List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in chemistry.[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[2]
Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. Currently, the nominations for the years 1901 to 1970 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in eight years (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1927, 1938, 1943, 1944).
From 1901 to 1970, there have been 641 scientists nominated for the prize, 79 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 18 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1970 and Frederick Sanger was awarded second time on 1980. Of only 15 women nominees, three were awarded. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Skłodowska Curie. She was nominated on 1911 by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and French mathematician Gaston Darboux and eventually won the prize on the same year. She is the only woman to win twice the Nobel Prize: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).[3] Besides 27 and 13 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Physics (including one woman more) correspondingly (including years after 1970). Only one company has been nominated, the Geigy SA for the year 1947.
Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy chemists, physicists and engineers, there have still been other scientists who were overlooked for the prize in chemistry such as Per Teodor Cleve, Jannik Petersen Bjerrum, Ellen Swallow Richards, Alice Ball, Vladimir Palladin, Sergey Reformatsky, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Alexey Favorsky, Rosalind Franklin and Joseph Edward Mayer.
In addition, nominations of 21 scientists and four corporations more were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.
Nominees by their first nomination
[edit]1901–1909
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | |||||
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | August 30, 1852 Rotterdam, Netherlands |
March 1, 1911 Berlin, Germany |
1901 | Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[a][4] | |
Emil Fischer | October 9, 1852 Euskirchen, Germany |
July 15, 1919 Berlin, Germany |
1901, 1902, 1903,[b] 1905,[b] 1916, 1919 |
Won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[c][5], later nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[d][6] | |
Svante Arrhenius | February 19, 1859 Uppsala, Sweden |
October 2, 1927 Stockholm, Sweden |
1901, 1902, 1903 | Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[e] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too[7] | |
Henri Moissan | September 28, 1852 Paris, France |
February 20, 1907 Paris, France |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907[b] | Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[f][8] | |
Zdenko Hans Skraup | March 3, 1850 Prague, Czech Republic |
September 10, 1910 Vienna, Austria |
1901 | Nominated the only time by Eduard Lippmann (1838–1919) from Wien Technische Hochschule.[9] | |
Marcellin Berthelot | October 25, 1827 Paris, France |
March 18, 1907 Paris, France |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907 | [10] | |
William Jackson Pope | March 31, 1870 London, England |
October 17, 1939 Cambridge, England |
1901, 1907, 1915[b], 1916[b], 1927, 1932[b] | [11] | |
1902 | |||||
William Ramsay | October 2, 1852 Glasgow, Scotland |
July 23, 1916 High Wycombe, England |
1902, 1903, 1904 | Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[g] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[12] | |
Adolf von Baeyer | October 31, 1835 Berlin, Germany |
August 20, 1917 Starnberg, Germany |
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 | Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[h][13] | |
Theodore William Richards | January 31, 1868 Germantown, Philadelphia, United States |
April 2, 1928 Cambridge,_Massachusetts, United States |
1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916[b] | Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915[i][14] | |
Oliver Wolcott Gibbs | February 21, 1822 New York City, United States |
December 9, 1908 Portsmouth, Rhode Island, United States |
1902 | Nominated the only time by Ch.Edw.Munroe.[15] | |
Rudolf Knietsch | December 13, 1854 Opole, Poland |
May 28, 1906 Ludwigshafen, Germany |
1902 | Nominated the only time by P.Klason.[16] | |
Johannes Wislicenus | June 24, 1835 Querfurt, Germany |
December 5, 1902 Leipzig, Germany |
1902 | Nominated the only time by Zd.H.Skraup.[17] Died before the only chance to be rewarded. | |
Edward Williams Morley | January 29, 1838 Newark, New Jersey, United States |
February 24, 1923 West Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
1902, 1908, 1909,[b] 1910 | [18] | |
Armand Gautier | September 23, 1837 Narbonne, France |
July 27, 1920 Cannes, France |
1902, 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1916 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[j][19][20] | |
1903 | |||||
Harmon Northrop Morse | October 15, 1848 Cambridge, Vermont, United States |
September 8, 1920 Chebeague Island, Maine, United States |
1903, 1910 | Nominated by Harry Clary Jones (1865–1916) from Johns Hopkins University only.[21] | |
1904 | |||||
Wilhelm Ostwald | September 2, 1853 Riga, Latvia |
April 4, 1932 Grimma, Germany |
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910[b] | Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[k].[22] | |
1905 | |||||
Eduard Buchner | May 20, 1860 Munich, Germany |
August 13, 1917 Focșani, Romania |
1905, 1907 | Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[l] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[m][23] | |
Dmitri Mendeleev | February 8, 1834 Tobolsk, Russia |
February 2, 1907 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
1905, 1906, 1907 | [24] | |
Giacomo Ciamician | August 27, 1857 Trieste, Italy |
January 2, 1922 Bologna, Italy |
1905, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1921 | [25] | |
Henry Louis Le Chatelier | October 8, 1850 Paris, France |
September 17, 1936 Miribel-les-Échelles, France |
1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1916,[b] 1918,[b] 1919,[b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935[b] | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[26] | |
1906 | |||||
Walther Nernst | June 25, 1864 Gmina Wąbrzeźno, Poland |
November 18, 1941 Niwica, Poland |
1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918,[b] 1919,[b]1920, 1921, 1922[b] | Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[n] in 1921 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[27] | |
Victor Grignard | May 6, 1871 Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France |
December 13, 1935 Lyon, France |
1906, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1928 |
[o][28] Shared the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [p][29] | |
1907 | |||||
Paul Sabatier | November 5, 1854 Carcassonne, France |
August 14, 1914 Toulouse, France |
1907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1928, 1929 | ||
Ernest Rutherford | August 30, 1871 Brightwater, New Zealand |
October 19, 1937 Cambridge, England |
1907, 1908, 1923[b] |
Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[q] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[30] | |
Otto Wallach | March 27, 1847 Königsberg, Prussia |
February 26, 1931 Göttingen, Germany |
1907, 1908, 1910 | Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[r].[31] | |
Alfred Werner | December 12, 1866 Mulhouse, France |
November 15, 1919 Zürich, Switzerland |
1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1913 | Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[s].[32] | |
Stanislao Cannizzaro | July 13, 1826 Palermo, Italy |
May 10, 1910 Rome, Italy |
1907 | [33] | |
Sophus Mads Jørgensen | July 4, 1837 Slagelse, Denmark |
April 1, 1914 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1907 | [34] | |
Fredrik Adolf Kjellin | April 24, 1872 Södertälje, Sweden |
December 30, 1910 Stockholm, Sweden |
1907 | Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson.[35] | |
William Crookes | June 17, 1832 London, England |
April 4, 1919 London, England |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1918[b] | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[36] | |
Samuel Eyde | October 29, 1866 Arendal, Norway |
June 21, 1940 Åsgårdstrand, Norway |
1907, 1909, 1913 | Nominated jointly with Kr.Birkeland only.[37] | |
Kristian Birkeland | December 13, 1867 Oslo, Norway |
June 15, 1917 Kanagawa, Japan |
1907, 1909, 1912, 1913 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[38] | |
Heinrich Caro | February 13, 1834 Poznań, Poland |
September 11, 1910 Dresden, Germany |
1907, 1910 | Nominated jointly with Ad.Frank only.[39] | |
Adolph Frank | January 20, 1834 Klötze, Germany |
May 30, 1916 Berlin, Germany |
1907, 1909,[b] 1910, 1916 | [40] | |
Theodor Curtius | May 27, 1857 Duisburg, Germany |
February 8, 1928 Heidelberg, Germany |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912,[b] 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 | [41] | |
Albin Haller | March 7, 1849 Fellering, France |
April 29, 1925 Paris, France |
1907, 1911,[b] 1912, 1913,[b] 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1916, 1918,[b] 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 | [42] | |
1908 | |||||
Richard Willstätter | August 13, 1872 Karlsruhe, Germany |
August 3, 1942 Muralto, Switzerland |
1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916[b] | Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[t].[43] | |
Frederick Soddy | September 2, 1877 Eastbourne, England |
September 22, 1956 Brighton, England |
1908, 1918, 1919, 1922 | Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[u] in 1922 and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[44] | |
Albrecht Kossel | September 16, 1853 Rostock, Germany |
July 5, 1927 Heidelberg, Germany |
1908 | Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[45] | |
Gustaf de Laval | May 9, 1845 Orsa, Sweden |
February 2, 1913 Stockholm, Sweden |
1908 | Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[46] | |
Georg Lunge | September 15, 1839 Wrocław, Poland |
January 3, 1923 Zürich, Switzerland |
1908, 1909[b] | [47] | |
Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch | March 7, 1857 Dresden, Germany |
March 14, 1935 Dresden, Germany |
1908, 1918,[b] 1923,[b] 1927 | [48] | |
1909 | |||||
Edmund Oscar von Lippmann | January 9, 1857 Vienna, Austria |
September 24, 1940 Halle (Saale), Germany |
1909 | Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[49] | |
Ernst Schulze (chemist)[b] | July 31, 1840 Bovenden, German Confederation |
June 15, 1912 Zürich, Switzerland |
1909 | Nominated the only time by Ernst Winterstein | |
Hans Heinrich Landolt | December 5, 1831 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 15, 1910 Berlin, Germany |
1909, 1910 | [50] | |
Otto Schönherr | December 1, 1861 Chemnitz, Germany |
December 25, 1926 Dresden, Germany |
1909, 1910,[b] 1912 | [51] | |
Karl Engler | January 5, 1842 Weisweil, Germany |
February 7, 1925 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1909, 1910, 1911, 1916 | [52] | |
Jean-Baptiste Senderens | January 27, 1856 Barbachen, France |
September 26, 1937 Barbachen, France |
1909, 1928, 1929 | Nominated jointly with P.Sabatier only.[53] | |
Gabriel Bertrand | May 17, 1867 Paris, France |
June 10, 1962 Paris, France |
1909, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1957 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[v][54][55] |
1910–1919
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1910 | |||||
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | September 21, 1853 Groningen, Netherlands |
February 21, 1926 Leiden, Netherlands |
1910, 1911 | Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics.[56] | |
James Dewar | September 20, 1842 Kincardine, Scotland |
March 27, 1923 London, England |
1903,[b] 1908,[b] 1910, 1911 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[57] | |
Carl Theodore Liebermann | February 23, 1842 Berlin, Germany |
December 28, 1914 Berlin, Germany |
1910 | Nominated jointly with Otto Wallach the only time by B.Tollens.[58] | |
Pierre-Émile Martin | August 18, 1824 Bourges, France |
May 21, 1915 Fourchambault, France |
1910 | [59] | |
Walther Spring | March 6, 1848 Liège, Belgium |
July 17, 1911 Liège, Belgium |
1910 | Nominated the only time by Jean Léonard Krutwig (1857–1932) from University of Liège.[60] | |
1911 | |||||
Marie Curie | November 7, 1867 Warsaw, Poland |
July 4, 1934 Sancellemoz, France |
1911 | First woman nominated and first woman to win the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[w] and Laureate of 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics too[61] | |
Paul Ehrlich | March 14, 1854 Strzelin, Poland |
August 20, 1915 Bad Homburg, Germany |
1911 | Shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Il.Il.Metchnikoff,[62] later nominated for "Work on chemotherapy."[63] | |
Sahachiro Hata | March 23, 1873 Masuda, Japan |
November 22, 1938 Tokyo, Japan |
Nominated jointly with P.Ehrlich the only time by Em.Th.Kocher and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[x][63][64] First Asian nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. | ||
William Henry Perkin Jr. | June 17, 1860 Wembley, England |
September 17, 1929 Oxford, England |
1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922,[b] 1925, 1929 | [65] | |
Angelo Angeli | August 20, 1864 Tarcento, Italy |
May 31, 1931 Florence, Italy |
1911, 1913, 1917, 1918,[b] 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1931 | [66] | |
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann | June 9, 1861 Kingisepp, Russia |
December 17, 1938 Göttingen, Germany |
1911, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934,[b] 1935, 1936, 1937 | [67] | |
1912 | |||||
Fritz Haber | December 9, 1868 Wrocław, Poland |
January 29, 1934 Basel, Switzerland |
1911,[b] 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917,[b] 1918, 1919, 1920[b] | Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[y] in 1919.[68] | |
Hilaire de Chardonnet | May 1, 1839 Besançon, France |
March 11, 1924 Paris, France |
1912 | Nominated the only time by H.Ost.[69] | |
William Gilbert Mixter[b] | 1846 Dixon, Illinois, United States |
1936 |
1912 | Self-nomination only | |
Floris Osmond[b] | March 10, 1849 Paris, France |
June 18, 1912 Saint-Leu-Taverny, France |
1912, 1913 | Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only | |
Philippe Barbier | March 2, 1848 Luzy, France |
September 18, 1922 Bandol, France |
1912, 1920, 1922 | [70] | |
Georges Urbain | April 12, 1872 Paris, France |
November 5, 1938 Paris, France |
1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918,[b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939 | [71] | |
1913 | |||||
