Jump to content

Communist revolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Marxist revolution)

Part of a series on
Communism
Concepts
Economics
Variants
History
Organisations
People
By region
Symbols
Criticism
Related topics
Communism portal
icon Socialism portal
Part of a series on
Political revolution
French Revolution
By class
By other characteristic
Methods
Examples
icon Politics portal

A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.[1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views.[2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[3][4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.

Theory

[edit]

Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organized proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]

Leninism argues[6][7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[8] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[10][8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[11][12][13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.

Communist revolutions and coups throughout history

[edit]

The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline revolutions have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.

Successful

[edit]

Unsuccessful and ongoing

[edit]

Table of revolutions

[edit]
Start date End date Duration Event(s) State Rebel group Revolutionary base area Deaths Result Notes
18 March 1871 28 May 1871 (72 days)[14] Paris Commune[14][15]  France Paris 7,544 killed overall[16][17] Revolt suppressed[18]
  • Disbanding the Second National Guard
    by the French government
1 October 1915[19] 5 June 1920[20] (4 years, 249 days) Jangal Movement Qajar Iran Jangal revolutionaries[21][22] Gilan province Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic[19] [a]
24 April 1916 29 April 1916 (6 days) Easter Rising  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Irish Republic Irish rebel forces Dublin 485 killed[25][26][27] Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[28] execution of most leaders.[29] [b]
7 November 1917 7 November 1917 (1 day)[30] October Revolution  Russia Bolsheviks
Petrograd Soviet
Left SRs
Red Guards
Anarchists[31] 		Petrograd Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[32] Bolshevik victory
Start of the Russian Civil War[33]
27 January 1918 15 May 1918 (109 days) Finnish Civil War[34]  Finland Finland 38,300 killed[37] Finnish Whites victory
2 August 1918 11 June 1925 (6 years, 314 days) Canadian Labour Revolt  Canada Canada Failure of the revolt
28 October 1918 31 October 1918 (4 days) Aster Revolution  Austria-Hungary Hungarian National Council Hungary Revolutionary victory
29 October 1918 11 August 1919 (287 days) German Revolution of 1918–19[41][42]  German Empire (1918)
 German Republic (1918–1919) 		Communist revolutionaries:

Soviet Republics:

Various regions of Germany 150–196[51]
9 November 1918 14 November 1918 (6 days) Red Week  Netherlands Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[52] No revolution
10 November 1918[53] 14 January 1919 (66 days) Luxembourg communist revolution  Luxembourg Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals French Army victory[53]
28 November 1918 2 February 1920[54] (1 year, 67 days) Estonian War of Independence  Estonia Estonian Worker's Commune[55]
 RSFSR
Red Latvian Riflemen 		3,988+ killed[56][57][58] Treaty of Tartu:[54]
  • Independence of Estonia[54]
  • Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia
29 January 1919[59] 24 May 1923 (4 years, 116 days) Irish soviets[60][61][62]  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1919–1921)
Irish Free State (1921–1923) 		Irish soviets Ireland
  • Soviets shutdown
  • Majority of individuals involved arrested]
 [c]
23 March 1919 1 August 1919 (132 days) Hungarian Soviet Republic[d][42]  Hungarian Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic[63] Hungary 6,670 killed[64]
[e]
27 May 1919 27 May 1919 (1 day) Bender Uprising  Romania Red Guards
 Ukrainian SSR 		Tighina 150[66] Romanian–French victory
2 May 1920 3 May 1920 (2 days) 1920 Georgian coup attempt Georgia (country) Democratic Republic of Georgia Russia Georgian Bolsheviks Georgia Several killed Government Victory[67][68][69]
1 March 1921 11 July 1921 (133 days) Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Outer Mongolia 		Mongolian People's Party[71] Outer Mongolia Mongolian communist victory:[72][73]
2 February 1921 5 April 1921 (63 days) Proština rebellion  Italy Civilians led by Ante Ciliga[74] Istria Unknown Government victory:
  • Civilians arrested
  • Village of Šegotići burned to the ground
 [f]
3 March 1921[76] 8 April 1921[77] (37 days) Labin mining strike and rebellion  Italy Labin Republic Istria 5[78] Government victory:
  • Strike suppressed
  • Miners acquitted of crimes[79]
 [g]
14 September 1923 29 September 1923 (16 days) September Uprising  Bulgaria BCP
BZNS
Anarchists 		841 killed[80] Bulgarian government victory:
23 October 1923[81] 24 October 1923 (2 days) Hamburg Uprising Weimar Republic Communist Party of Germany Hamburg 99 killed[81] Government victory
15 September 1924[82] 18 September 1924[83] (4 days) Tatarbunary Uprising  Romania Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee[84] Tatarbunary 3,000 killed[83] Revolt quelled by the Romanian government
1 December 1924 1 December 1924 (1 day)[85] 1924 Estonian coup attempt  Estonia Communist Party of Estonia[86][87] 151 killed Estonian government victory
1 August 1927[88][89] 1 October 1949[90][91] (22 years, 62 days)  China Chinese Communist Party Communist-controlled China cca. 8 million Communist victory:
[h]
22 January 1932[94] February 1932 (11 days) 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising Republic of El Salvador Communist Party of El Salvador
Pipil rebels 		Western El Salvador: 10,000 – 40,000[95] Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[96] [i]
23 November 1935 27 November 1935 (5 days) Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 Brazil Brazil National Liberation Alliance Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro 150+ killed Government victory
19 July 1936 25 May 1937 (311 days)[98] Spanish Revolution of 1936  Spain CNT-FAI[99][100]

UGT[101]

Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. Suppressed after ten-month period.
22 June 1941[102] 29 November 1945 (4 years, 161 days) Yugoslav People's Liberation War  Yugoslavia Yugoslav Partisans 850,000–1,200,000[103] Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
29 March 1942[106] 2 September 1945 (3 years, 158 days) Hukbalahap Rebellion
(First phase) 		 Japan Hukbalahap[107] Central Luzon Huk victory:
16 September 1942[109] August 1945 (2 years, 320 days) National Liberation Movement[109] Albanian Kingdom National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[110] Albania Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
9 September 1944 9 September 1944 (1 day) 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état  Bulgaria Fatherland Front Fatherland Front victory:
16 August 1945 30 August 1945 (15 days) August Revolution[111] Empire of Vietnam Việt Minh Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam Việt Minh victory:
6 September 1945[114] 25 June 1950 (4 years, 293 days) Korean Revolution[j] Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
[k]
May 1946 17 May 1954[123] (8 years, 17 days) Hukbalahap Rebellion
(Second phase) 		Republic of the Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines[124] Central Luzon Nearly 6,000 killed Philippine government victory:
  • End of the rebellion
  • Capture of Luis Taruc in 1954
  • Beginning of communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s
4 July 1946[125] 25 October 1951[126] (5 years, 114 days) Telangana Rebellion Hyderabad State (1946–1948)

