitlán. This is exemplified by the dismemberment of her body and its restraints. [10]

The display of Coyolxauhqui's severed head served this same purpose in a different way, as it was different than the common full body sculptures and art created by the Mexica.

Identifying Elements

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Gold ornaments adorn the face of Coyolxāuhqui in the form of earrings and bell pendants. The ear ornaments are made up of the trapeze-ray sign symbolic of the tail of Xiuhcoatl the fire serpent.[11] Thus, making them identifiers as they create a direct tie to her brother Huitizilopochtli, who used Xiuhcoatl as his weapon.

Templo Mayor stone disk

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Discovery

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Archaeologists of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia working at the place were the stone was discovered, 1978.

On February 21, 1978, a group of workers for the Mexico City electric-power company came across a large shield-shaped stone covered in reliefs while digging.[12] The stone they uncovered depicts the narrative of Coyolxauhqui's defeat at Coatepec, shown at left. The discovery renewed the interest in excavating the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, underneath Mexico City. This led to the excavation of the Huēyi Teōcalli (Templo Mayor), directed by Eduardo Matos Moctezuma.[6]

Head of Coyolxauhqui; circa 1500; diorite; 80 x 80 x 65 cm; National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico City). As usual, she is shown decapitated and with closed eyelids, as she was beheaded by her brother, Huitzilopochtli

This relief is one of the best known Aztec monuments and one of the few great Aztec monuments to have been found fully in situ.[13]

Location

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The Coyolxauhqui stone sat at the base of the stairs of the Huēyi Teōcalli, the primary temple of the Mexica in Tenochtitlan, on the side dedicated to Huitzilopochtli.[14] The stone laid in the center of a platform that extended from the foot of the stairway. The temple is dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the Aztec rain deity.[7] Scholars believe that Mexica artists and builders incorporated images of the Coatepec narrative into the Huēyi Teōcalli during a major renovation from the years 4 Reed to 8 Reed (1483–1487) under the rule of Ahuitzotl.[7]

Eduardo Matos Moctezuma first noted that the placement of the monument at the bottom of the Templo Mayor commemorated the history of Huitzilopochtli defeating Coyolxauhqui in the battle on Mount Coatepetel. Matos Moctezuma has argued that the section of the Huēyi Teōcalli dedicated to Huitzilopochtli represents the sacred mountain of Coatepec where Huitzilopochtli was born and Coyolxauhqui died.[14]

The Coyolxauhqui stone was located in what was named Phase IV of the Templo Mayor during its excavation.[15]

Creation

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Original coloration of the stone disk, based on chemical traces of pigments.

The artist of the Coyolxauhqui stone carved this disk in high relief out of a single large stone, 3.25 meters in diameter. Aztec historian Richard Townsend describes it as one of the most powerfully expressive sculptures of Mesoamerican art, using "an assurance of design and a technical virtuosity not previously seen at the pyramids."[10]

The stone was likely created under the rule of Axayacatl (1469–1481).[10]

Imagery

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On the disk, Coyolxauhqui lies on her back, with her head, arms and legs severed from her body. Her head faces upwards, away from her torso and in profile view, with her mouth open. Her dismembered torso lies flat on her back. Her breasts sag downward. Her body is neatly yet dynamically organized within the circular composition. Scallop-shaped carving line the points of decapitation and dismemberment at her neck, shoulders, and hip joints. In this representation, Coyolxauhqui is nearly naked, barring her serpent loincloth.[16] She wears only the ritual attire of bells in her hair, a bell symbol on her cheek, and a feathered headdress.[17] These objects identify her as Coyolxauhqui. She wears a skull tied to a belt of snakes around her waist and an ear tab showing the Mexica year sign. Snake, skull, and earth monster imagery surround her.[12]

Double-headed serpents restraining the joints of Coyolxāuhqui next to reference of Maquizcoatl sculpture.

In the image to the right, which represents the original colors of the stone, Coyolxauhqui's yellow body lies before a red background. Bright blue colors her headdress and various details in the carving. White bones emerge from the scalloped dismembered body parts.