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | April 1, 1865 Vienna, Austria |
September 23, 1929 Göttingen, Germany |
1913, 1915, 1919,[b] 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926 | Won the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[z] in 1926.[72] | |
William Küster | September 23, 1863 Leipzig, Germany |
March 5, 1929 Stuttgart, Germany |
1913 | [73] Jointly nominated only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[aa][74] [75] | |
Leon Marchlewski | December 15, 1869 Wloclawek, Poland |
January 16, 1946 Kraków, Poland | |||
Karol Olszewski | January 29, 1846 Broniszów, Poland |
March 24, 1915 Kraków, Poland |
1913 | Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[76] | |
Theodor Zincke | May 19, 1843 Uelzen, Germany |
March 17, 1928 Marburg, Germany |
1913 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[77] | |
William Francis Hillebrand[b] | December 12, 1853 Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii |
February 7, 1925 United States |
1913, 1914 | Nominated by W.C.Böttger only | |
Carl Harries | August 5, 1866 Luckenwalde, Germany |
November 3, 1923 Berlin, Germany |
1913, 1914, 1915, 1917 | [78] | |
Albert Recoura | January 20, 1862 Grenoble, France |
December 21, 1945 Grenoble, France |
1913, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1924 | Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only.[79] | |
1914 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Otto Hahn | March 8, 1879 Frankfurt, Germany |
July 28, 1968 Göttingen, Germany |
1914, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ab] in 1945 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[80] | |
Ernst Schmidt | July 13, 1845 Halle, Germany |
July 5, 1921 Marburg, Germany |
1914 | Nominated the only time by J.Gadamer.[81] | |
Alexander Tschirch | October 17, 1856 Guben, Germany |
December 2, 1939 Bern, Switzerland |
1914, 1917, 1928 | [82] | |
Paul Walden | July 26, 1863 Rozula, Latvia |
January 22, 1957 Gammertingen, Germany |
1913,[b] 1914, 1918,[b] 1920, 1922,[b] 1927, 1928,[b] 1934, 1947, 1948, 1954 | [83] | |
1915 | |||||
William Henry Bragg | July 2, 1862 Wigton, England |
March 12, 1942 London, England |
1915 | Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics.[84] | |
Henry Moseley | November 23, 1887 Weymouth, England |
August 10, 1915 Gallipoli, Turkey |
1915 | Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[85][86] Moseley has been killed before the only chance to be rewarded. | |
Charles Galton Darwin | December 18, 1887 Cambridge, England |
December 31, 1962 Cambridge, England | |||
Édouard Branly | November 23, 1844 Amiens, France |
March 24, 1940 Paris, France |
1915 | Nominated the only time by H.L.Le Chatelier. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[87] | |
Eugen Herzfeld | February 23, 1865 Košice, Slovakia | October 1, 1944 Lugano, Switzerland [88] |
1915 | Nominated the only time by Em.Baur.[89] | |
Emanuele Paternò | December 12, 1847 Palermo, Italy |
January 17, 1925 Palermo, Italy |
1915 | Nominated the only time by Alb.Peratoner.[90] | |
Emil Abderhalden | March 9, 1877 Oberuzwil, Switzerland |
August 5, 1950 Zürich, Switzerland |
1915, 1918, 1923[b] | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ac][91][92] | |
Jean Baptiste Perrin | September 30, 1870 Lille, France |
April 17, 1942 New York City, United States |
1915, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 | Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics.[93] | |
1916 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Theodor Svedberg | August 30, 1883 Valbo, Sweden |
February 25, 1971 Kopparberg, Sweden |
1910,[b] 1911,[b] 1915,[b] 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926 | Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ad] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[94] | |
Carl Bosch | August 27, 1874 Cologne, Germany |
April 26, 1940 Heidelberg, Germany |
1915,[b] 1916, 1920, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931 | Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Fr.Bergius[ae].[95] | |
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke | March 19, 1847 Boston, United States |
May 23, 1931 Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States |
1916 | Nominated the only time by Hiram Colver McNeil (1866–1937) from George Washington University.[96] | |
Felix Ehrlich | June 1, 1877 Bad Gandersheim, Germany |
January 23, 1942 Oborniki Śląskie, Poland |
1916 | Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[97] | |
Émile Bourquelot | June 21, 1851 Jandun, France |
January 26, 1921 Paris, France |
1916, 1921[b] | [98] | |
Josef Maria Eder | March 16, 1855 Krems an der Donau, Austria |
October 18, 1944 Kitzbuhel, Austria |
1915,[b] 1916, 1921 | [99] | |
1917 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Fritz Pregl | September 3, 1869 Ljubljana, Slovenia |
December 13, 1930 Graz, Austria |
1917, 1922, 1923 | Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[af] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[100] | |
Knut Jacob Beskow | January 13, 1876 Stockholm, Sweden |
January 28, 1928 Stockholm, Sweden |
1917 | [101] Jointly nominated the only time by P.Klason [102] | |
Arthur Ramén | October 12, 1873 Uppsala, Sweden |
September 30, 1926 Stockholm, Sweden | |||
Karl Andreas Hofmann[b] | April 2, 1870 Ansbach, Kingdom of Bavaria |
October 15, 1940 Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany |
1917 | Nominated the only time by Fr.Dolezalek | |
Arthur Michael[b] | August 7, 1853 Buffalo, New York, United States |
February 8, 1942 Orlando, Florida, United States |
1917, 1922 | Nominated by Th.W.Richards only | |
Karl Oskar Widman[b] | January 2, 1852 Uppsala, Sweden |
August 26, 1930 |
1917, 1924 | Nominated by A.Angeli only | |
Philippe-Auguste Guye | June 12, 1862 Geneva, Switzerland |
March 27, 1922 Geneva, Switzerland |
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 | [103] | |
Amé Pictet | July 12, 1857 Geneva, Switzerland |
March 11, 1937 Geneva, Switzerland |
1917, 1920, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 | [104] | |
1918 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Hartog Jacob Hamburger | March 9, 1859 Alkmaar, Netherlands |
January 4, 1924 Groningen, Netherlands |
1918 | Nominated the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ag][105][106] | |
Mikhail Tsvet | May 14, 1872 Asti, Italy |
June 26, 1919 Voronezh, Russia |
1918 | Nominated the only time by Cornelis van Wisselingh (1859–1925) from University of Groningen.[107] | |
Arthur Louis Day | October 30, 1869 Brookfield, Massachusetts, United States |
March 2, 1960 Washington, D.C., United States |
1918[b] | Nominated the only time by Fr.M.Jaeger | |
Robert Andrews Millikan | March 22, 1868 Morrison, Illinois, United States |
December 19, 1953 San Marino, California, United States |
Nominated jointly by James Bayard Clark (1869-?) the only time | ||
Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin | October 4, 1858 (or October 9, 1854) Idvor, now Serbia |
March 12, 1935 New York, United States | |||
Wilhelm Schlenk | March 22, 1879 Munich, Germany |
April 29, 1943 Tübingen, Germany |
1918, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1929 | [108] | |
1919 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Martinus Beijerinck | March 16, 1851 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
January 1, 1931 Gorssel, Netherlands |
1917,[b] 1918,[b] 1919, 1920 | Nominated by S.Orla-Jensen only.[109] | |
Edward Curtis Franklin | March 1, 1862 Geary County, Kansas, United States |
February 13, 1937 Stanford University, United States |
1919, 1921 | Nominated by D.St.Jordan only.[110] |
1920–1929
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1920 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Niels Bohr | October 7, 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark |
November 18, 1962 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1920, 1929 | Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics.[111] | |
Otto Philipp Fischer | November 28, 1852 Euskirchen, Germany |
April 4, 1932 Erlangen, Germany |
1920 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[112] | |
Domingo Emilio Noelting | June 8, 1851 Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic |
August 6, 1922 Merano, Italy |
1920 | Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński.[113] | |
Arthur Amos Noyes | September 13, 1866 Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States |
June 3, 1936 Pasadena, California, United States |
1920, 1927[b] | [114] | |
Ossian Aschan | May 16, 1860 Helsinki, Finland |
February 25, 1939 Helsinki, Finland |
1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931, 1936 | [115] | |
1921 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Friedrich Fichter | July 6, 1869 Basel, Switzerland |
June 6, 1952 Basel, Switzerland |
1921[b] | Nominated the only time jointly with W.H.Nernst by J.Fr.C.Schall | |
Ludwig Knorr | December 2, 1859 Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria |
June 4, 1921 Jena, Germany |
Nominated by B.L.P.Rassow the only time | ||
Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft | 1867 Berlin, North German Confederation |
Nominated by Sv.A.Arrhenius the only time | |||
Charles Moureu | April 19, 1863 Mourenx, France |
June 13, 1929 Biarritz, France |
1921, 1929 | [116] | |
Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen | January 9, 1868 Havrebjerg, Denmark |
February 12, 1939 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ah][105][117] | |
Herbert Freundlich | January 28, 1880 Charlottenburg, Germany |
March 30, 1941 Minneapolis, United States |
1921, 1928, 1936 | [118] | |
Moses Gomberg | February 8, 1866 Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine |
February 12, 1947 Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States |
1915,[b] 1916,[b] 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1938, 1940 | [119] | |
Sergei Winogradsky | September 1, 1856 Kyiv, Ukraine |
February 25, 1953 Brie-Comte-Robert, France |
1921, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ai][120][121] | |
1922 | |||||
Francis William Aston | September 1, 1877 Birmingham, England |
November 20, 1945 Cambridge, England |
1922, 1923[b] | Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aj] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[122] | |
Arnold Frederick Holleman | August 28, 1859 Oisterwijk, Netherlands |
August 11, 1953 Bloemendaal, Netherlands |
1922 | Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[123] | |
Carl Auer von Welsbach | September 1, 1858 Vienna, Austria |
August 4, 1929 Mölbling, Austria |
1918,[b] 1921,[b] 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929 | [124] | |
Nikodem Caro | May 23, 1871 Łódź, Poland |
June 27, 1935 Zürich, Switzerland |
1922, 1932, 1933 | [125] | |
Gilbert Newton Lewis | October 23, 1875 Weymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
March 23, 1946 Berkeley, California, United States |
1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946 | [126] | |
1923 | |||||
Ladislav Pračka | March 27, 1877 Dolní Jelení, Austria-Hungary |
December 9, 1922 |
1923[b] | Nominated the only time jointly with Ph.A.Guye and P.Walden by Albert Colson (4.3.1853 Varangéville - 12.4.1933 Paris) | |
Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft | October 30, 1920 |
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too by Sv.Aug.Arrhenius only | |||
Henry Siedentopf | September 22, 1872 Bremen, Germany |
May 8, 1940 Jena, Germany |
1921,[b] 1923, 1924 | Nominated jointly with R.Ad.Zsigmondy by W.Ostwald only.[127] | |
Frederick Belding Power | March 4, 1853 New York, United States |
March 26, 1927 Washington, D.C., United States |
1923, 1925 | [128] | |
1924 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Heinrich Otto Wieland | June 4, 1877 Pforzheim, Germany |
August 5, 1947 Starnberg, Germany |
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1933, 1934 |
Won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ak] in 1928 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[129] | |
Hans von Euler-Chelpin | February 15, 1873 Augsburg, Germany |
November 6, 1964 Stockholm, Sweden |
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929 | Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with A.Harden[al][130] | |
George de Hevesy | August 1, 1885 Budapest, Hungary |
July 5, 1966 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944 | Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[am] in 1944 and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too.[131] | |
Friedrich Emich | September 5, 1860 Graz, Austria |
January 22, 1940 Graz, Austria |
1924, 1925 | Nominated jointly with W.Schlenk by Fr.Pregl only.[132] | |
Dirk Coster | October 5, 1889 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
February 12, 1950 Groningen, Netherlands |
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933 | Nominated jointly with G.de Hevesy only.[133] | |
Lise Meitner | November 7, 1878 Vienna, Austria |
October 27, 1968 Cambridge, England |
1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[134] | |
1925 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
André-Louis Debierne | July 14, 1874 Paris, France |
August 31, 1949 Paris, France |
1925 | Nominated the only time by Albin Haller.[135] | |
Johannes Georg Gadamer | April 1, 1867 Waldenburg, Silesia, North German Confederation |
April 15, 1928 Marburg, Germany |
1925[b] | Nominated the only time jointly with H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin, Th.Svedberg, H.O.Wieland, Ad.O.R.Windaus, R.Ad.Zsigmondy, M.Ern.A.Bodenstein, W.H.Perkin, Jr., W.J.Schlenk and G.H.J.Ap.Tammann by Fr.A.Kötz | |
Emil Otto Paul Bruno Ramann | April 30, 1851 Gut Dorotheenthal, German Confederation |
January 19, 1926 Munich, Germany |
Nominated the only time by Edw.Blanck | ||
John Jacob Abel | May 19, 1857 Cleveland, United States |
May 26, 1938 Baltimore, United States |
1925, 1926, 1927, 1930[b] | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[an][136][137] | |
1926 | |||||
Adolf Windaus | December 25, 1876 Berlin, Germany |
June 9, 1959 Göttingen, Germany |
1925,[b] 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929[b] | Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ao] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[138] | |
Fritz Foerster | February 22, 1866 Zielona Gora, Poland |
September 14, 1931 Dresden, Germany |
1926 | Nominated jointly with H.O.Wieland the only time by L.H.Plate.[139] | |
Piero Ginori Conti | June 3, 1865 Florence, Italy |
December 3, 1939 Florence, Italy |
1926 | Nominated the only time by P.Sabatier.[140] | |
Giuseppe Oddo | June 9, 1865 Caltavuturo, Italy |
November 5, 1954 Palermo, Italy |
1921,[b] 1926, 1935[b] | Nominated by himself or by his brother B.Oddo only.[141] | |
Casimir Funk | February 23, 1884 Warsaw, Poland |