Union of India (1948–1951)[127][128]

Telangana peasants
Andhra Mahasabha
Communist Party of India 		Withdrawal of rebellion:
19 December 1946 1 August 1954 (7 years, 226 days) First Indochina War  French Indochina DR Vietnam

Lao Issara (1945–1949)
Pathet Lao (1949–1954)[131] Khmer Issarak[131]

400,000–842,707 total killed
[133][page needed]
[134][page needed]
[135] 		DR Vietnam-allied victory:[136]
[l]
21 February 1948[137] 25 February 1948[138] (5 days) 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Czechoslovak Republic Appointment of a communist-dominated government[138]
2 April 1948[139] 16 April 1989[140] (41 years, 15 days) Communist insurgency in Burma Shan State 3,000+ killed Burmese government victory[140]
3 April 1948[142][143] 13 May 1949[144] (1 year, 41 days) Jeju uprising[145]
Workers' Party of South Korea Jeju Island 30,000–100,000 killed[146][144][147] Uprising suppressed[144] [m]
16 June 1948 31 July 1960 (12 years, 46 days) Malayan Emergency Malayan Communist Party British Malaya 11,107[150][151] British-allied victory:
18 September 1948[152] 19 December 1948[153] (93 days) Madiun Affair  Indonesia People's Democratic Front:[154] Madiun 1,920+ killed[155][156] Rebellion suppressed
26 July 1953[157][158] 1 January 1959[159][158] (5 years, 160 days) Cuban Revolution[160]  Cuba 26th of July Movement[161]
Student Revolutionary Directorate
Second National Front of Escambray 		3,000[162] 26 July Movement victory:
[n]
1 November 1955 30 April 1975[167] (19 years, 181 days) Vietnam War  South Vietnam Viet Cong Memot District (1966–72)
Lộc Ninh (1972–75) 		1,326,494–3,447,494[168] Communist victory
23 May 1959 2 December 1975 (16 years, 194 days) Laotian Civil War  Laos Lao People's Party

 North Vietnam

Xam Neua 20,000–62,000 killed[169] Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory: [o]
13 November 1960 29 December 1996[170] (36 years, 47 days) Guatemalan Civil War  Guatemala URNG[p] (from 1982) Guatemala Between 140,000–200,000 dead and missing (estimated)
[173][174][175] 		Peace accord signed in 1996
4 February 1961 25 April 1974 (13 years, 81 days) Angolan War of Independence  Portuguese Angola MPLA Province of Angola 12,990+ killed[176][177] Angolan victory:[178][179]
19 July 1961 17 July 1979 (17 years, 364 days) Nicaraguan Revolution  Nicaragua FSLN

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

 Panama (1978–1979)[181][182]

North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 30,000+ killed FSLN military victory in 1979:
[q]
c. December 1962 3 November 1990[184][185] (27 years, 338 days) Communist insurgency in Sarawak  Malaysia North Kalimantan Communist Party[185]
  • North Kalimantan People's Army
 Sarawak 400–500 killed Government victory:
13 August 1963[188] 15 August 1963 (3 days) Trois Glorieuses  Congo Congolese trade unions:[189]Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo[189] Uprising successful:
[r]
27 May 1964[195] Present (60 years, 87 days) Colombian conflict[196][197]  Colombia
Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela 220,000+ killed[221][222][223] Ongoing:
1965 1983 (18 years, 1 day) Communist insurgency in Thailand  Thailand Nakhon Phanom Province 6,762+ killed[227][228] Thai government victory:
18 May 1967 Present (57 years, 96 days)  India Communist Party of India (Maoist) Red corridor Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[230][231] Ongoing [s]
17 June 1968 2 December 1989 (21 years, 169 days)[232][233] Communist insurgency in Malaysia  Malaysia Malayan Communist Party Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[234] 367 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed:
17 January 1968 17 April 1975 (7 years, 91 days) Cambodian Civil War  Cambodia Communist Party of Kampuchea Ratanakiri Province 275,000–310,000 killed Communist victory [t]
29 March 1969 Present[238] (55 years, 146 days) New People's Army rebellion  Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines[239] Samar 43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[240] (63,973+ killed) Ongoing[241] [u]
22 June 1969[243] 22 June 1969 (1 day) Corrective Move  South Yemen Marxist faction of the NLF No deaths[244] Coup successful:[245]
21 October 1969 21 October 1969 (1 day) 1969 Somali coup d'état Somalia Somali Republic Somalia Supreme Revolutionary Council Mogadishu Supreme Revolutionary Council victory:[246]
19 July 1970[247] 1 November 1970 (106 days) Teoponte Guerrilla  Bolivia Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)[247] Teoponte Municipality Bolivian government victory
5 April 1971 June 1971 (62 days) 1971 JVP insurrection Dominion of Ceylon JVP
  • State of Augestan
 Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province Official: 1,200
Estimated: 4,000–5,000[248][249] 		Ceylonese government victory:[250][251]
  • Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
  • Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
  • Expulsion of North Korean diplomats
19 July 1971 22 July 1971 (4 days)[252] 1971 Sudanese coup d'état Democratic Republic of Sudan Revolutionary Council Khartoum Coup attempt fails:
April 1972 October 1974 (2 years, 214 days)[253] Araguaia Guerrilla War Federative Republic of Brazil Communist Party of Brazil[253] Goiás and Tocantins[253] 90+ killed[254] Military dictatorship victory:
  • Successful counter-insurgency operation
  • Guerrillas failed to gain popular support
  • Guerrilla forces exterminated
24 April 1972 Present (52 years, 120 days) Maoist insurgency in Turkey  Turkey Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
  • Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey

MKP-HKO-PHG

Tunceli Province[255] 500+ Maoists killed Ongoing
25 April 1974 25 April 1974 (1 day)[256] Carnation Revolution Estado Novo Armed Forces Movement 5 killed Coup successful:
12 September 1974 12 September 1974 (1 day) 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état  Ethiopia Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army[259] Coup successful:[260]
[v]
7 November 1975[266] 7 November 1975 (1 day) 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état (Bengali: সিপাই-জানাটা বিপ্লব (Sepoy-Janata Biplob))  Bangladesh Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[267]
Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[268] 		Successful coup: [w]
27 April 1978[270] 28 April 1978 (2 days) Saur Revolution  Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2,000[271] PDPA victory:
[x]
13 March 1979[275] 13 March 1979 (1 day)[276][277] New Jewel Movement  Grenada New Jewel Movement[275] Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government[276]
15 October 1979 16 January 1992 (12 years, 94 days) Salvadoran Civil War  El Salvador FMLN 87,795+ killed[278] Chapultepec Peace Accords[279] [y]
17 May 1980[282][283] Present[284] (44 years, 97 days) Internal conflict in Peru  Peru Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path[285]