The double-headed serpent, also known as Maquizcoatl were negative omens that could indicate death. Associated with Huitizilopochtli as it was one of his names, creates a tie between the siblings. Coyolxauhqui's joints being restrained by Maquizcoatl is both symbolic in her duty to serve a warning, as well as identifying.[15]

Uses

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The Coyolxauhqui stone would have served as a cautionary sign to the enemies of Tenochtitlan. According to Aztec history, female deities such as Coyolxauhqui were the first Aztec enemies to die in war. In this, Coyolxauhqui came to represent all conquered enemies. Her violent death was a warning for the fate of those who crossed the Mexica people.[16] Richard Townsend notes that the disk represented the defeat of the Aztecs' enemies at large.[18]

Sacrificial victims crossed this stone before walking up the stairs of the temple to the block in front of Huitzilopochtli's shrine.[17]

Role in sacrifice

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Scholars also believe that the decapitation and destruction of Coyolxauhqui is reflected in the pattern of warrior ritual sacrifice, particularly during the feast of Panquetzaliztli (Banner Raising). The feast takes place in the 15th month of the Aztec calendar and is dedicated to Huitzilopochtli.[19] During the ceremony, captives’ hearts were cut out and their bodies were thrown down the temple stairs to the Coyolxauhqui stone. There, they were decapitated and dismembered, just as Coyolxauhqui was by Huitzilopochtli on Coatepec.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cecilio A. Robelo (1905). Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa (in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202. ISBN 970-07-3149-9.
  2. ^ Guilhem Olivier (2015). Cacería, Sacrificio y Poder en Mesoamérica: Tras las Huellas de Mixcóatl, 'Serpiente de Nube' (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica. ISBN 978-607-16-3216-6.
  3. ^ Cecilio A. Robelo (1905). Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa (in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202. ISBN 970-07-3149-9.
  4. ^ a b c d Townsend, Richard F. (2009). The Aztecs (3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-500-28791-0.
  5. ^ "The Legend of Coatlicue & Coyolxauhqui". Inside Mexico. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  6. ^ a b Townsend, Richard F. (2009). The Aztecs (3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-500-28791-0.
  7. ^ a b c León-Portilla, Miguel (October 1983). "The Ethnohistorical Record for the Huey Teocalli of Tenochtitlan". The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks: 79, 81.
  8. ^ a b c d Sahagún, Bernadino (1569). Florentine Codex Book 3.
  9. ^ Durán, Fray Diego (1964). Heyden, Doris; Horcasitas, Fernando (eds.). The Aztecs: The History of the Indies of New Spain. Orion Press. p. 347.
  10. ^ a b c Townsend, Richard F. (2009). The Aztecs (3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-500-28791-0.
  11. ^ Pillsbury, Joanne; Potts, Timothy; Richter, Kim (2017). Golden Kingdoms Luxury Arts in the Ancient Americas. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 264.
  12. ^ a b MATOS MOCTEZUMA, EDUARDO (December 1985). "Archaeology & Symbolism in Aztec Mexico: The Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 53 (4): 797–813. doi:10.1093/jaarel/liii.4.797.
  13. ^ Boone, Elizabeth (1999). "The "Coatlicues" at the Templo Mayor". Ancient Mesoamerica. 10 (2): 189. doi:10.1017/s0956536199102098. S2CID 161679253.
  14. ^ a b c Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (October 1983). "Symbolism of the Templo Mayor". The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks: 192.
  15. ^ a b Aveni, A. (April 1988). "Myth, Environment, and the Orientation of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan". American Antiquity. 53 (2): 287–309. doi:10.2307/281020. JSTOR 281020. S2CID 162323851.
  16. ^ a b Klein, Cecilia (1994). "Fighting with femininity: Gender and war in Aztec Mexico". Estudios de cultura náhuat. 24: 22.
  17. ^ a b Townsend, Richard F. (2009). The Aztecs (3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-500-28791-0.
  18. ^ Townsend, Richard (1992). The Aztecs. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 161. ISBN 0500021139. OCLC 26265803.
  19. ^ Juan, de Tovar (1585). The Tovar Codex.
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Media related to Coyolxauhqui at Wikimedia Commons

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