November 19, 1967 New York City, United States |
1926, 1946 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ap][142][143] | |
Paul Pascal | July 4, 1880 Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, France |
January 26, 1968 Caen, France |
1926, 1927, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1960 | [144] | |
1927 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Irving Langmuir | January 31, 1881 Brooklyn, United States |
August 16, 1957 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States |
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932 | Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aq] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[145] | |
Peter Debye | March 24, 1884 Maastricht, Netherlands |
November 2, 1966 New York City, United States |
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 | Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ar] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[146] | |
Frederick Gowland Hopkins | June 20, 1861 Eastbourne, England |
May 16, 1947 Cambridge, England |
1927 | Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[147] | |
Herbert Baker | June 9, 1862 Owletts, England |
February 4, 1946 Cobham, Kent, England |
1927 | [148] Nominated jointly the only time by C.Drucker [149] | |
Ernst Cohen | March 7, 1869 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 6, 1944 Oswiecim, Poland | |||
Olof Hammarsten | August 21, 1841 Norrköping, Sweden |
September 21, 1932 Uppsala, Sweden |
1911,[b] 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1927 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[as][150][151] | |
Julius Bredt | March 29, 1855 Berlin, Germany |
September 21, 1937 Aachen, Germany |
1924,[b] 1927 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[152] | |
Kurt Gustav Peters | August 17, 1897 Vienna, Austria |
May 23, 1978 Vienna, Austria |
1927 | Nominated jointly with Fr.Paneth the only time by M.J.L.Le Blanc.[153] | |
Friedrich Paneth | August 31, 1887 Vienna, Austria |
September 17, 1958 Mainz, Germany |
1927, 1932, 1935, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | [154] | |
Niels Bjerrum | March 11, 1879 Copenhagen, Denmark |
September 30, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1927, 1931, 1956 | [155] | |
1928 | |||||
Robert Robinson | September 13, 1886 Derbyshire, England |
February 8, 1975 Great Missenden, England |
1928, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947 | Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[at].[156] | |
Samuel Colville Lind | June 15, 1879 McMinnville, Tennessee, United States |
February 12, 1965 Clinch River near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States |
1928 | Nominated the only time by Colin Garfield Fink (1881–1953) - the President and the Secretary of the Electrochemical Society.[157] | |
Kazimierz Fajans | May 27, 1887 Warsaw, Poland |
May 18, 1975 Michigan, United States |
1924,[b] 1928, 1934 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[158] | |
Bruno Tacke | August 26, 1861 Wissen, Germany |
October 28, 1942 Hagen, Germany |
1928, 1936 | Nominated by P.Ehrenberg only.[159] | |
Hans Fischer | July 27, 1881 Frankfurt, Germany |
March 31, 1945 Munich, Germany |
1928, 1929, 1930 | Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[au] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[160] | |
1929 | |||||
Alfred Fabian Hess | October 9, 1875 New York City, United States |
December 5, 1933 The Bronx, United States |
1929 | Nominated jointly with H.Fischer the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[av][161][162][163] | |
Arthur Harden | October 12, 1865 Manchester, England |
June 17, 1940 Wooburn Green, England |
1929 | Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.von Euler-Chelpin[al][164] | |
Friedrich Bergius | October 11, 1884 Wrocław, Poland |
March 30, 1949 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1929, 1931 | Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with C.Bosch[ae].[165] | |
Walter Norman Haworth | March 19, 1883 White Coppice, England |
March 19, 1950 Barnt Green, England |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aw] with P.Karrer.[166] | |
Otto Heinrich Warburg | October 8, 1883 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
August 1, 1970 Berlin, Germany |
1929, 1931, 1960 |
Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[167] | |
George Barger | April 4, 1878 Manchester, England |
January 6, 1939 Aeschi, Switzerland |
1929 | [168] Nominated jointly the only time and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ax][169] [170] | |
Charles Harington | August 1, 1897 Llanerfyl, Wales |
February 4, 1972 London, England | |||
Kurt Bennewitz | January 2, 1886 Magdeburg, Germany |
November 28, 1964 Bonn, Germany |
1929 | Nominated the only time by J.Billiter.[171] | |
Johannes van Laar | July 10, 1860 The Hague, Netherlands |
December 9, 1938 Clarens, Switzerland |
1929 | Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[172] | |
Alfred Stock | July 16, 1876 Gdańsk, Poland |
August 12, 1946 Aken (Elbe), Germany |
1929 | Nominated the only time by Alfons Franz Klemenc (1885–1960) from TU Wien.[173] | |
Heinrich Hubert Maria Josef Houben[b] | October 27, 1875 Waldfeucht, German Empire |
June 28, 1940 Tübingen, Germany |
1929 | Self-nomination the only time | |
Carl Neuberg | July 29, 1877 Hanover, Germany |
May 30, 1956 New York City, United States |
1921,[b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ay][174][175] | |
Frédéric Swarts | September 2, 1866 Ixelles, Belgium |
September 6, 1940 Ghent, Belgium |
1926,[b] 1929, 1932, 1933, 1935 | [176] | |
Max Bodenstein | July 15, 1871 Magdeburg, Germany |
September 3, 1942 Berlin, Germany |
1925,[b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [177] | |
Otto Ruff | December 12, 1871 Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
September 17, 1939 Wrocław, Poland |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [178] | |
Victor Goldschmidt | January 27, 1888 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 20, 1947 Oslo, Norway |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940 | [179] | |
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted | February 22, 1879 Varde, Denmark |
December 17, 1947 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1929, 1933, 1948, 1949 | [180] | |
Charles Dufraisse | August 20, 1885 Excideuil, France |
August 5, 1969 Excideuil, France |
1929, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958 | [181] |
1930–1939
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1930 | |||||
Percy Williams Bridgman | April 21, 1882 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
August 20, 1961 Randolph, New Hampshire, United States |
1930 | Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics.[182] | |
Carl F. Schmidt | July 29, 1893 Lebanon, Pennsylvania, United States |
April 4, 1988 Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States |
1930 | [183] | |
Werner Karl Heisenberg[b] | December 5, 1901 Würzburg, German Empire |
February 1, 1976 Munich, Germany |
1930, 1931 | Nominated jointly with Arn.Th.Eucken and K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only by J.B.Perrin[184] | |
Arnold Thomas Eucken | July 3, 1884 Jena, Germany |
June 16, 1950 Seebruck, Germany |
1930, 1931[b], 1934 | Nominated jointly with K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only.[185] | |
Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer | January 13, 1899 Wrocław, Poland |
May 15, 1957 Göttingen, Germany |
1930, 1931[b], 1934, 1937, 1952 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[186] | |
1931 | |||||
Leopold Ružička | September 13, 1887 Vukovar, Croatia |
September 26, 1976 Mammern, Switzerland |
1931, 1933[b], 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 | Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[az] with Ad.Fr.J.Butenandt.[187] | |
Hermann Staudinger | March 23, 1881 Worms, Germany |
September 8, 1965 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1941, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ba][188] | |
Werner Schulemann | May 4, 1888 Nysa, Poland |
June 20, 1975 Bonn, Germany |
1931 | Nominated the only time by H.K.G.Schmidt and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bb][189][190] | |
Karl von Auwers | September 16, 1863 Gotha, Germany |
May 3, 1939 Marburg, Germany |
1931 | [191] | |
Nicola Parravano[b] | July 21, 1883 Fontana Liri, Kingdom of Italy |
August 10, 1938 Fiuggi, Kingdom of Italy |
1931 | ||
Frederick George Donnan | September 6, 1870 Colombo, Sri Lanka |
December 16, 1956 Canterbury, England |
1931, 1933 | [192] | |
Peter Klason | April 4, 1848 Falkenberg, Sweden |
January 1, 1937 Stockholm, Sweden |
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935 | [193] | |
James Irvine | May 9, 1877 Glasgow, Scotland |
June 12, 1952 Edinburgh, Scotland |
1931, 1935, 1936 | Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth only.[194] | |
Werner Kuhn | February 6, 1899 Maur, Switzerland |
August 27, 1963 Basel, Switzerland |
1931, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | [195] | |
1932 | |||||
Paul Karrer | April 21, 1889 Moscow, Russia |
June 18, 1971 Zürich, Switzerland |
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bc] with Walter Norman Haworth.[196] | |
Richard Kuhn | December 3, 1900 Vienna, Austria |
August 1, 1967 Heidelberg, Germany |
1932, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 | Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bd] in 1939.[197] | |
Otto Diels | January 23, 1876 Hamburg, Germany |
March 7, 1954 Kiel, Germany |
1931,[b] 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 | Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Alder[be][198] | |
Gustav Embden | November 10, 1874 Hamburg, Germany |
July 25, 1933 Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany |
1932 | Nominated jointly with C.Neuberg the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bf][199][200] | |
Walter Noddack | August 17, 1893 Berlin, Germany |
December 7, 1960 Berlin, Germany |
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937 | [201] | |
1933 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Ida Tacke Noddack | February 25, 1896 Rhine Province, Germany |
September 24, 1978 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany |
1933, 1935, 1937 | Nominated jointly with W.Noddack only.[202] | |
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | January 15, 1895 Helsinki, Finland |
November 11, 1973 Helsinki, Finland |
1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 | Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bg][203] | |
Ernst Späth | May 14, 1886 Moravský Beroun, Czechia |
September 30, 1946 Zürich, Switzerland |
1933 | Nominated jointly with P.Karrer the only time by K.Brass.[204] | |
Emil Votoček | October 5, 1872 Hostinné, Czechia |
October 11, 1950 Prague, Czechia |
1933 | [205] | |
1934 | |||||
Adolf Butenandt | March 24, 1903 Bremerhaven, Germany |
January 18, 1995 Munich, Germany |
1934, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939 | Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bh] with L.Ružička and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[206] | |
Jaroslav Heyrovský | December 20, 1890 Prague, Czechia |
March 27, 1967 Prague, Czechia |
1934, 1938, 1940, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 | Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bi] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too.[207] | |
Harold Clayton Urey | April 29, 1893 Walkerton, Indiana, United States |
January 5, 1981 La Jolla, California, United States |
1934 | Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bj] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[208] | |
Edward Wight Washburn | May 10, 1881 Beatrice, Nebraska, United States |
February 6, 1934 Washington, D.C., United States |
1934 | Nominated jointly with H.Cl.Urey the only time by Th.Svedberg.[209] Died before the only chance to be rewarded. | |
Discoverers of Heavy Water[b] | 1934 | Nominated by W.Dilthey the only time | |||
Louis Camille Maillard | February 4, 1878 Pont-à-Mousson, France |
May 12, 1936 Paris, France |
1934 | Nominated the only time by R.Maire.[210] | |
Fritz Micheel | July 3, 1900 Strasburg, Germany |
June 8, 1982 Münster, Germany |
1934[b] | Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth, P.Karrer and Edm.L.Hirst by W.Dilthey the only time | |
David Reichinstein | June 9, 1882 Mogilev, Russian Empire |
November 4, 1955 Zürich, Switzerland | |||
Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi | September 16, 1893 Budapest, Austria-Hungary |
October 22, 1986 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States | |||
Fritz Kögl | September 19, 1897 Munich, Germany |
June 6, 1959 Utrecht, Netherlands |
1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bk][211][212] | |
Erik Karl Mauritz Hägglund | June 15, 1887 Timrå, Sweden |
March 13, 1959 Stockholm, Sweden |
1934, 1956 | [213] | |
1935 | |||||
Frédéric Joliot | March 19, 1900 Paris, France |
August 14, 1958 Paris, France |
1935, 1936[b] | [214] Shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bl] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too [215] | |
Irène Joliot-Curie | September 12, 1897 Paris, France |
March 17, 1956 Paris, France | |||
Enrico Fermi | September 9, 1901 Rome, Italy |
November 28, 1954 Chicago, United States |
1935, 1936, 1937 | Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics.[216] | |
George Oliver Curme Jr. | December 24, 1888 Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States |
July 28, 1976 Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, United States |
1935 | Nominated jointly with Ph.Levene the only time by M.T.Bogert.[217] | |
Phoebus Levene | February 25, 1869 Žagarė, Lithuania |
September 6, 1940 New York City, United States |
1935 | Nominated jointly with G.Ol.Curme Jr. the only time by M.T.Bogert and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bm][218][219] | |
Colin Garfield Fink[220] | December 31, 1881 Hoboken, New Jersey, United States |
September 17, 1953 Red Bank, New Jersey, United States |
1935 | Nominated the only time by Harold Hibbert (1877–1945) from McGill University.[221] | |
Max Bergmann | February 12, 1886 Fürth, Germany |
November 7, 1944 New York City, United States |
1935, 1940 | Nominated by K.Landsteiner only.[222] | |
1936 | |||||
William Giauque | May 12, 1895 Niagara Falls, Canada |
March 28, 1982 Berkeley, California, United States |
1936, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1949 | Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bn] and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[223] | |
Kurt Alder | July 10, 1902 Chorzow, Poland |
June 20, 1958 Cologne, Germany |