Militarized Communist Party of Peru[286]

Red Mantaro Base Committee

Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement[287] (1982–1997)

Ayacucho Region 70,000+ killed[288][289][290] Ongoing [z]
25 January 1982 25 January 1982 (1 day) 1982 Amol uprising  Iran Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) Amol County 80–300 killed Iranian government victory
4 August 1983 4 August 1983 (1 day) Upper Voltan coup d'état[291][292]  Upper Volta Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré 13 killed

[aa]

15 April 1987 29 December 1987 (259 days) 1987–1989 JVP insurrection  Sri Lanka Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 60,000–80,000 killed[296][297] Sri Lankan Government victory:
  • Execution of Rohana Wijeweera
  • Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted
  • Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc
13 February 1996 21 November 2006 (10 years, 282 days) Nepalese Civil War  Nepal Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[298] Rapti Zone 17,800 killed overall[299] Comprehensive Peace Accord[300] [ab]
20 June 2021 June 2023 (2 years, 1 day) 2021–2023 Eswatini protests  Eswatini 24+[305][306] Protests suppressed.[307]
August 2021[308][309] Present (3 years, 21 days) Myanmar civil war (2021–present)  Myanmar Myanmar 45,264+ killed[313] Ongoing

See also

[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Communist revolution.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921.[23]
  2. ^ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
  3. ^ The Irish soviets, declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war, which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces.
  4. ^
  5. ^ Led by Béla Kun,[65] defeated after five months.[48]
  6. ^ About 400 participants of the Proština rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison. Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti-fascists on the way, and several people died as a result of the beatings. Gradually, the anti-fascists were released from prison and later, in the context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released.[75]
  7. ^ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
  8. ^ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[90][93]
  9. ^ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
  10. ^ The period from the end of Chōsen, through the socialist People's Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, to the beginning of the Korean War.[115]
  11. ^ As of 1992, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism–Leninism,[121] and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state.[122]
  12. ^ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
  13. ^ The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence; between 14,000 and 30,000 people (10 percent of Jeju's population) were killed (with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100,000) and 40,000 fled to Japan.[148][149]
  14. ^ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[165] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[166]
  15. ^ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
  16. ^ Schmid; Jongman (2005). Political terrorism. Transaction Publishers. p. 564. ISBN 9781412815666. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016. The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government.
  17. ^ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
  18. ^ Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left-wing protests[193] and Massamba-Débat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi, who declared the People's Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers' Party.[194]
  19. ^
  20. ^ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
  21. ^ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[242]
  22. ^ The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one-party Marxist–Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist[263][264] Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war.[265]
  23. ^ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[269]
  24. ^ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[274]
  25. ^ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[280] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[281] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
  26. ^ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
  27. ^ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[293] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[294][295]
  28. ^ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lazar 2011, p. 311.
  2. ^ Štromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Alexander Robert K.; Mahoney, Alexander Daniel J., eds. (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
  3. ^ Calvert, Peter (1990). "Interpretation". Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Open University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0-335-15398-4.
  4. ^ Jessop 1972, pp. 28–29.
  5. ^ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). The Principles of Communism. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive. Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
  6. ^ Lenin, V. I. (1972) [18–23 March 1919]. "Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)". Lenin's Collected Works. Vol. 29 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 141–225. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Cohen, Mitchell (Fall 2017). "What Lenin's Critics Got Right". Dissent Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024.
  8. ^ a b D'Amato, Paul (2014). "Marx, Lenin, and Luxemburg". International Socialist Review. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  9. ^ Cheng, Enfu (2021). "What Is the Scientific Nature and Contemporary Value of Leninism?—A Discussion with Professor David Lane". International Critical Thought. 11 (4): 638–654. doi:10.1080/21598282.2021.2012738. S2CID 245804148.
  10. ^ Várnagy, Tomás (April 19, 2021). "A Central European Revolutionary". Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  11. ^ Mattick, Paul (August 1938). "The Masses & The Vanguard". Living Marxism. Vol. 4, no. 4. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Pannekoek, Anton (1941). "The Party and Class". Modern Socialism. Vol. 2. pp. 7–10. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  13. ^ Chomsky, Noam (March 12, 2013). "Noam Chomsky on Revolutionary Violence, Communism and the American Left". Pax Marxista (Interview). Interviewed by Christopher Helali. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015 – via chomsky.info.
  14. ^ a b Carlisle 2005, pp. 95–96.
  15. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  16. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  17. ^ "annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 [Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875
  18. ^ "Third Party Address [The Paris Commune]". May 1871. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  19. ^ a b Zirinsky 1994, pp. 49–50.
  20. ^ Dailami, Pezhmann (April 10, 2012) [15 December 2008]. "Jangali Movement". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 534–544. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  21. ^ Katouzian, Homa (1981). The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: MacMillan. p. 75.
  22. ^ Amirahmadi, Hooshang (2012). The Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1799 to 1921. London: I.B. Tauris. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-8488-5672-1.
  23. ^ Zirinsky 1994, p. 57.
  24. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. ISBN 978-1566637046.
  25. ^ "1916 Necrology" (PDF). Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2017.
  26. ^ "1916 list". Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
  27. ^ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. Irish Times. 1916. p. 52.
  28. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. pp. 243–246. ISBN 978-1566637046.
  29. ^ Outram, Quentin; Laybourn, Keith, eds. (2018). Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–194. ISBN 978-3-319-62904-9.
  30. ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 96.
  31. ^ "Russian Revolution". History Channel. April 20, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
    "Июльский кризис" [July Crisis]. Nabat (in Russian). No. 1. September 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2023 – via Azarov.net.
  32. ^ "Russian Revolution". history.com. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023.
  33. ^ Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 111–116. ISBN 9780393301953.
  34. ^ Saarela 2015, pp. 41–62; Tepora & Roselius 2014, pp. 5–6; Tikka 2014, pp. 97–98; Hodgson 1967, pp. 58–64, 81–82; Casanova 2000, pp. 515–517
  35. ^ Upton 1981, pp. 447–453; Keränen 192, pp. 136, 149, 152, 159; Vares 1998, pp. 56–79, 199–249; Jussila 2007, pp. 276–29; Vares 2009, pp. 376–394
  36. ^ Hodgson 1967, pp. 74–76.
  37. ^ Paavolainen 1966, Paavolainen 1967, Paavolainen 1971, Upton 1980, pp. 191–200, 453–460, Eerola & Eerola 1998, National Archive of Finland 2004, Roselius 2004, pp. 165–176, Westerlund & Kalleinen 2004, pp. 267–271, Westerlund 2004a, pp. 53–72, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118
  38. ^ Kealey, G. S. (1984). "1919: The Canadian Labor Revolt". Plowing / Le Travail. 13: 11–44. doi:10.2307/25140399. JSTOR 25140399.
  39. ^ Cornelius, Deborah S. (February 25, 2017). Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. Fordham University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780823233434.
  40. ^ Rudnytsky, Peter L.; Bokay, Antal; Giampieri-Deutsch, Patrizia (July 1, 2000). Ferenczi's Turn in Psychoanalysis. NYU Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0814775455.
  41. ^ a b Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 3–4.
  42. ^ a b Le Blanc 2006, pp. 138–139.
  43. ^ Hoffrogge 2014, p. 5.
  44. ^ Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 97–98.
  45. ^ Hoffrogge, Ralf [in German] (2011). "From Unionism to Workers' Councils – The Revolutionary Shop Stewards in Germany 1914–1918". In Ness, Immanuel; Azzellini, Dario (eds.). Ours to Master and to Own: Worker's Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
  46. ^ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
  47. ^ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
  48. ^ a b Pons 2014, pp. 16–17.
  49. ^ Schröder, Ulrich; Kuckuk, Peter (2017). Bremen in der Deutschen Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Räterepublik, Restauration [Bremen in the German Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Soviet Republic, Restoration] (in German). Falkenberg. p. 48. ISBN 978-3954941155.
  50. ^ Pryce, Donald B. (June 1977). "The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene". Central European History. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press: 112–147. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018367. JSTOR 4545794. S2CID 143820323.
  51. ^ Jones, Mark (2016). Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-1-107-11512-5 – via Google Books.
  52. ^ Bouwman, R. (1981). "Troelstra en het succes van zijn mislukte revolutie" [Troelstra and the success of his failed revolution]. Socialisme en Democratie (in Dutch). 38 (7/8). Amsterdam: 23.
  53. ^ a b "Luxembourg's history: Mutiny in the Grand Duchy". RTL. August 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  54. ^ a b c Rauch, Georg von (1974). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940. C. Hurst & Co. p. 73.
  55. ^ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
  56. ^ "Vabadussoja Ajaloo Selts" [Freedom Soy History Society] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on December 12, 2023.
  57. ^ "Kaitsevägi mälestab Vabadussõjas langenuid - Kaitsevägi" [Defense Forces commemorates those who fell in the War of Independence - Defense Forces] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  58. ^ Kaevats, Ülo (1990). Eesti Entsüklopeedia [Estonian Encyclopedia] (in Estonian). Vol. 5. Valgus. p. 396. ISBN 5-89900-009-0.
  59. ^ McNally, F. (2015). "Political asylum – An Irishman's Diary on mental health and the Monaghan Soviet". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  60. ^ Dorney, John (June 6, 2013). "The General Strike and Irish independence". The Irish Story. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  61. ^ Lee, D. (2003), "The Munster Soviets and the Fall of the House of Cleeve" (PDF), Made In Limerick, archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2019, retrieved January 30, 2019
  62. ^ Nielsen, Robert (October 8, 2012). "Irish Soviets 1919-23". Whistling in the Wind. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  63. ^ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4). ISSN 0012-8449.
  64. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. pp. 344–345. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0 – via Google Books.
  65. ^ Völgyes 1970, p. 58.
  66. ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 190.
  67. ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 296, 314.
  68. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 225–226.
  69. ^ Pipes, Richard (1954). The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Harvard University Press. p. 227.
  70. ^ "Georgian Independence". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  71. ^ Kungurov, G.; Sorokovikov, I. (1957). Aratskaya revolyutsiya Аратская революция [Herdsmen's revolution] (in Russian). Irkutsk: Irkutskoe Kniznoe Izd. p. 84.
  72. ^ Ewing, Thomas E. (July 1980). "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal". Slavonic and East European Review. 58 (3). London: 399–421 [419]. JSTOR 4208079.
  73. ^ Nasanbaljir, Ts. (1960). Revolyutsionnye meropriyatiya narodogo pravitel'stva Mongolii v. 1921–1924 gg [Revolutionary measures of the Mongolian people's government, 1921–1924] (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 22–23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  74. ^ "Proštinska buna" [Proština rebellion]. Istrapedia (in Croatian). July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023.</}}
  75. ^ "Ugušena Proštinska buna - prvi antifašistički otpor u Istri" [Suppressed Proština rebellion - the first anti-fascist resistance in Istria]. Antifašistički vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on September 30, 2023.
  76. ^ Celeghini, Riccardo (March 23, 2016). "BALKANS: "The mine is ours!" History of the Republic of Labin". eastjournal.net. East Journal. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  77. ^ Stallaerts, Robert (2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7363-6.
  78. ^ Osmanagić, Danijel (August 3, 2021). "100 let Labinske republike" [100 years of the Republic of Labin]. Zgodovina na dlani (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  79. ^ "Labinska republika" [Labin Republic]. Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  80. ^ Muzeĭ na revolyutsionnoto dvizhenie v Bŭlgariya: Zvezdi vŭv vekovete Музей на революционното движение в България: Звезди във вековете [Museum of the Revolutionary Movement in Bulgaria: Stars in the Ages] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Communist Party. 1972.
  81. ^ a b Lemmons, Russel (2013). Hitler's Rival: Ernst Thälmann in Myth and Memory. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8131-4090-2.
  82. ^ Rotari 2004, p. 241.
  83. ^ a b Rotari 2004, p. 238.
  84. ^ Frunză, Victor (1990). Istoria stalinismului în România [The history of Stalinism in Romania] (in Romanian). București: Humanitas. p. 70. ISBN 9732801778.
  85. ^ Leonard, Raymond W. (1999). Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918-1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-313-30990-8.
  86. ^ Lepp, Jaan. "Kommentaar: 1. detsembri aasta" [Comment: December 1 year]. Eesti Elu (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  87. ^ Salo, Vello (December 4, 2008). "Vello Salo: aprillitame Jüriöö?" [Vello Salo: April Fool's Day?]. Postimees (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  88. ^ a b Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295. ISBN 9781598844153. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  89. ^ Benton 2015, pp. 3–4.
  90. ^ a b c Yang, Benjamin; Saich, Tony (2016). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56324-154-3.
  91. ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 97.
  92. ^ Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941. University of California Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-520-21992-2.