1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 | Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with O.Diels[be].[224] | |
Umetaro Suzuki | April 7, 1874 Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan |
September 20, 1943 Tokyo, Japan |
1927[b], 1936 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bo][225][226] | |
William Arthur Bone | March 19, 1871 Stockton-on-Tees, England |
June 11, 1938 London, England |
1936 | Nominated the only time by James Charles Philip (1873–1941) from Imperial College London.[227] | |
Jacob Heslinga | August 24, 1896 Pingjum, Netherlands |
1966 | 1936 | [228] Nominated jointly[229] the only time by J.J.Blanksma [230] | |
Henri ter Meulen | November 30, 1871 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
June 24, 1942 The Hague, Netherlands | |||
Otto Hönigschmid | March 13, 1878 Horovice, Czechia |
October 14, 1945 Munich, Germany |
1936 | Nominated the only time by Hermann Pauly.[231] | |
Jens Möller | July 2, 1894 Warnitz, Denmark |
November 28, 1951 Gråsten, Denmark |
1936 | Nominated the only time by P.E.Raaschou.[232] | |
IG Farben's research laboratory, Elberfeld[b] | December 2, 1925 Germany |
October 31, 2012 Germany |
1936 | Nominated the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg | |
Wojciech Świętosławski | June 21, 1881 Kiryjówka, Poland |
April 29, 1968 Warsaw, Poland |
1936, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962 | [233] | |
1937 | |||||
Hugo Theorell | July 6, 1903 Linköping, Sweden |
August 15, 1982 Stockholm, Sweden |
1937, 1938, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 | Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[234] | |
Marc Tiffeneau | November 5, 1873 Mouy, France |
May 20, 1945 Paris, France |
1937 | Nominated the only time by Jean-Louis Chelle (1881–1960) from University of Bordeaux.[235] | |
Arthur Heinrich Binz | November 12, 1868 Bonn, Germany |
January 25, 1943 Berlin, Germany |
1937 | [236] Professors of Chemistry from the Agricultural College in Berlin nominated jointly the only time by Hans Albert Bausch. [237] | |
Curt Räth[238] | December 1, 1893 Schöneberg, Germany |
November 29, 1944 Charlottenburg, Germany | |||
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer | March 19, 1877 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
December 1, 1947 Munich, Germany |
1937 | Nominated jointly with Fr.Hofmann the only time by Ernst Terres.[239] | |
Fritz Hofmann | November 2, 1866 Kölleda, Germany |
October 29, 1956 Hanover, Germany |
1937 | [240] | |
Gustaf Komppa | July 28, 1867 Vyborg, Russia |
January 20, 1949 Helsinki, Finland |
1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 | [241] | |
Paul Harteck | July 20, 1902 Vienna, Austria |
January 22, 1985 Santa Barbara, California, United States |
1937, 1952 | [242] | |
Fritz London | March 7, 1900 Breslau, now Poland |
March 30, 1954 Durham, North Carolina, United States |
1937, 1942, 1950, 1963 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[243] | |
1938 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | August 16, 1904 Ridgeville, Indiana, United States |
June 15, 1971 Salamanca, Spain |
1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.H.Northrop[bp] and J.B.Sumner and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[244] | |
William Draper Harkins | December 28, 1873 Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States |
March 7, 1951 Chicago, United States |
1933,[b] 1938 | [245] | |
Jacob Böeseken | August 20, 1868 Rotterdam, Netherlands |
May 16, 1949 Delft, Netherlands |
1938 | Nominated the only time by H. ter Meulen[246] | |
Victor Henri | June 6, 1872 Marseille, France |
June 21, 1940 La Rochelle, France |
1938 | Nominated the only time by J.Errera.[247] | |
Vladimir Ipatieff | November 21, 1867 Moscow, Russia |
November 29, 1952 Chicago, United States |
1938, 1941, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950 | [248] | |
Arthur Stoll | January 8, 1887 Schinznach-Dorf, Switzerland |
January 13, 1971 Dornach, Switzerland |
1938, 1940, 1942, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bq][249][250] | |
1939 | |||||
Georg Bredig | October 1, 1868 Glogow, Poland |
April 24, 1944 New York City, United States |
1922,[b] 1939 | [251] | |
Frederick Charles Bawden | August 18, 1908 Devonshire, England |
February 8, 1972 Hertfordshire, England |
1939 | [252] Nominated jointly the only time by Th.Svedberg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[br][253] [254] | |
Norman Pirie | July 1, 1907 Easebourne, England |
March 29, 1997 Harpenden, England | |||
Paul Job[255] | December 4, 1886 Nancy, France |
July 29, 1957 Paris, France |
1939 | Nominated the only time by Marcel Lemarchands (1889–1943) from the University of Lyon.[256] | |
Maurice Piettre[257] | January 14, 1878 Paris, France |
January 13, 1954 Paris, France |
1939 | Nominated the only time by L.de Broglie.[258] | |
Francesco Giordani | July 5, 1896 Naples, Italy |
January 24, 1961 Naples, Italy |
1939 | [259] | |
Dorothy Maud Wrinch | September 12, 1894 Rosario, Argentina |
February 11, 1976 Falmouth,_Massachusetts, United States |
1939 | [260] | |
Conrad Elvehjem | May 27, 1901 McFarland, Wisconsin, United States |
July 27, 1962 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1939, 1944 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bs][261][262] | |
Ernest Fourneau | October 4, 1872 Biarritz, France |
August 5, 1949 Ascain, France |
1939, 1940, 1949 | [263] | |
Robley Cook Williams | October 13, 1908 Santa Rosa, California, United States |
January 3, 1995 New York City, United States |
1939, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1956 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bt][264][265] |
1940–1949
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1940 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
Linus Pauling | February 28, 1901 Portland, Oregon, United States |
August 19, 1994 Big Sur, United States |
1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 | Won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bu] and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[266] | |
Fritz Weigert | September 18, 1876 Berlin, Germany |
April 13, 1947 Berlin, Germany |
1940 | Nominated the only time by H.von Halban.[267] | |
Jacques Tréfouël | November 9, 1897 Le Raincy, France |
July 11, 1977 Paris, France |
1940, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1951 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bv][268][269] | |
Christopher Kelk Ingold | October 28, 1893 London, England |
December 8, 1970 Edgware, England |
1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [270] | |
John Howard Northrop | July 5, 1891 Yonkers, New York, United States |
May 27, 1987 Wickenburg, Arizona, United States |
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | [bp][271] Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with W.M.Stanley and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [bw][272] | |
1941 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
James Batcheller Sumner | November 19, 1887 Canton, Massachusetts, United States |
August 12, 1955 Buffalo, New York, United States |
1941, 1944, 1945, 1946 | ||
Moses Kunitz | December 19, 1887 Slonim, Belarus |
April 21, 1978 Philadelphia, United States |
1941 | Nominated jointly with J.H.Northrop and J.B.Sumner only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bx][273][274] | |
Rudolph Schoenheimer | May 10, 1898 Berlin, Germany |
September 11, 1941 Yonkers, New York, United States |
1941 | Nominated jointly with G.Ch.de Hevesy the only time by H.Urey and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[by][275][276] | |
Paul Niggli | June 26, 1888 Zofingen, Switzerland |
January 13, 1953 Zürich, Switzerland |
1941 | [277] | |
Donald Van Slyke | March 29, 1883 Pike, New York, United States |
May 4, 1971 Brookhaven, New York, United States |
1941, 1945 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bz][278][279] | |
Albert Marcel Germain René Portevin | November 1, 1880 Paris, France |
April 12, 1962 Paris, France |
1941, 1945, 1948, 1950, 1959 | Nominated by G.-L.Chaudron only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[280] | |
1942 - this year Prize was not awarded | |||||
René Bernard Wurmser | September 24, 1890 Paris, France |
November 9, 1993 Paris, France |
1942 | Nominated the only time by J.B.Perrin.[281] | |
Ernest Kennaway | May 23, 1881 Exeter, England |
January 1, 1958 London, England |
1942, 1944 | Nominated jointly with J.W.Cook only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ca][282][283] | |
James Wilfred Cook | December 10, 1900 South Kensington, England |
October 21, 1975 Exeter, England |
1942, 1944, 1950, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ca][282][284] | |
Walter Heitler | January 2, 1904 Karlsruhe, Germany |
November 15, 1981 Zollikon, Switzerland |
1942, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[285] | |
1943 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Tadeusz Reichstein | July 20, 1897 Wloclawek, Poland |
August 1, 1996 Basel, Switzerland |
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 | Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.C.Kendall and Ph.Sh.Hench.[286] | |
1944 - Prize has been awarded a year later | |||||
Vincent du Vigneaud | May 18, 1901 Chicago, United States |
December 11, 1978 White Plains, New York, United States |
1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956 | Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cb] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[287] | |
Harry Steenbock | August 16, 1886 Charlestown, Wisconsin, United States |
December 25, 1967 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1944 | Nominated the only time by Olaf Andreas Hougen (1893–1986) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cc][162][288] | |
Edward Charles Dodds | October 13, 1899 Liverpool, England |
December 16, 1973 London, England |
1944 | Nominated jointly with Ern.Kennaway, J.W.Cook, Fr.Kögl and Kl.Clusius the only time by J.B.Gillis and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cd][289][290] | |
Klaus Clusius | March 19, 1903 Wrocław, Poland |
May 28, 1963 Zürich, Switzerland |
1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[291] | |
Karl Paul Link | January 31, 1901 LaPorte, Indiana, United States |
November 21, 1978 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1944, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ce][292][293] | |
Henry Eyring | February 20, 1901 Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico |
December 26, 1981 Salt Lake City, Utah, Mexico |
1944, 1950, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [294] | |
1945 | |||||
Arne Fredrik Westgren | July 11, 1889 Årjäng, Sweden |
March 7, 1975 Stockholm, Sweden |
1945 | Nominated the only time by Donald Pritchard Smith (1879–1957) from the Princeton University.[295] | |
1946 | |||||
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Michigan, United States |
February 25, 1999 Lafayette, California, United States |
1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1955 |
Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edw.McMillan[cf].[296] | |
Robert Burns Woodward | April 10, 1917 Boston, United States |
July 8, 1979 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1946, 1947, 1948, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | Woodward holds the highest record as the most nominated person for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and won on 1965[cg]. He was nominated 111 times.[297] | |
Hans Adolf Krebs | August 25, 1900 Hildesheim, Germany |
November 22, 1981 Oxford, England |
1946, 1950 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[298] | |
Hugh Stott Taylor | February 6, 1890 St. Helens, Merseyside, England |
April 17, 1974 Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
1946 | Nominated the only time by N.H.Furman.[299] | |
William von Eggers Doering | June 22, 1917 Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
January 3, 2011 Waltham, Massachusetts, United States |
1946, 1947, 1968 | [300] | |
Alexander Frumkin | October 24, 1895 Chișinău, Moldova |
May 27, 1976 Tula, Russia |
1946, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | [301] | |
Nikolay Semyonov | April 15, 1896 Saratov, Russia |
September 25, 1986 Moscow, Russia |
1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1957 | [302] Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ch] [303] | |
1947 | |||||
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | June 19, 1897 London, England |
October 9, 1967 London, England |
1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 | ||
Arne Tiselius | August 10, 1902 Stockholm, Sweden |
October 29, 1971 Uppsala, Sweden |
1947, 1948 | Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ci] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[304] | |
Henri Devaux[305] | July 6, 1862 Étaules, Charente-Maritime, France |
March 14, 1956 Bordeaux, France |
1947 | Nominated the only time by L.Genevois.[306] | |
Leo Szilard | February 11, 1898 Budapest, Hungary |
May 30, 1964 San Diego, California, United States |
1947 | Nominated the only time by M.Polanyi and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[307] | |
J.R. Geigy SA (founded by J. R. Geigy-Merian)[308][309] | 1857 Basel, Switzerland |
1970 Basel, Switzerland |
1947 | Nominated jointly with P.Läuger the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab. First and last company nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry[310] | |
Paul Läuger[311] | 1896 | 1959 | 1947 | Nominated jointly with J.R. Geigy SA the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cj][312][313] | |
Otto Robert Frisch | October 1, 1904 Vienna, Austria |
September 22, 1979 Cambridge, England |
1947, 1948 | Nominated jointly with L.Meitner by N.Bohr only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[314] | |
1948 | |||||
Edwin McMillan | September 18, 1907 Redondo Beach, California, United States |
September 7, 1991 El Cerrito, California, United States |
1948, 1951 | Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.Th.Seaborg[cf] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[315] | |
Philip Abelson | April 27, 1913 Tacoma, Washington, United States |
August 1, 2004 Bethesda, Maryland, United States |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Edw.McMillan the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology.[316] | |
Paul Lebeau | December 19, 1868 Boiscommun, France |
November 18, 1959 Massy, Essonne, France |
1948 | Nominated the only time by L.Hackspill.[317] | |
David Rittenberg | November 11, 1906 New York City, United States |
January 24, 1970 New York City, United States |
1948 | Nominated the only time by Egbert Havinga (1909–1988) from Leiden University and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [318] | |
Alfred Mirsky | October 17, 1900 New York City, United States |
June 19, 1974 New York City, United States |
1948 | Nominated the only time by H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin.[319] | |
Paul Rabe | August 24, 1869 Hoym, Germany |
August 28, 1952 Hamburg, Germany |
1948 | Nominated jointly with R.B.Woodward the only time by L.Zechmeister.[320] | |
Gerhard Dickel | October 28, 1913 Augsburg, Germany |
November 3, 2017 Augsburg, Germany |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Kl.Clusius the only time by H.Urey.[321] | |
Joseph William Kennedy | May 30, 1916 Nacogdoches, Texas, United States |
May 5, 1957 St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Gl.T.Seaborg the only time by H.Urey.[322] | |
Pierre Armand Jacquet | April 7, 1906 Saint-Mandé, France |
September 6, 1967 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France |
1948, 1950 | Nominated jointly with Alb.Portevin and Ch.Dufraisse by G.-L.Chaudron only.[323] | |
Morris Selig Kharasch | August 24, 1895 Kremenets', Ukraine |
October 9, 1957 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 | [324] | |
Roger Adams | January 2, 1889 Boston, United States |
July 6, 1971 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1959, 1960 | [325] | |
Hans Meerwein | May 20, 1879 Hamburg, Germany |
October 24, 1965 Marburg, Germany |
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [326] | |
Arvid Hedvall | January 18, 1888 Skara, Sweden |
December 24, 1974 Gothenburg, Sweden |
1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1969 | [327] | |
Chester Hamlin Werkman | June 17, 1893 Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States |
September 10, 1962 Ames, Iowa, United States |
1948, 1949, 1950, 1952 | [328] Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ck][329] Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman only[330] | |
1949 | |||||
Harland Goff Wood | September 2, 1907 Delavan, Minnesota, United States |
September 12, 1991 Cleveland, United States |
1949, 1950, 1952 | ||
Albert Kluyver | June 3, 1888 Breda, Netherlands |
May 14, 1956 Delft, Netherlands |
1949 | Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman the only time by A.I.Virtanen.[331] | |
Alexander Robertus Todd | October 2, 1907 Glasgow, Scotland |
January 10, 1997 Oakington, England |
1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 | Won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cl].[332] | |
Edward Calvin Kendall | March 8, 1886 South Norwalk, United States |
May 4, 1972 Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
1949 | Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with T.Reichstein and Ph.Sh.Hench.[333] | |
Edwin Joseph Cohn | December 17, 1892 New York City, United States |
October 1, 1953 Boston, United States |
1949 | Nominated the only time by George Scatchard (1892–1973) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cm][334][335] | |
George William Heise[336] | June 27, 1888 Milwaukee, United States |
1972 United States |
1949 | Nominated the only time by Sherlock Swann Jr. (1900–1983) from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[337] | |
Karl Miescher | January 8, 1892 Naples, Italy |
April 14, 1974 Riehen, Switzerland |
1949 | Nominated the only time by L.Fieser.[338] | |
George Malcolm Dyson | April 5, 1902 London, England |
December 16, 1978 Loughborough, England |
1949 | [339] Nominated jointly the only time by Ernest H. Huntress (1899–1970) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology [340] | |
Friedrich Richter[341] | September 1, 1896 Berlin, Germany |
November 22, 1961 Frankfurt, Germany | |||
Domingo Giribaldo | January 25, 1860 Pando, Uruguay |
July 9, 1950 Montevideo, Uruguay |
1949 | First Latin American nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[342] | |
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff | August 9, 1897 Geneva, New York, United States |
November 3, 1994 Tucson, Arizona, United States |
1949, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cn][343][344] | |
David Keilin | March 21, 1887 Moscow, Russia |
February 27, 1963 Cambridge, England |
1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[co][345][346] | |
Karl August Folkers | September 1, 1906 Decatur, Illinois, United States |
December 7, 1997 New London, New Hampshire, United States |
1949, 1954, 1958, 1961, 1962 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cp][347][348] | |
Walter Reppe | July 29, 1892 Eisenach, Germany |
July 26, 1969 Heidelberg, Germany |
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966 | [349] | |
William Cumming Rose | April 4, 1887 Greenville, South Carolina, United States |
September 25, 1985 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1949, 1950, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1966 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cq][350][351] | |
Michael Heidelberger | April 29, 1888 New York City, United States |
June 25, 1991 New York City, United States |
1949, 1953, 1962, 1968 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cr][352][353] |
1950–1959
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | |||||
Archer Martin | March 1, 1910 London, England |
July 28, 2002 Llangarron, England |
1950, 1951, 1952 | [354] Shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cs] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [355] | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | October 28, 1914 Liverpool, England |
August 18, 1994 Norwich, England | |||
Melvin Calvin | April 8, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |
January 8, 1997 Berkeley, California, United States |
1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 | Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ct] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[356] | |
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin | May 12, 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
July 29, 1994 Ilmington, England |
1950, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cu] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[357] | |
Robert S. Mulliken | June 7, 1896 Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States |
October 31, 1986 Arlington, Virginia, United States |
1950, 1957, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cv][358] | |
Paul Flory | June 19, 1910 Sterling, Illinois, United States |
September 9, 1985 Big Sur, California, United States |
1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Won the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cw][359] | |
Selman Waksman | July 22, 1888 Nova Pryluka, Ukraine |
August 16, 1973 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States |
1950, 1951 | Won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[360] | |
Fritz Albert Lipmann | June 12, 1899 Königsberg, Germany |
July 24, 1986 Poughkeepsie, New York, United States |
1950, 1952 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[361] | |
George Beadle | October 22, 1903 Wahoo, Nebraska, United States |
June 9, 1989 Pomona, California, United States |
1950, 1954 | Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.Tatum[362] | |
Thérèse Tréfouël | June 19, 1892 Paris, France |
November 9, 1978 Paris, France |
1950 | [363] Nominated the only time jointly with J.Tréfouël [364] | |
Gladwin Albert Hurst Buttle[365] | April 11, 1899 Godstone, England |
May 3, 1983 Fulham, England | |||
Arthur Wahl | September 8, 1917 Des Moines, Iowa, United States |
March 6, 2006 Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States |
1950 | .[366] Nominated jointly with Gl.Th.Seaborg and B.B.Cunningham the only time by Otto Hahn [367] [368] [369] [370] [371] [372] | |
John Warren Hamaker | October 25, 1917 Montreal, Canada |
June 13, 2000 Contra Costa County, California, United States | |||
Glenn E. Sheline [373] | 1918 Flint, Michigan, United States |
March 24, 1989 San Mateo, California, United States | |||
Wendell Mitchell Latimer | April 22, 1893 Garnett, Kansas, United States |
July 6, 1955 Berkeley, California, United States | |||
Louis Werner | June 17, 1921 Idaho, United States |
May 20, 2007 San Francisco, United States | |||
Isadore Perlman | April 12, 1915 Milwaukee, United States |
August 3, 1991 Los Alamitos, California, United States | |||
Paul Kirk | May 9, 1902 Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States |
June 5, 1970 Alameda, California, United States | |||
Raphael Consden[374] | 1911 England |
November, 1980 Taplow, England |
1950, 1951 | [375] Nominated jointly[376] with A.J.P.Martin only [377] | |
Arthur Hugh Gordon | 1916 | 2003 Camden Town, England | |||
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang | November 29, 1896 Frederiksberg, Denmark |
May 25, 1959 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1950, 1953, 1956, 1958 | [378] | |
Edward Joseph Conway | July 3, 1894 Nenagh, Ireland |
December 29, 1968 Dublin, Ireland |
1950, 1959 | Nominated by Thomas S. Wheeler (1899–1962) from University College Dublin only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cx][379][380] | |
Hermann Irving Schlesinger | October 11, 1882 Milwaukee, United States |
October 3, 1960 Chicago, United States |
1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 | [381] | |
Choh Hao Li | April 21, 1913 Guangzhou, China |
November 28, 1987 California, United States |
1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cy][382] First Chinese nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[383] | |
Burris Bell Cunningham | February 16, 1912 Springer, New Mexico, United States |
March 28, 1971 Berkeley, California, United States |
1950, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [384] | |
1951 | |||||
Willard Libby | December 17, 1908 Parachute, Colorado, United States |
September 8, 1980 Los Angeles, United States |
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 | Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cz] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[385] | |
Max Perutz | May 19, 1914 Vienna, Austria |
February 6, 2002 Cambridge, England |
1951, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.Kendrew[da] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[386] | |
Yasuhiko Asahina | April 16, 1881 Tokyo, Japan |
June 30, 1975 Tokyo, Japan |
1951, 1952 | [387] | |
Axel Edvin Lindh | January 10, 1888 Lund, Sweden |
August 14, 1960 Lund, Sweden |
1951, 1953 | Nominated by J.Stark only.[388] | |
Ian Heilbron | November 6, 1886 Glasgow, Scotland |
September 14, 1959 London, England |
1951, 1953 | [389] | |
Rudolph Peters | April 13, 1889 Kensington, England |
January 29, 1982 Cambridge, England |
1951, 1969 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[db][390][391] | |
1952 | |||||
Frederick Sanger | August 13, 1918 Rendcomb, England |
November 19, 2013 Cambridge, England |
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | Sanger twice won the 1958[dc] and 1980 (jointly with W.Gilbert[dd] and P.Berg) Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[392] | |
Frits Zernike | July 16, 1888 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 10, 1966 Amersfoort, Netherlands |
1952 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics.[393] | |
Claude Hudson | January 26, 1881 Atlanta, United States |
December 27, 1952 Los Angeles, United States |
1952 | [394] | |
Walther Kossel | January 4, 1888 Berlin, Germany |
May 22, 1956 Tübingen, Germany |
1952 | Nominated the only time by M.von Laue and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[395] | |
Francis Simon | July 2, 1893 Berlin, Germany |
October 31, 1956 Oxford, England |
1952, 1954 | Nominated by W.Jost only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[396] | |
William Hume-Rothery | May 15, 1899 Worcester Park, England |
September 27, 1968 Oxford, England |
1952, 1957 | Nominated by C.St.Smith only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[397] | |
Marguerite Perey | October 19, 1909 Villemomble, France |
May 13, 1975 Louveciennes, France |
1952, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966 | [398] | |
Lyman Craig | June 12, 1906 Palmyra Township, Warren County, Iowa, United States |
July 7, 1974 Iowa, United States |
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1969 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[de][399][400] | |
Erich Müller (probably Erwin Wilhelm Müller) |
June 13, 1911 ? Berlin, Germany ? |
May 17, 1977 ? Washington, D.C., United States ? |
1952, 1967, 1969 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[401][402] | |
Alexander Braunstein | May 26, 1902 Kharkiv, Ukraine |
July 1, 1986 Moscow, Russia |
1952, 1967, 1969 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [403] | |
Walter Hieber | December 18, 1895 Stuttgart, Germany |
November 29, 1976 Munich, Germany |
1952, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969 | [404] | |
1953 | |||||
Emilio Segrè | January 30, 1905 Tivoli, Lazio, Italy |
April 22, 1989 Lafayette, California, United States |
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain.[405] | |
Øjvind Winge | May 19, 1886 Aarhus, Denmark |
April 5, 1964 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1953 | Nominated the only time by R.Fisher.[406] | |
Izaak Maurits Kolthoff | February 11, 1894 Almelo, Netherlands |
March 4, 1993 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |
1953, 1963, 1970 | [407] | |
1954 | |||||
Edward Tatum | December 14, 1909 Boulder, Colorado, United States |
November 5, 1975 New York City, United States |
1954 | Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.Beadle.[408] | |
Karl Ziegler | November 26, 1898 Helsa, Germany |
August 12, 1973 Mülheim, Germany |
1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | [409] Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[df] [410] | |
1955 | |||||
Giulio Natta | February 26, 1903 Imperia, Italy |
May 2, 1979 Bergamo, Italy |
1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | ||
George Porter | December 6, 1920 Stainforth, South Yorkshire, England |
August 31, 2002 Canterbury, England |
1955, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 | Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Eigen and R.G.Wr.Norrish[dg][411] | |
Lars Onsager | November 27, 1903 Kristiania, Norway |
October 6, 1976 Coral Gables, Florida, United States |
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 | Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dh] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[412] | |
Louis Fieser | April 7, 1899 Columbus, Ohio, United States |
July 25, 1977 Belmont, Massachusetts, United States |
1955 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. "Studies on vitamin K."[413][414] | |
Josef Mattauch | November 21, 1895 Ostrava, Czechia |
August 10, 1976 Klosterneuburg, Austria |