  93. ^ Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). "Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?". In Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael (eds.). The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  94. ^ Ching, Erik (October 1998). "In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador" (PDF). The Americas. 55 (2). Greenville, South Carolina: Furman University: 204–239 [205–206]. doi:10.2307/1008053. JSTOR 1008053. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  95. ^ Tulchin, Joseph S. & Bland, Gary, eds. (1992). Is There a Transition to Democracy in El Salvador?. L. Rienner Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 9781555873103. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  96. ^ Lindo Fuentes, Héctor; Ching, Erik & Lara Martínez, Rafael A. (2007). Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 37, 62. ISBN 9780826336040.
  97. ^ "A revolta comunista de 1935" [The communist revolt of 1935] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  98. ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, pp. viii–xi, 24, 118.
  99. ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism Theory and Practice. Oakland, Edinburgh: AK Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 1-902593-928.
  100. ^ Dolgoff, Sam (1974). The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-919618-20-6.
  101. ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, p. 24.
  102. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. New York: Indiana University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-253-34656-8. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  103. ^ Geiger 2011, pp. 699–749; A'Barrow 2016; Žerjavić 1993; Mestrovic 2013, p. 129
  104. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. pp. 451–452. ISBN 0804708576.
  105. ^ Abromeit, John; Norman, York; Marotta, Gary; Chesterton, Bridget Maria (November 19, 2015). Transformations of Populism in Europe and the Americas: History and Recent Tendencies. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-4742-2522-9.
  106. ^ Lachica, Eduardo (1971). The Huks: Philippine Agrarian Society in Revolt. New York: Praeger Publishing.[page needed]
  107. ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Case Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-7425-1867-4.[page needed]
  108. ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict J. (2002). The Huk Rebellion A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 113. ISBN 9781461644286.
  109. ^ a b Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at war, 1939-1945 (illustrated ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
  110. ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2023). "Socialist Mavericks: Yugoslavia and Albania, 1943–1991". East Central Europe and Communism: Politics, Culture, and Society, 1943–1991. Routledge. pp. 231–314 [285–288]. ISBN 9781032318202.
  111. ^ Huynh, Kim Khanh (August 1971). "Vietnamese August Revolution Reinterpreted". Journal of Asian Studies. 30 (4): 761–782. doi:10.2307/2052986. JSTOR 2052986. S2CID 154323872.
  112. ^ Spector, Ronald H. (2007). In the ruins of empire: the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia. New York. p. 108. ISBN 978-0375509155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  113. ^ "Thực chất chính phủ Trần Trọng Kim và "lòng yêu nước" của ông thủ tướng" [The essence of Tran Trong Kim's government and the "patriotism" of the prime minister]. Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (in Vietnamese). No. 446. April 29, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018., Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh số 446, 29/4/2017
  114. ^ Kim 2016, pp. 43–45.
  115. ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1–12.
  116. ^ a b Kim 2016, pp. 107–112.
  117. ^ Suh, Dae-Sook (1986). "North Korea in 1985: A New Era after Forty Years". Asian Survey. 26 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2307/2644095. JSTOR 2644095.
  118. ^ Lanko, Andrei N. (2001). "The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945–1960)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 3 (1). MIT Press: 103–125. doi:10.1162/15203970151032164. JSTOR 26925101. S2CID 57570755.
  119. ^ "1940's (1945–1949)". NK Chosun. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
  120. ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1, 69–70.
  121. ^ Worden, Robert L., ed. (2009). North Korea – A Country Study (PDF) (Fifth ed.). Library of Congress Country Studies. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2023.
  122. ^ Herskovitz, Jon; Kim, Christine (September 28, 2009). "North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leaders"". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  123. ^ Goodwin, Jeff (2001). Lange, Peter; Bates, Robert H. (eds.). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Ellen Comisso, Helen Milner, Joel Migdal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511812125. ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5.
  124. ^ Saulo, Alfredo (1969). Communism in the Philippines: An Introduction. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press.
  125. ^ Sundarayya, P. (1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting". Social Scientist. 1 (7): 3–19 [8–13]. doi:10.2307/3516269. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3516269.
  126. ^ Ram 1973, pp. 1029–1030.
  127. ^ Roosa, John (2001). "Passive revolution meets peasant revolution: Indian nationalism and the Telangana revolt". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 28 (4). Taylor & Francis: 57–94 [79–80]. doi:10.1080/03066150108438783. ISSN 0306-6150. S2CID 144106512. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  128. ^ Guha, Ranajit (1976). "Indian democracy: Long dead, now buried". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis: 39–53 [41]. doi:10.1080/00472337685390051. ISSN 0047-2336. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  129. ^ Mantena, Rama Sundari (2014). "The Andhra Movement, Hyderabad State, and the Historical Origins of the Telangana Demand: Public Life and Political Aspirations in India, 1900–56". India Review. 13 (4). Taylor & Francis: 337–357 [350–355]. doi:10.1080/14736489.2014.964629. ISSN 1473-6489. S2CID 154482789.
  130. ^ Ram 1973, p. 1030.
  131. ^ a b Dalloz, Jacques (1987). La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954 [The Indochina War 1945–1954] (in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. 129–130, 206.
  132. ^ Kiernan, Ben (1985). How Pol Pot Came to Power. London: Verso Books. p. 80.
  133. ^ Lomperis, T. (1996). From People's War to People's Rule.
  134. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (1995). Vietnam in Military Statistics.
  135. ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: a History. Penguin Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-14-026547-3.
  136. ^ Lee Lanning 2008, p. 119; Crozier 2005, p. 47; Fall 1994, p. 63; Logevall 2012, pp. 596–599
  137. ^ Grogin, Robert C. (2001). Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991. Lexington Books. p. 134. ISBN 0-7391-0160-9.
  138. ^ a b Naegele, Jolyon (February 23, 1998). "Czech Republic: Fiftieth Anniversary of Communist Coup Observed". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023.
  139. ^ Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). "The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. 67. University of Leeds: 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008.
  140. ^ a b Tha, Kyaw Pho (October 3, 2013). "The Demise of a Once Powerful Communist Party—Now in Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  141. ^ Fleischmann, Klaus (1989). Die Kommunistische Partei Birmas – Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart [The Communist Party of Burma – From the Beginnings to the Present] (in German). Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde. p. 405.
  142. ^ Merrill 1980, p. 166.
  143. ^ Johnson 2001, p. 99.
  144. ^ a b c Johnson 2001, pp. 99–101.
  145. ^ "Moon vows continued push for honor of Jeju April 3 incident victims". Yonhap. April 3, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via The Korea Herald.
  146. ^ Merrill 1980, p. 189.
  147. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2010). The Korean War A History. Modern Library. pp. 124–125.
  148. ^ Deane, Hugh (1999). The Korean War 1945–1953. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals Inc. pp. 54–58. ISBN 978-0141912240.
  149. ^ Takayama, Hideko (June 19, 2000). "Ghosts of Cheju". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
  150. ^ "Royal Malaysian Police (Malaysia)". Crwflags.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  151. ^ Smith, Harry (August 1, 2015). Long Tan: The Start of a Lifelong Battle. Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-1-922132-32-1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via Google Books.