1955, 1959 | Nominated by Kl.Clusius only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[415] | |
Félix Trombe | March 19, 1906 Nogent-sur-Marne, France |
March 26, 1985 Ganties, France |
1955, 1961 | [416] | |
Max Volmer | May 3, 1885 Hilden, Germany |
June 3, 1965 Potsdam, Germany |
1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 | [417] | |
Fritz Feigl | May 15, 1891 Vienna, Austria |
January 23, 1971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
1955, 1957, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967 | [418] | |
Martin Kamen | August 27, 1913 Toronto, Canada |
August 31, 2002 Montecito, California, United States |
1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [419] | |
John Clarke Slater | December 22, 1900 Oak Park, Illinois, United States |
July 25, 1976 Sanibel Island, Florida, United States |
1955, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[420] | |
1956 | |||||
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz | September 24, 1905 Luarca, Spain |
November 1, 1993 Madrid, Spain |
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 | Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Kornberg.[421] | |
Georges Lemaître | July 17, 1894 Charleroi, Belgium |
June 20, 1966 Leuven, Belgium |
1956 | Nominated the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too. Lemaître is the only priest nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [422] | |
Ernest Gale | July 15, 1914 Luton, England |
March 7, 2005 Cambridge, England |
1956 | [423] Nominated jointly the only time by J.H.Northrop [424] | |
Joan P. Folkes | 1927 Staffordshire, England |
||||
Boris Arbuzov | November 4, 1903 Pulawy, Poland |
November 6, 1991 Kazan, Russia |
1956 | Nominated jointly with Al.Arbuzov the only time by M.M.Dubinin.[425] | |
Aleksandr Arbuzov | October 12, 1877 Kazan, Russia |
January 22, 1968 Kazan, Russia |
1956, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968 | [426] | |
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat | July 29, 1910 Wrocław, Poland |
April 10, 1999 Oakland, California, United States |
1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | [427] | |
Jannik Bjerrum | April 5, 1909 Copenhagen, Denmark |
August 29, 1992 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967 | [428] | |
Friedrich Emil Brauns | 1890 | 1982 | 1956 | Nominated jointly with K.Freudenberg and Er.Hägglund the only time by Joseph Risi (1899–1993) from Université Laval.[429] | |
Karl Freudenberg | January 29, 1886 Weinheim, Germany |
April 3, 1983 Weinheim, Germany |
1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [430] | |
1957 | |||||
Oswald Avery | October 21, 1877 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada |
February 20, 1955 Nashville, Tennessee, United States |
1957 | Nominated posthumously and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. "The role of DNA at pneumococcal type II to type III transition."[431][432] | |
Colin Munro MacLeod | January 28, 1909 Port Hastings, Canada |
February 11, 1972 London, England |
1957 | [433] Nominated jointly with Osw.Avery the only time by J.H.Northrop [434] | |
Maclyn McCarty | June 9, 1911 South Bend, Indiana, United States |
January 2, 2005 New York City, United States | |||
Marietta Blau | April 29, 1894 Vienna, Austria |
January 27, 1970 Vienna, Austria |
1957 | Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[435] | |
Paul Henri Charpentier | November 11, 1866 Nancy, France |
July 20, 1950 Aix-en-Provence, France |
1957 | Nominated posthumously the only time by G.Hugel from École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des combustibles liquides.[436] | |
Charles DuBois Coryell | February 21, 1912 Los Angeles, United States |
January 7, 1971 Lexington, Massachusetts, United States |
1957 | Nominated the only time by M.Perey.[437] | |
Maurice-Marie Janot | November 3, 1903 Plombières-les-Bains, France |
December 10, 1978 Paris, France |
1957 | Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil.[438] | |
Aleksandr Volodymyrovych Palladin | September 10, 1885 Moscow, Russia |
December 6, 1972 Kiev, Ukraine |
1957 | Nominated the only time by Al.Oparin.[439] | |
Georg Stadnikov | January 17, 1880 Vyazovok, Ukraine |
February 18, 1973 Russia |
1957 | Nominated the only time by W.Świętosławski.[440] | |
Eric Rideal | April 11, 1890 London, England |
September 25, 1974 London, England |
1957 | Nominated the only time by R.Barrer.[441] | |
Bernard Leonard Horecker | October 31, 1914 Chicago, United States |
October 10, 2010 Cypress Cove Lodge, United States |
1957, 1961 | [442] | |
Friedrich Hund | February 4, 1896 Karlsruhe, Germany |
March 31, 1997 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1957, 1969 | Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[443] | |
Erich Hückel | August 9, 1896 Berlin, Germany |
February 16, 1980 Marburg, Germany |
1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[444] | |
Carl Wagner | May 25, 1901 Leipzig, Germany |
December 10, 1977 Göttingen, Germany |
1957, 1958, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[445][446][447] | |
1958 | |||||
Luis Federico Leloir | September 9, 1906 Paris, France |
December 2, 1987 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[di][448] | |
Gerhard Herzberg | December 25, 1904 Hamburg, Germany |
March 3, 1999 Ottawa, Canada |
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970 | Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[dj][449] | |
Vladimir Prelog | July 23, 1906 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
January 7, 1998 Zürich, Switzerland |
1958, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dk] with John Warcup Cornforth Jr.[450] | |
Georg Wittig | June 16, 1897 Berlin, Germany |
August 26, 1987 Heidelberg, Germany |
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.Ch.Brown[dl][451] | |
Maria Goeppert Mayer | June 28, 1906 Kattowitz, Germany |
February 20, 1972 San Diego, California, Germany |
1958 | [452] Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics [453] | |
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen | June 25, 1907 Hamburg, Germany |
February 11, 1973 Heidelberg, Germany | |||
Bogdan Kamieński | March 14, 1897 Oswiecim, Poland |
August 9, 1973 Kraków, Poland |
1958 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[454] | |
Max Mousseron | May 30, 1902 Sorgues, France |
March 1, 1988 Montpellier, France |
1958 | Nominated the only time by Adrien Perret Gentil (1901–1962) from the University of Neuchâtel.[455] | |
Yoshiyuki Toyama | September 6, 1896 Tokyo, Japan |
February 12, 1980 Tokyo, Japan |
1958 | Nominated the only time by I.Miyagawa from the Nagoya University.[456] | |
Yevgeny Zavoisky | September 28, 1907 Mohyliv-Podil's'kyi, Ukraine |
October 9, 1976 Moscow, Russia |
1958, 1960 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[457] | |
Jean Brachet | March 19, 1909 Etterbeek, Belgium |
August 10, 1988 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium |
1958, 1966 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [458] | |
Herman Francis Mark | May 3, 1895 Vienna, Austria |
April 6, 1992 Austin, Texas, United States |
1958, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[459][460] | |
Gerold Schwarzenbach | March 15, 1904 Horgen, Switzerland |
May 20, 1978 Zürich, Switzerland |
1958, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970 | [461] | |
1959 | |||||
John Kendrew | March 24, 1917 Oxford, England |
August 23, 1997 Cambridge, England |
1959, 1961, 1962, 1963 | Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Perutz[da] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[462] | |
Arthur Kornberg | March 3, 1918 New York City, United States |
October 26, 2007 Palo Alto, United States |
1959 | Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with S.Ochoa.[463] | |
Feodor Lynen | April 6, 1911 Munich, Germany |
August 6, 1979 Munich, Germany |
1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with K.Bloch.[464] | |
David Ezra Green | August 5, 1910 New York City, United States |
July 8, 1983 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1959 | Nominated jointly with F.Lynen the only time by Padubidri Subbaraya Sarma (1917–1970) from the University of Madras.[465] | |
Francis Owen Rice | May 20, 1890 Liverpool, England |
March 15, 1989 Indiana, United States |
1959 | Nominated the only time by Charles Alexander McDowell (1918–2001) from the University of British Columbia.[466] | |
Günter Scheibe | November 24, 1893 Munich, Germany |
May 31, 1980 Stuttgart, Germany |
1959 | Nominated the only time by Otto Neunhoeffer.[467] | |
Frederick Rossini | July 18, 1899 Monongahela, Pennsylvania, United States |
October 12, 1990 Juno Beach, Florida, United States |
1959 | [468] Nominated jointly the only time by Edouard Jean-Pierre Calvet (1895–1966) from the Aix-Marseille University [469] | |
Jean Marcel Albert Chedin | August 29, 1908 Bourges, France | October 6, 1990 Paris, France | |||
Bror Alexander Ludvig Holmberg | July 30, 1881 Blekinge, Sweden |
September 7, 1966 Stockholm, Sweden |
1959 | Nominated jointly with W.Kuhn and H.Meerwein the only time by Karl Freudenberg.[470] | |
Egon Wiberg | June 3, 1901 Güstrow, Germany |
November 24, 1976 Munich, Germany |
1959, 1965 | [471] | |
William Gardner Pfann | October 27, 1917 Brooklyn, United States |
October 22, 1982 New York, United States |
1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1968 | [472] | |
Walter Hans Schottky | July 23, 1886 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 4, 1976 Pretzfeld, Germany |
1959, 1966, 1969 | Nominated jointly with Carl Wagner only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[473] | |
Michael Polanyi | March 11, 1891 Budapest, Hungary |
February 22, 1976 Northampton, England |
1959, 1960, 1967, 1970[dm] | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[474] |
1960–1969
[edit]Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | |||||
Derek Barton | September 8, 1918 Gravesend, England |
March 16, 1998 College Station, Texas, United States |
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | [475] Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dn] [476] | |
Odd Hassel | May 17, 1897 Oslo, Norway |
May 11, 1981 Oslo, Norway |
1960, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | ||
Ilya Prigogine | January 25, 1917 Moscow, Russia |
May 28, 2003 Brussels, Belgium |
1960, 1966 | Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[do] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[477] | |
James Watson | April 6, 1928 Chicago, United States |
1960, 1962[dp] | [478][dq] Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [479][dr] [480][ds] | ||
Francis Crick | June 8, 1916 Weston Favell, England |
July 28, 2004 San Diego, United States | |||
Maurice Wilkins | December 15, 1916 Pongaroa, New Zealand |
October 5, 2004 London, England | |||
Alfred Hershey | December 4, 1908 Owosso, Michigan, United States |
May 22, 1997 Syosset, New York, United States |
1960, 1969 | Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.Delbrück and S.Luria.[481] | |
Wilhelm Gerard Burgers | August 16, 1897 Arnhem, Netherlands |
September 24, 1988 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
1960 | Nominated the only time by Ant.El. (Toos) Korvezee.[482] | |
Martin Deutsch | January 29, 1917 Vienna, Austria |
August 16, 2002 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1960 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[483] | |
Roger John Williams | August 14, 1893 Ooty, India |
February 20, 1988 Austin, Texas, United States |
1960 | [484] | |
Andrew Benson | September 24, 1917 Modesto, California, United States |
January 16, 2015 La Jolla, United States |
1960 | Only nominated with M.Calvin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [485] | |
Howard Cary | May 3, 1908 Los Angeles, United States |
December 20, 1991 Orange, California, United States |
1960 | [486] Nominated jointly the only time by Wouter (Wout) Berends (1914–1990) from the Delft University of Technology [487] | |
Arnold Orville Beckman | April 10, 1900 Cullom, Illinois, United States |
May 18, 2004 La Jolla, United States | |||
Jo Engl | August 6, 1893 Munich, Germany |
April 8, 1942 New York City, United States |
1960 | [488] Nominated jointly (Engl&Massolle - posthumously) the only time by Albert Narath (1900–1974) from Technische Universität Berlin [489] [490] | |
Joseph Massolle | March 24, 1889 Bielefeld, Germany |
April 2, 1957 Berlin, Germany | |||
Hans Vogt | September 25, 1890 Rehau, Germany |
December 4, 1979 Obernzell, Germany | |||
Martha Cowles Chase | November 30, 1927 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
August 8, 2003 Lorain, Ohio, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly with A.Hershey, A.Gierer, H.Fraenkel-Conrat and G.Schramm the only time by J.H.Northrop.[491] | |
Alfred Gierer | April 15, 1929 Berlin, Germany |
1960, 1962 | Nominated by J.H.Northrop only.[492] | ||
John G. Aston | 1903 United States |
August 6, 1990 State College, Pennsylvania, United States[493] |
1960, 1966 | [494] | |
Gerhard Schramm | June 27, 1910 Kanagawa, Japan |
February 3, 1969 Tübingen, Germany |
1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 | [495] | |
Manfred Eigen | May 9, 1927 Bochum, Germany |
February 6, 2019 Göttingen, Germany |
1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 | [496] Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with G.Porter[dg] [497] | |
1961 | |||||
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | November 9, 1897 Cambridge, England |
June 7, 1978 Cambridge, England |
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 | ||
Konrad Emil Bloch | January 21, 1912 Nysa, Poland |
October 15, 2000 Burlington, Massachusetts, United States |
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with F.Lynen.[498] | |
Torbjörn Caspersson | October 15, 1910 Motala, Sweden |
December 7, 1997 Stockholm, Sweden |
1961 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[dt][499][500] | |
Pierre Van Rysselberghe | May 18, 1905 Brussels, Belgium |
1977 United States[501] |
1961 | Nominated the only time by Giuseppe Bianchi (1919–1996) from University of Milan.[502] | |
Efraim Racker | June 28, 1913 Nowy Sacz, Poland |
September 9, 1991 Syracuse, New York, United States |
1961 | Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir and B.L.Horecker the only time by F.M.Haurowitz.[503] | |
Robert Corey | August 19, 1897 Springfield (Massachusetts), United States |
April 23, 1971 Pasadena, California, United States |
1961, 1962 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[504] | |
Bo Lars Gunnar Sillén | July 11, 1916 Stockholm, Sweden |
July 23, 1970 Stockholm, Sweden |
1961, 1964, 1965 | [505] | |
Britton Chance | July 24, 1913 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States |
November 16, 2010 Philadelphia, United States |