  152. ^ Kahin, George (1970). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. p. 298. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.
  153. ^ Pinardi (1966). Peristiwa Coup Berdarah P.K.I. September 1948 di Madiun [P.K.I.'s Bloody Coup Event September 1948 in Madiun] (in Indonesian). Inkopak-Hazera. p. 153.
  154. ^ Sugiyama, Akiko (October 2011). "Remembering and forgetting Indonesia's Madiun Affair: personal narratives, political transitions, and historiography, 1948–2008". Indonesia. 92 (92): 19–42 [20]. doi:10.5728/indonesia.92.0019. JSTOR 10.5728/indonesia.92.0019.
  155. ^ "84 Korban Pemberontakan PKI 1948 di Madiun dan Magetan" [84 Victims of the 1948 PKI Rebellion in Madiun and Magetan]. detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023.
  156. ^ Tadjoeddin, Z. (May 7, 2014). Explaining Collective Violence in Contemporary Indonesia: From Conflict to Cooperation. Springer. ISBN 9781137270641.
  157. ^ Faria, Miguel A. Jr. (July 27, 2004). "Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement". Newsmax Media. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  158. ^ a b Veltmeyer, Henry; Rushton, Mark (2012). "Human Development in Practice: Reform(ing Capitalism)". The Cuban Revolution as Socialist Human Development. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Brill. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-04-21043-1.
  159. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee (1997). Che Guevara: a revolutionary life. New York: Grove Press. pp. 376–405. ISBN 0802116000.
  160. ^ Chomsky, Aviva (2015) [2011]. A History of the Cuban Revolution (Second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-118-94228-4.
  161. ^ Kapcia, Antoni (2020). A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15–19. ISBN 978-1786736475.
  162. ^ Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014. CQ Press. p. 98.
  163. ^ Brown, Jonathan (2017). "The bandido counterrevolution in Cuba, 1959–1965". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.71412.
  164. ^ Warner, Michael (1999). The CIA's internal probe of the Bay of Pigs affair (PDF). [Forgotten History]. OCLC 176629005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2023.
  165. ^ Beaubien, Jason (January 1, 2009). "Cuba Marks 50 Years Since 'Triumphant Revolution'". NPR. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  166. ^ Cavendish, Richard (March 2002). "General Batista Returns to Power in Cuba". History Today. Vol. 52, no. 3. London: History Today Ltd. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  167. ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
  168. ^ Rummel, R. J. "Table 6.1B: Vietnam Democide Estimates, Sources, and Calculations" (GIF). University of Hawaiʻi. Lines 777–785. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  169. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. See Table 3.
  170. ^ "Promise and Reality – Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords". University of Texas. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  171. ^ a b Amnesty International Annual Report 1975–1976. London, UK: Amnesty International. 1976.
  172. ^ Concerned Guatemala Scholars (1982). Guatemala, Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win. Concerned Guatemala Scholars. p. 40. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  173. ^ Briggs, Billy (February 2, 2007). "Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's civil war". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  174. ^ BBC (November 9, 2011). "Timeline: Guatemala". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 20, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  175. ^ CDI (January 1, 1998). "The World at War". The Defense Monitor.
  176. ^ "Portugal Angola - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". photius.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024.
  177. ^ "Portugal Angola War 1961–1975". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  178. ^ James, W. Martin III (May 4, 2020). A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974-1990. Routledge. p. 76. doi:10.4324/9781315083292. ISBN 978-1315083292. S2CID 241850086.
  179. ^ Papp, Daniel S. "Angola, National Liberation, and the Soviet Union" (PDF). Parameters. VIII (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2024.
  180. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2020). The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 60. ISBN 9781440860768.
  181. ^ Brown, Jonathan C. (2022). "Omar Torrijos and the Sandinista Revolution". The Latin Americanist. 66: 25–45. doi:10.1353/tla.2022.0003. S2CID 247623108.
  182. ^ Sánchez Nateras, Gerardo (2018). "The Sandinista Revolution and the Limits of the Cold War in Latin America: The Dilemma of Nonintervention During the Nicaraguan Crisis, 1977–78" (PDF). Cold War History. 18 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1080/14682745.2017.1369046. S2CID 218576606. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2023.
  183. ^ "Daniel Ortega", Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.), 1993
  184. ^ a b c Chan, Francis; Wong, Phyllis (September 16, 2011). "Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  185. ^ a b Kheng 2009, p. 149.
  186. ^ Pilo, Wilfred (November 3, 2013). "The day the insurgency ended". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  187. ^ Pilo, Wilfred (August 5, 2014). "Former enemies meet as friends 40 years later". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  188. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, p. 72.
  189. ^ a b Le Vine, Victor T. (2004). Politics in Francophone Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-58826-249-3.
  190. ^ Decalo, Samuel; Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1996). The Historical Dictionary of Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. 8.
  191. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, pp. 85–86.
  192. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, pp. 105–106.
  193. ^ M'Paka, Albert (2005). Démocratie et administration au Congo-Brazzaville [Democracy and administration in Congo-Brazzaville] (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 181–182.
  194. ^ "ORDONNANCE N° 40–69 du 31 décembre 1969, portant promulgation de la constitution de la République Populaire du Congo" [ORDER N° 40–69 of December 31, 1969, promulgating the constitution of the People's Republic of Congo] (PDF) (in French). December 31, 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  195. ^ "Timeline: Colombia's war with the FARC". November 13, 2012.
  196. ^ Villar, Oliver; Cottle, Drew (2013). "One-Hundred Years of Solitude or Solidarity? Colombia's Forgotten Revolution". Contracorriente: Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America. 10 (2): 167–201.
  197. ^ "Guerra y Droga en Colombia" [War and Drugs in Colombia] (in Spanish). Crisisgroup.org. January 27, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  198. ^ "Cómo es la guerrilla colombiana del ELN autora del atentado con carro bomba que dejó 21 muertos en Bogotá" [How is the Colombian ELN guerrilla responsible for the car bomb attack that left 21 dead in Bogotá]. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024.
  199. ^ "Council Decision of 21 December 2005" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  200. ^ "Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police". Reuters. October 18, 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  201. ^ "La disidencia de las FARC llega ya a los 700 combatientes" [The FARC dissidence now reaches 700 combatants] (in Spanish). November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  202. ^ "EPL / Los Pelusos – Profile". March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  203. ^ "Colombia Arrest of EPL Middleman Shows Booming Venezuela Arms Market". April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  204. ^ "Las 10 razones por las que el EPL es un problema que se le creció al Gobierno" [The 10 reasons why the EPL is a problem that has grown for the Government] (in Spanish). lasillavacia.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  205. ^ Glass, Rowan (January 19, 2024). "Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific (FARIP)". The Modern Insurgent. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  206. ^ Franks, Jeff; Murphy, Helen (September 6, 2020). "Colombia's FARC rebels to ask government for ceasefire". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  207. ^ El Tiempo: Catorce guerrilleros del Erp en el Tolima entregaron las armas para reintegrarse a la vida civil eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007.
  208. ^ El Tiempo: Guerrilla del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Erp) quedó desintegrada, dijo Ministo de Defensa eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007.
  209. ^ Palacios, Marco (2007). Between Legitimacy and Violence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  210. ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile by START (2010)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  211. ^ CM (November 18, 2012). "Negociación y desmovilización con grupos armados (M-19, Epl, Prt, Maql y Crs)" [Negotiation and demobilization with armed groups (M-19, Epl, Prt, Maql and Crs)]. VerdadAbierta.com (in Spanish). Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  212. ^ "biografia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla" [Gustavo Rojas Pinilla biography] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  213. ^ Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). "Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965". Small Wars and Insurgencies. 6 (3): 304–327. doi:10.1080/09592319508423115.
  214. ^ The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_chunk_g97814051846491235
  215. ^ Cynthia Arnson, Comparative peace processes in Latin America, Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 200.
  216. ^ Cuaderno de análisis N° 01/13: Desarme, Desmovilización Y Reintegración, DDR: Una Introducción Para Colombia [Analysis notebook No. 01/13: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, DDR: An Introduction for Colombia] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Geoestratégicos y Asuntos Políticos. June 2013. p. 23. ISBN 978-958-97518-9-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016.
  217. ^ "GUEVARISTA REVOLUTIONARY ARMY (ERG)". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  218. ^ "Acuerdo entre el Gobierno y el Ejercito Revolucionario Guevarista (ERG) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  219. ^ Historia Del Movimiento Insurgente En Colombia
  220. ^ "Saludo del Presidente Uribe a los Desmovilizados. - Armada Nacional de Colombia". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  221. ^ "Report says 220,000 died in Colombia conflict". Al Jazeera. July 25, 2013. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  222. ^ "Informe ¡Basta Ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad: Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia" [Report Enough is Enough! Colombia: memories of war and dignity: Statistics of the armed conflict in Colombia] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  223. ^ "Military Personnel, 2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  224. ^ Sison, Jose Maria (May 19, 2007). "Notes on People's War in Southeast Asia". National Democratic Front of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007.
  225. ^ a b "Communist Insurgency In Thailand". CIA Report. July 1966. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  226. ^ a b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  227. ^ Prizzia 1985, pp. 19–20, 24; Damrongviteetham 2013, p. 101; Koplowitz 1967
  228. ^ "The Communist Insurgency In Thailand". Marine Corps Gazette. March 1973. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  229. ^ Bunbongkarn, Suchit (2004). "The Military and Democracy in Thailand". In May, R. J.; Selochan, Viberto (eds.). The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 1920942017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  230. ^ "Fatalities in Left-wing Extremism: 1999–2016* (MHA)". Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  231. ^ "Armed Conflicts Report – India-Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Project Ploughshares. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  232. ^ Navaratnam, A. (2001). The Spear and the Kerambit: The Exploits of VAT 69, Malaysia's Elite Fighting Force, 1968–1989. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributions. pp. 7–8, 189–90. ISBN 967-61-1196-1.
  233. ^ Peng, Chin (2003). My Side of History. Singapore: Media Masters. p. 465. ISBN 981-04-8693-6.
  234. ^ National Intelligence Estimate 54–1–76: The Outlook for Malaysia (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. April 1, 1976. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023.
  235. ^ Navaratnam 2001, pp. 189–190.
  236. ^ Peng 2003, pp. 189–199.
  237. ^ Kheng 2009, pp. 132–152.
  238. ^ "Armed Conflicts: Philippines-CPP/NPA (1969–2017)". Project Ploughshares. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  239. ^ Robles, Alan (September 16, 2019). "Philippines' communist rebellion is Asia's longest-running insurgency". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  240. ^ Holden, William Norman (November 12, 2013). "The Never Ending War in the Wounded Land: The New People's Army on Samar". Journal of Geography and Geology. 5 (4). doi:10.5539/jgg.v5n4p29. hdl:1880/50191. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  241. ^ "Mapping Militants Profile: Communist Party of the Philippines – New People's Army". cisac.fsi.stanford.edu. Stanford University, Stanford, California: Stanford University Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies – Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  242. ^ Sison, Jose Maria (2013). "Basic Rules of the New People's Army". Foundation for resuming the Philippine revolution: selected writings, 1968 to 1972. International Network for Philippine Studies. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-62847-920-1.
  243. ^ Halliday 1990, p. xiv.
  244. ^ a b Halliday 1990, p. 23.
  245. ^ Burrowes, R. D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Scarecrow Press. p. 390. ISBN 9780810855281. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  246. ^ Dickovick, J. Tyler (August 14, 2014). Africa 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-1-4758-1238-1.
  247. ^ a b "A 40 años de la guerrilla de Teoponte" [40 Years After the Teoponte Guerrilla] (in Spanish). Los Tiempos. July 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  248. ^ Hettiarachchi, Kumudini; Sadanandan, Renuka (April 8, 2001). "Crushing the revolt". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  249. ^ Kearney, Robert N. (1975). "Educational Expansion and Political Volatility in Sri Lanka: The 1971 Insurrection". Asian Survey. 15 (9): 727–744. doi:10.2307/2643170. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643170.
  250. ^ "Revolution in retrospect". The Sunday Times. April 1, 2001. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  251. ^ Somasundaram, Jayantha (April 6, 2021). "The JVP's Military Battle for Power (The April 1971 Revolt – II)". The Island. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  252. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0253332028.
  253. ^ a b c Teles, Janaína de Almeida (September 2017). "The Araguaia Guerrilla War (1972–1974): Armed Resistance to the Brazilian Dictatorship". Latin American Perspectives. 44 (5): 30–52. doi:10.1177/0094582X17719035. S2CID 220062817.
  254. ^ Araguaia guerrilla movement case (Report). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. March 6, 2001. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  255. ^ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years we Fought Alone'. Contemporary Security Studies. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0415350020.
  256. ^ "1974: Rebels seize control of Portugal". On This Day, 25 April. BBC. April 25, 1974. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  257. ^ Rezola, Maria Inácia (2024). The Portuguese Revolution of 1974-1975: An Unexpected Path to Democracy. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-83553-657-5.
  258. ^ Ali, Tariq (2010). "Preface". In Gowan, Peter (ed.). A Calculus of Power. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-620-0.
  259. ^ Likke, Senay (September 16, 2022). The Ethiopian Revolution: Tasks, Achievements, Problems and Prospects (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2021 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  260. ^ Yagya, V. S. (1990). "Ethiopia and its Neighbors: An Evolution of Relations, 1974-1989". Northeast African Studies. 12 (2/3): 107–116. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 43660317.