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [506] | |
Georges Chaudron | April 29, 1891 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France |
March 4, 1976 Paris, France |
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968 | [507] | |
Daniel Israel Arnon | November 14, 1910 Warsaw, Poland |
December 20, 1994 Berkeley, California, United States |
1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [508] | |
Johannes Martin Bijvoet | January 23, 1982 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 4, 1980 Winterswijk, Netherlands |
1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [509] | |
Harry George Drickamer | November 19, 1918 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
May 6, 2002 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [510] | |
Leslie Orgel | January 12, 1927 London, England |
October 27, 2007 San Diego, United States |
1961, 1970 | [511] | |
1962 | |||||
Ernst Otto Fischer | November 10, 1918 Munich, Germany |
July 23, 2007 Munich, Germany |
1962, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wilkinson.[du][512] | |
Louis Néel | November 22, 1904 Lyon, France |
November 17, 2000 Brive-la-Gaillarde, France |
1962, 1964 | Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics.[513] | |
Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov | December 14, 1891 Janow Lubelski, Poland |
March 6, 1982 Moscow, Russia |
1962 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[514] | |
Peter Pauson | July 30, 1925 Bamberg, Germany |
December 10, 2013 Glasgow, Scotland |
1962 | [515] | |
Maurice Stacey | April 8, 1907 Shropshire, England |
October 9, 1994 Birmingham, England |
1962 | Nominated the only time by John Colin Tatlow (1923–2008) from the University of Birmingham.[516] | |
Tadeusz Urbanski | October 26, 1901 Krasnodar, Russia |
May 29, 1985 Warsaw, Poland |
1962 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[517] | |
Karl-Wolfgang Mundry | March 16, 1927 Hildesheim, Germany |
May 6, 2009 Stuttgart, Germany |
1962 | Nominated jointly with A.Gierer the only time by J.H.Northrop.[518] | |
Clemens Josef Schöpf | August 12, 1899 Gersfeld, Germany |
December 17, 1970 Darmstadt, Germany |
1962 | [519] | |
Alexander Pavlovich Vinogradov | August 21, 1895 Tutayev, Russia |
November 16, 1975 Moscow, Russia |
1962, 1964, 1965 | [520] | |
Carl Djerassi | October 29, 1923 Vienna, Austria |
January 30, 2015 San Francisco, United States |
1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [521] | |
Louis Plack Hammett | April 7, 1894 Wilmington, Delaware, United States |
February 9, 1987 Medford, New Jersey, United States |
1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [522] | |
Sanʼichirō Mizushima | March 21, 1899 Tokyo, Japan |
August 3, 1983 Tokyo, Japan |
1962, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1970 | [523] | |
1963 | |||||
Herbert Charles Brown | May 22, 1912 London, England |
December 19, 2004 Lafayette, Indiana, United States |
1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wittig.[dl][524] | |
Har Gobind Khorana | January 9, 1922 Raipur, Pakistan |
November 9, 2011 Concord, Massachusetts, United States |
1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 | Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.W.Nirenberg and R.W.Holley.[525] | |
Wilhelm Ludwig August Geilmann | May 16, 1891 Unterrieden, Germany |
May 24, 1967 Mainz, Germany |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Fr.Strassmann.[526] | |
Dionýz Ilkovič | January 18, 1907 Šarišský Štiavnik, Slovakia |
August 3, 1980 Bratislava, Slovakia |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Pandarinath Bhuvanendra Janardhan (b.1921) from the University of Madras.[527] | |
Noel Bryan Slater | July 29, 1912 Blackburn, England |
January 31, 1973 London, England |
1963 | Nominated the only time by René Gibert (1908–1968) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques.[528] | |
Gunnar Blix | September 7, 1894 Lund, Sweden |
June 10, 1981 Uppsala, Sweden |
1963 | [529] Nominated jointly the only time by Serge David (1921–2013) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques [530] | |
Ernst Klenk | October 14, 1896 Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany |
December 29, 1971 Cologne, Germany | |||
Stanley Bruckenstein[531] | November 1, 1927 New York City, United States |
1963 | Nominated jointly with Iz.Kolthoff the only time by J.Koskikallio.[532] | ||
James Baddiley | May 15, 1918 Manchester, England |
November 17, 2008 Cambridge, England |
1963, 1968 | [533][534] | |
John Monteath Robertson | July 24, 1900 Auchterarder, Scotland |
September 27, 1989 Inverness, Scotland |
1963, 1969 | [535] | |
Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. | December 18, 1908 Gallatin, Tennessee, United States |
June 12, 1992 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1963, 1969 | Nominated jointly with G.Herzberg only.[536] | |
Fritz Arndt | July 6, 1885 Hamburg, Germany |
December 8, 1969 Hamburg, Germany |
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | Nominated by K.Freudenberg only.[537] | |
Alberte Bucher Pullman | August 26, 1920 Nantes, France |
January 7, 2011 Paris, France |
1963, 1965, 1968, 1969 | [538] Only nominated jointly [539] | |
Bernard Pullman | March 19, 1919 Wloclawek, Poland |
June 9, 1996 Paris, France | |||
Neil Bartlett | September 15, 1932 Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
August 5, 2008 Walnut Creek, California, United States |
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [540] | |
Alfred Valentin Champagnat | November 2, 1908 Marseille, France |
December 13, 1984 Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France |
1963, 1966, 1970 | [541] | |
Saul Winstein | October 8, 1912 Montreal, Canada |
November 23, 1969 Los Angeles, United States |
1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [542] | |
1964 | |||||
Edmund Hirst | July 21, 1898 Lancashire, England |
October 29, 1975 Edinburgh, Scotland |
1934,[b] 1964 | [543] | |
Charles Coulson | December 13, 1910 Dudley, England |
January 7, 1974 Oxford, England |
1964 | Nominated the only time by H.Erlenmeyer.[544] | |
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran | October 8, 1922 Ernakulam, India |
April 7, 2001 Chennai, India |
1964 | Nominated the only time by C. V. Raman.[545] | |
Émile-Florent Terroine | January 21, 1882 Paris, France |
October 24, 1974 Paris, France |
1964 | Nominated the only time by Paul V. Creach from the University of Bordeaux.[546] | |
Paul Zamecnik | November 22, 1912 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
October 27, 2009 Boston, United States |
1964 | Nominated the only time by V.Koningsberger.[547] | |
Kazuo Yamafuji (山藤 一雄 ヤマフジ カズオ) |
1906 |
1987 | 1964 | [548] | |
Arthur Holmes | January 14, 1890 Hebburn, England |
September 20, 1965 London, England |
1964, 1965 | Nominated jointly with Al.P.Vinogradov by N.N.Semenov only.[549] | |
John Gunnar Malm | June 24, 1921 Chicago, United States |
May 11, 1999 Naperville, Illinois, United States[550] |
1964, 1965, 1966 | [551] Only nominated jointly[552] [553][554] [555] | |
Howard H. Claassen | 1918 Hillsboro, Kansas, United States |
December 27, 2010 Tacoma, Washington, United States[556] | |||
Henry H. Selig | 1927 Frankfurt, Germany |
October 21, 2014 [557] | |||
Alexander Oparin | March 2, 1894 Uglich, Russia |
April 21, 1980 Moscow, Russia |
1964, 1969 | Nominated by Ern.Kahane only.[558] | |
Georg-Maria Schwab | February 3, 1899 Berlin, Germany |
December 23, 1984 Munich, Germany |
1964, 1969 | [559] | |
Efraim Katchalski-Katzir | May 16, 1916 Kiev, Ukraine |
May 30, 2009 Rehovot, Israel |
1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | 4th President of the Israel (1973 – 1978).[560] | |
Bernd Theodor Matthias | June 8, 1918 Frankfurt, Germany |
October 27, 1980 La Jolla, United States |
1964, 1966, 1970 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[561] | |
František Šorm | February 28, 1913 Prague, Czechia |
November 18, 1980 Prague, Czechia |
1964, 1967, 1970 | [562][563] | |
1965 | |||||
John Warcup Cornforth Jr. | September 7, 1917 Sydney, Australia |
December 8, 2013 Sussex, England |
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dv] with Vl.Prelog[564] | |
Jacques Monod | February 9, 1910 Paris, France |
May 31, 1976 Cannes, France |
1965 | [565] Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Lwoff [566] | |
J Jacob | June 17, 1920 Nancy, France |
April 19, 2013 Paris, France | |||
Paul Doughty Bartlett | August 14, 1907 Ann Arbor, United States |
October 11, 1997 Lexington, Massachusetts, United States |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Ch.C.Price, III.[567] | |
Salomon S. Cohen (prob. Seymour Stanley Cohen) |
April 30, 1917 Brooklyn, USA | December 30, 2018 | 1965 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [568] | |
Oganes K. Davtyan | April 15, 1911 Akhuryan, Armenia[569] |
December 28, 1990 Yerevan, Armenia |
1965 | Nominated the only time by W.Tomassi.[570] | |
Ulick Richardson Evans | March 31, 1889 London, England |
April 3, 1980 Cambridge, England |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Karl Gustaf (Gösta) Wranglén (b.1923) from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.[571] | |
Stanley George Mason | March 20, 1914 Montreal, Canada |
April 21, 1987 Quebec, Canada |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Bruce Lionel Funt (1924–2013) from the University of Manitoba.[572] | |
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor | March 7, 1886 London, England |
June 27, 1975 Cambridge, England |
1965 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[573] | |
Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh | October 23, 1888 Stockholm, Sweden |
November 19, 1969 Norrtälje, Sweden |
1965 | Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by M.G.Stålfelt.[574] | |
Leonard (Len) E. Mortenson | 1928 Melrose, Massachusetts, United States |
October 30, 2017 Willow Street, Pennsylvania, United States[575] |
1965 | [576] Nominated jointly[577] the only time by C.Martius from ETH Zurich [578] [579] | |
Raymond Carlyle Valentine | September 20, 1936 Piatt County, Illinois, United States |
||||
James Elliot Carnahan | January 26, 1920 Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States |
March 25, 1996 Stanton, Delaware, United States[580] | |||
Erwin Chargaff | August 11, 1905 Chernivtsi, now Ukraine |
June 20, 2002 New York City, United States |
1965, 1967 | Nominated by Warren Myron Sperry (1900–1990) from the New York State Psychiatric Institute only.[581] | |
Jean Roche | January 14, 1901 Sorgues, France |
May 24, 1992 Montpellier, France |
1965, 1966, 1967 | Nominated by C.Heymans only.[582] | |
Ivan Stranski | January 2, 1897 Sofia, Bulgaria |
June 19, 1979 Sofia, Bulgaria |
1965, 1967 | Nominated by G.-M.Schwab only.[583] | |
André Guinier | August 1, 1911 Nancy, France |
July 3, 2000 Paris, France |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky.[584] | |
Otto Kratky | March 9, 1902 Vienna, Austria |
February 11, 1995 Graz, Austria |
1965, 1967, 1968, 1969 | [585] | |
Alan Walsh | December 19, 1916 Hoddlesden, England |
August 3, 1998 Melbourne, Australia |
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | [586] | |
Albert Eschenmoser | August 5, 1925 Erstfeld, Switzerland |
July 14, 1923 | 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [587] | |
Charles Prévost | March 20, 1899 Champlitte, France |
July 11, 1983 Paris, France |
1965, 1966, 1969, 1970 | [588] | |
Rudolf Hoppe | October 29, 1922 Wittenberge, Germany |
November 24, 2014 Giessen, Germany |
1965, 1967, 1970 | Nominated jointly with N.Bartlett only.[589] | |
George Joseph Popják | May 5, 1914 Kiskundorozsma, Hungary |
December 30, 1998 Westwood, Los Angeles, United States |
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Nominated jointly with J.W.Cornforth Jr. only.[590] | |
Rudolf Criegee | May 23, 1902 Düsseldorf, Germany |
November 7, 1975 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | [591] | |
Alfred Rieche | April 28, 1902 Dortmund, Germany |
November 6, 2001 Berlin, Germany |
Nominated jointly with G.Wittig and Rudolf Criegee by K.Freudenberg only.[592] | ||
Marshall Warren Nirenberg | April 10, 1927 New York City, United States |
January 15, 2010 New York City, United States |
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 | [593] Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H.G.Khorana [594] | |
1966 | |||||
Robert William Holley | January 28, 1922 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
February 11, 1993 Los Gatos, California, United States |
1966, 1967, 1968 | ||
Stanford Moore | September 4, 1913 Chicago, United States |
August 23, 1982 New York City, United States |
1966, 1970 | [595] Shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dw] with Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[596] | |
William Howard Stein | June 25, 1911 New York City, United States |
February 2, 1980 New York City, United States | |||
Richard Barrer | June 16, 1910 Wellington, New Zealand |
September 12, 1996 Chislehurst, England |
1966 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[597] | |
Bernard Halpern | November 2, 1904 Tarnoruda, now Ukraine |
September 23, 1978 Paris, France |
1966 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[dx][598][599] | |
Kurt Bruno Hannig [600] | May 26, 1920 Liberec, Czechia |
January 20, 1993 | 1966 | Nominated the only time by R.L.M.Synge.[601] | |
James Franklin Hyde | March 11, 1903 Solvay, New York, United States |
October 11, 1999 Marco Island, Florida, United States |
1966 | Nominated the only time by E.G.Rochow.[602] | |
Arthur Lüttringhaus | July 6, 1906 Cologne, Germany |
May 27, 1992 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1966 | Nominated the only time by P.Ad.Thiessen.[603] | |
Edwin Theodore Mertz | December 6, 1909 Missoula, Montana, United States |
February 1, 1999 Richardson, Texas, United States |
1966 | Nominated the only time by Gerard R. Pomerat (1901–1980) from the Rockefeller Foundation.[604] | |
Laurens Lambertus Marie van Deenen | August 14, 1928 Maastricht, Netherlands |
September 4, 1994 Bilthoven, Netherlands |
1966[dy] | [605][dz] Nominated jointly the only time by Leonard Saunders from UCL School of Pharmacy [606][ea] | |
G. Horrëus de Haas[607] | September 20, 1931 The Hague, Netherlands |
November 26, 2006 Utrecht, Netherlands | |||
Charles Louis Marie Claude Vernet | January 12, 1924 Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, France |
March 31, 2015 Avignon, France |
1966 | [608] Nominated jointly[609] with Alfred V. Champagnat the only time by R.Schultze [610] [611] | |
Bernard Maurice Lainé | April 4, 1933 Paris, France |
January 13, 2013 Paris, France | |||
Jean Antoine Filosa | May 29, 1930 Marseille, France |
September 16, 2022 La Canourgue, France | |||