  261. ^ "Ethiopia's Military Government Abolishes Monarchy and Titles". The New York Times. March 22, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  262. ^ Gebeyehu, Temesgen (2010). "The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participant in Events". History in Africa. 37: 321–327. doi:10.1353/hia.2010.0035. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 40864628. S2CID 144500147.
  263. ^ "Warum Ahmed ein guter Preisträger ist – trotz seiner Fehler" [Why Ahmed is a good winner - despite his mistakes]. ZDF (in German). Archived from the original on February 27, 2021.
  264. ^ "Kommentar: Äthiopiens Reformregierung und die Kräfte des ethnischen Nationalismus" [Commentary: Ethiopia's reform government and the forces of ethnic nationalism]. Deutsche Welle (in German). Archived from the original on May 24, 2021.
  265. ^ Henze, Paul (1992). The Defeat of the Derg and the Establishment of New Governments in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Santa Monaco: Rand Report No. P-7766.
  266. ^ "When Gen Zia betrayed Col Taher". The Daily Observer. January 27, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  267. ^ Lifschultz, Lawrence (1979). Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution. United Kingdom: Zed Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN 9780905762074.
  268. ^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5. OCLC 16583315.
  269. ^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5. OCLC 16583315.
  270. ^ a b Lansford, Tom, ed. (February 16, 2017). "Saur Revolution". Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. pp. 410–411. ISBN 978-1598847598.
  271. ^ Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New York: HarperCollins. p. 88. ISBN 0-06-050507-9 – via Google Books. There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian.
  272. ^ "1978: Afghan coup rebels claim victory". BBC News. April 29, 1978. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023.
  273. ^ Collins, Joseph J. (2011). "The Saur "Revolution" and the Soviet-Afghan War, 1978–1989". Understanding War in Afghanistan. National Defense University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1839310430.
  274. ^ "Afghanistan's Saur Revolution of 1978, and the U.S.-backed counterrevolution". Rebel Yell!. Spring 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  275. ^ a b Grenade, W. C. (2015). "Introduction". The Grenada Revolution: Reflections and Lessons. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-1-62846-152-7.
  276. ^ a b Haile, Shenhat (2022). "The Grenada Revolution: Investigating the Ambitions and Shortcomings of a Radical Caribbean Political Experiment". Caribbean Quilt. 6 (2): 92. doi:10.33137/cq.v6i2.36634.
  277. ^ Shearman, Peter (1985). "The Soviet Union and Grenada under the New Jewel Movement". International Affairs. 61 (4): 662. doi:10.2307/2617710. JSTOR 2617710.
  278. ^ Seligson, Mitchell A.; McElhinny, Vincent. Low Intensity Warfare, High Intensity Death: The Demographic Impact of the Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua (PDF). University of Pittsburgh.
  279. ^ Pugh, Jeffrey (January 2009). "The Structure of Negotiation: Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution". Negotiation Journal. 25 (1): 83–105. doi:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00209.x.
  280. ^ Wood, Elisabeth Jean (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4, 14–15. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511808685. ISBN 0521010500.
  281. ^ "Enemies of War - Justice Denied". PBS. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on February 25, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  282. ^ "Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru". The Washington Post. July 15, 1999. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  283. ^ Starn, Orin (April 30, 2019). The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393292817.
  284. ^ "Americas | Profile: Peru's Shining Path". BBC News. November 5, 2004. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  285. ^ Streissguth, Thomas (1993). "Abimael Guzman and the Shining Path" (PDF). International Terrorists. pp. 140–146. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  286. ^ "Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem" [Shining Path suffers desertions due to military and police strategy in Vraem]. gob.pe (in Spanish). Gobierno del Perú. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  287. ^ "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA. March 28, 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  288. ^ "Final Report". Press Release. Truth and reconciliation commission. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024.
  289. ^ "Gráfico: ¿qué fue la CVR y qué dijo su informe final?" [Graphic: what was the TRC and what did its final report say?]. RPP (in Spanish). August 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023.
  290. ^ Rendon, Silvio (January 1, 2019). "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Research & Politics. 6 (1): 2053168018820375. doi:10.1177/2053168018820375. ISSN 2053-1680.
  291. ^ Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. iii. ISBN 9780810867703.
  292. ^ Kandeh, J. (2004). Coups from Below: Armed Subalterns and State Power in West Africa. Springer. p. 124. ISBN 9781403978776.
  293. ^ "Facts about Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso". thomassankara.net. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020.
  294. ^ Brooke, James (October 26, 1987). "A Friendship Dies in a Bloody Coup". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  295. ^ Mason, Katrina; Knight, James (2011). Burkina Faso (2nd ed.). The Globe Pequot Press Inc. p. 31. ISBN 9781841623528.
  296. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, Volume 997. U.S. Government printing office. 1988. p. 1698.
  297. ^ "JVP Insurgency". Sri Lanka – State of Conflict and Violence (PDF). Asia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2023.
  298. ^ Lawoti, Mahendra; Pahari, Anup K., eds. (2010). The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the twenty-first century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77717-9.
  299. ^ "17,800 people died during conflict period, says Ministry of Peace – Nepal". ReliefWeb. June 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  300. ^ "Comprehensive Peace Accord Signed between Nepal Government And the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)" (PDF). United Nations. November 22, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2023.
  301. ^ "Communist Party of Swaziland calling for 'nationwide mass uprising against the regime'". Morning Star. June 22, 2021. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  302. ^ a b "Tinkhundla Government is Useless : MP Timothy tells, Residents, EFF, SWADEPA". June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  303. ^ "Eswatini opposition parties, civil society meet in SA to plot strategy against King Mswati". Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  304. ^ "Eswatini: Further unrest is possible nationwide at least through November". Crisis24. November 14, 2022. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  305. ^ Hill, Matthew (July 3, 2021). "Southern Africa Bloc to Send Team to Eswatini to Discuss Unrest". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  306. ^ "S.Africa, UK urge restraint after deadly unrest in Eswatini". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  307. ^ Eligon, John; Silva, Joao (February 17, 2024). "The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  308. ^ "Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government". Workers Today. November 7, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021.
  309. ^ Bociaga, Robert (November 24, 2021). "Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  310. ^ "Interview: 'Our Strength is in the People'". Radio Free Asia. May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  311. ^ "Sagaing and Magway PDFs launch guerrilla attacks on military columns". Myanmar Now. October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  312. ^ "Yangon PDF Central Command announces attacks after Kyimyindine crackdown". BNI. December 7, 2021. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  313. ^ "ACLED Dashboard". ACLED. April 22, 2022. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_revolution&oldid=1241561039"