Thiruvengadam Rajendram Seshadri | February 3, 1900 Kulithalai, India |
September 27, 1975 New Delhi, India |
1966, 1968 | [612] | |
Kenneth Pitzer | January 6, 1914 Pomona, California, United States |
December 26, 1997 Berkeley, California, United States |
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 | [613] | |
Robert Schwyzer | December 8, 1920 Zürich, Switzerland |
September 29, 2015 Bülach, Switzerland |
1966, 1969, 1970 | Nominated by P.Karrer only.[614] | |
Sol Spiegelman | December 14, 1914 Brooklyn, United States |
January 20, 1983 New York City, United States |
1966, 1970 | [615] | |
1967 | |||||
Geoffrey Wilkinson | July 14, 1921 Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire, England |
September 26, 1996 London, England |
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Ern.Ot.Fischer[du].[616] | |
Robert Bruce Merrifield | July 15, 1921 Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
May 14, 2006 Cresskill, New Jersey, United States |
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[eb][617] | |
George Wald | November 18, 1906 New York City, United States |
April 12, 1997 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1967 | Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with R.Arth.Granit and H.K.Hartline.[618] | |
Manuel Ballester Boix | June 27, 1919 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain |
April 5, 2005 |
1967 | Nominated the only time by Ángel Vian Ortuño.[619] | |
Jean Lecomte | August 5, 1898 |
March 28, 1979 |
1967 | Nominated the only time by Clément Raymond François Courty (b.1902) from the University of Lyon.[620] | |
Max Rudolf "Rudi" Lemberg | October 19, 1896 Breslau, now Poland |
April 10, 1975 Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia |
1967 | Nominated the only time by Benoit Wurtz from the University of Strasbourg.[621] | |
James Joseph Lingane[622] | September 13, 1909 Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States |
March 14, 1994 Lexington, Massachusetts, United States |
1967 | Nominated the only time by P.B.Janardhan from the University of Madras.[623] | |
Richard Alan Morton[624] | September 22, 1899 Liverpool, England |
January 21, 1977 Liverpool, England |
1967 | Nominated the only time by W.Ch.Evans.[625] | |
Giorgio Piccardi | October 13, 1895 Florence, Italy |
December 22, 1972 Riccione, Italy |
1967 | Nominated the only time by D.Marotta.[626] | |
Hans Eduard Schmid | March 24, 1917 Gränichen, Switzerland |
December 19, 1976 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland |
1967 | Nominated the only time by Em.Cherbuliez.[627] | |
Frank Harold Spedding | October 22, 1902 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |
December 15, 1984 Ames, Iowa, United States |
1967 | [628] | |
Ahmed Riad (Reyad) Tourky[629] | March 16, 1902 Tanta, Egypt |
January 17, 1971 Cairo, Egypt |
1967 | Nominated the only time by Abdel Aziz Ali Mousa (1915–1979) from the University of Cairo.[630] | |
Ellison Hall Taylor[631] | September 6, 1913 Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States |
May 31, 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States |
1967 | [632] Nominated jointly the only time by E.Wigner [633] | |
Sheldon Datz | July 21, 1927 New York City, United States |
August 15, 2001 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States | |||
Mary Belle Allen | November 11, 1922 Morristown, New Jersey |
1973 Fairbanks, Alaska |
1967 | [634] Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by J.H.Northrop [635] | |
Frederick Robert Whatley | January 26, 1924 Wilton, Wiltshire, England |
November 14, 2020 | |||
Stephen Brunauer | February 12, 1903 Budapest, Hungary |
July 6, 1986 Potsdam, New York, United States |
1967 | [636] Nominated jointly with Edward Teller the only time by R.I.Razouk from the Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt [637] | |
Paul Hugh Emmett | September 22, 1900 Portland, Oregon, United States |
April 22, 1985 Portland, Oregon, United States | |||
Edward Teller | January 15, 1908 Budapest, Hungary |
September 9, 2003 Stanford, California, United States |
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[638] | ||
Esmond Emerson Snell | September 22, 1914 Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
December 9, 2003 Boulder, Colorado, United States |
1967, 1969 | Nominated jointly with Al.E.Braunstein only.[639] | |
Frank Albert Cotton | April 9, 1930 Philadelphia, PA, United States |
February 20, 2007 College Station, TX, United States |
1967, 1970 | [640] | |
1968 | |||||
Donald James Cram | April 22, 1919 Chester, Vermont, United States |
June 17, 2001 Palm Desert, California, United States |
1968, 1969 | Shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.-M.Lehn and Ch.J.Pedersen[ec][641] | |
George Andrew Olah | May 22, 1927 Budapest, Hungary |
March 8, 2017 Beverly Hills, California, United States |
1968, 1969 | Won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ed][642] | |
Erika Cremer | May 20, 1900 Munich, Germany |
September 21, 1996 Innsbruck, Austria |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Fr.X.M.Th.Patat.[643] | |
Kenneth George Denbigh | May 30, 1911 Luton, England |
January 23, 2004 London, England |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Joseph (Jean?) Cathala (1892–1969) from the l’École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en génie chimique, Toulouse.[644] | |
Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder | May 27, 1911 Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
March 30, 1990 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Arthur Neville Hambly (1909–1996) from the Australian National University, Canberra.[645] | |
Eugene Patrick Kennedy | September 4, 1919 United States |
September 22, 2011 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Samuel B. Weiss (b.1925) from the University of Chicago.[646] | |
Kozyrev, Boris Mikhaylovich |
May 4, 1905 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan |
October 21, 1979 Kazan, Russia |
1968 | Nominated the only time by M.Dole.[647] | |
Alfred O. C. Nier | May 28, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |
May 16, 1994 Hennepin County Medical Center, United States |
1968 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[648][649] | |
Eiji Ochiai[650] | June 26, 1898 Chiba, Japan |
November 4, 1974 |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Shuzo Shibata (b.1924) from the Shizuoka University.[651] | |
Eugene George Rochow | October 4, 1909 Newark, New Jersey, United States |
March 21, 2002 Fort Myers, Florida, United States |
1968 | Nominated the only time by H.Schäfer.[652] | |
Einar August Stenhagen | April 6, 1911 Söderala, Sweden |
December 14, 1973 Mölndal, Sweden |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Jean Asselineau (1921–2013) from the University of Toulouse.[653] | |
Hans Tuppy | July 22, 1924 Vienna, Austria |
1968 | Nominated the only time by F.K.L.Machatschki.[654] | ||
Anthony Leonid Turkevich | July 23, 1916 Manhattan, New York, United States |
September 7, 2002 Lexington, Virginia, United States |
1968 | [655] | |
David Warren Turner | July 16, 1927 Leigh-on-Sea, England |
1968[ee] | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[656][ef] | ||
Otto Hermann Eduard Westphal | February 1, 1913 Berlin, Germany |
September 14, 2004 Montreux, Switzerland |
1968 | Nominated jointly with M.Heidelberger the only time by H.Alb.C.Albers.[657] | |
Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky | September 15, 1914 Łódź, Poland |
May 30, 1972 Ben Gurion International Airport, Israel |
1968 | Nominated jointly with Efr.Katchalski the only time by L.Lorand.[658] | |
Brian Edward Cross[659] | October 9, 1923 |
1968 | [660] Nominated jointly[661] the only time by Kozo Hirota from the Osaka University [662] [663] | ||
Yusuke Sumiki[664] | February 10, 1901 |
September 11, 1974 | |||
Teijirō Yabuta | December 16, 1888 Ōtsu, Japan |
July 20, 1977 Tokyo, Japan | |||
Bernard Lewis | 1899 London, England |
May 23, 1993 Pittsburgh, United States |
1968 | [665] Nominated jointly with Al.Frumkin the only time by N.N.Semyonov [666] | |
Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich | March 8, 1914 Minsk, Belarus |
December 2, 1987 Moscow, Russia | |||
Léon Velluz[667] | July 31, 1904 Bourg-en-Bresse, France |
May 28, 1981 Paris, France |
1968 | [668] Nominated jointly[669] the only time by P.Bédos from the University of Toulouse [670] [671] | |
Maurice Legrand | |||||
Marc Grosjean | |||||
Klaus Biemann | November 2, 1926 Innsbruck, Austria |
June 2, 2016 Brunswick, Maine, United States |
1968, 1969, 1970 | [672] | |
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit | December 22, 1900 Utrecht, Netherlands |
March 17, 1977 Pasadena, California, United States |
1968, 1970 | [673] | |
Henri Normant[674] | June 25, 1907 Plozévet, France |
December 5, 1997 Paris, France |
1968, 1969, 1970 | [675] | |
Ivo Zvara | June 11, 1934 Veliny, Czechia |
December 27, 2021 | 1968 | Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by Russian academician A.W.Nikolajev.[676] | |
Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov | March 2, 1913 Rostov-on-Don, Russia |
November 19, 1990 Moscow, Russia |
1968, 1969 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[677] | |
1969 | |||||
Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak (Pietrzak) | September 4, 1907 Łuków, now Poland |
October 10, 1998 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
1969 | Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by I.V.Petrjanov-Sokolov.[678] | |
Roald Hoffmann (born Roald Safran) |
July 18, 1937 Złoczów, now Ukraine |
1969[eg] | Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Fukui[eh][679][ei] | ||
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn | April 20, 1918 Lund, Sweden |
July 20, 2007 Ängelholm, Sweden |
1969, 1970 | Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics.[680] | |
Horace Albert "Nook" Barker | November 29, 1907 Oakland, California, United States |
December 24, 2000 Berkeley, California, United States |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Isr.R.Lehman.[681] | |
Francis Pettit Bundy | September 1, 1910 Columbus, Ohio, United States |
February 23, 2008 Lebanon, Ohio, United States |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Alfr.R.J.P.Ubbelohde.[682] | |
Raymond Jean Calas[683] | April 8, 1914 Montpellier, France |
September 28, 1996 |
1969 | Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil.[684] | |
Harry Julius Emeléus | June 22, 1903 Poplar, London, England |
December 2, 1993 Cambridge, England |
1969 | Nominated the only time by L.Kolditz.[685] | |
Theodor Förster | May 15, 1910 Frankfurt am Main, Germany |
May 20, 1974 Stuttgart, Germany |
1969 | Nominated the only time by G.Porter.[686] | |
Rolf Huisgen | June 13, 1920 Gerolstein, Germany |
March 26, 2020 Munich, Germany |
1969 | Nominated the only time by E.Lippert.[687] | |
Charles Lambert Marie Joseph Manneback | March 9, 1894 Etterbeek, Belgium |
December 15, 1975 Etterbeek, Belgium |
1969 | Nominated the only time by J.De Clerck.[688] | |
David Nachmansohn | March 17, 1899 Ekaterinoslav, now Ukraine |
November 2, 1983 New York City, United States |
1969 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[689] | |
Roberto Piontelli[690] | May 11, 1909 Lodi, Lombardy, Italy |
October 15, 1971 Milan, Italy |
1969 | [691] | |
Eugene Rabinowitch | April 27, 1901 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
May 15, 1973 Washington, D.C., United States |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Jan Bartholomeus Thomas (1907–1991) from the Utrecht University.[692] | |
Petr Aleksandrovich Rebinder | October 3, 1898 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
July 12, 1972 Moscow, Russia |
1969 | Nominated the only time by László Erdey (1910–1970) from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[693] | |
Horst Tobias Witt | March 1, 1922 Bremen, Germany |
May 14, 2007 Berlin, Germany |
1969 | Nominated the only time by A.Henglein.[694] | |
Melville Lawrence Wolfrom | April 2, 1900 Bellevue, Ohio, United States |
June 20, 1969 Columbus, Ohio, United States |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Alex (Elion) Rosenthal (1914–2012) from the University of British Columbia.[695] | |
Helmut Zahn | June 13, 1916 Erlangen, Germany |
November 14, 2004 Aachen, Germany |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky.[696] | |
László Zechmeister | May 14, 1889 Győr, Hungary |
February 28, 1972 Pasadena, California, United States |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Zoltan Csürös (1901–1979) from the Technical University of Budapest.[697] | |
Jacques Bénard | December 12, 1912 Blois, France |
October 4, 1987 Bourg-la-Reine, France |
1969 | [698] Jointly nominated the only time by Michel Destriau (1928–2010) from the University of Bordeaux [699] | |
Adolphe (Emile Philippe) Van Tiggelen | December 2, 1914 Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Belgium |
November 2, 1969 Leuven, Belgium | |||
John Machlin Buchanan | September 29, 1917 Winamac, Indiana, United States |
June 25, 2007 Burlington, Massachusetts, United States |
1969 | Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir the only time by A.B.Pardee.[700] | |
Egon Peter Gustav Stahl | October 18, 1924 Eberbach (Baden), Germany |
September 5, 1986 Eberbach (Baden), Germany |
1969 | Nominated jointly with Otto Kratky the only time by E.Schauenstein.[701] | |
Franz Sondheimer | May 17, 1926 Stuttgart, Germany |
February 11, 1981 Stanford University, United States |
1969 | Nominated jointly with G.Wittig the only time by Al.Schönberg.[702] | |
Marc Julia | October 23, 1922 Paris, France |
June 29, 2010 Paris, France |
1969 | Nominated jointly with H.C.Brown and C.Djerassi the only time by Gérard Etienne Louis Lamaty (1930–2012) from the University of Montpellier.[703] | |
Costin D. Neniţescu | July 15, 1902 Bucharest, Romania |
July 28, 1970 Bușteni, Romania |
1969 | [704] Nominated jointly with R.Criegee the only time by P.D.Bartlett [705] | |
Rowland Pettit | February 6, 1927 Port Lincoln, Australia |
December 10, 1981 Austin, Texas, United States | |||
Friedrich Wilhelm Jost | June 15, 1903 Friedberg, Hesse, Germany |
September 23, 1988 Göttingen, Germany |
1969 | Nominated jointly with W.H.Schottky and C.W.Wagner the only time by H.Witte.[706] | |
Albert Kirrmann | June 28, 1900 Strasbourg, France |
March 10, 1974 |
1969 | Nominated jointly with Chr.K.Ingold, L.Pl.Hammett and Ch.Prévost the only time by Alb.Bruylants.[707] | |
Harden M. McConnell | July 18, 1927 Richmond, Virginia, United States |
October 8, 2014 |
1969, 1970 | [708] | |
Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov | September 9, 1899 Moscow, Russia |
January 17, 1980 Moscow, Russia |
1969, 1970 | [709] | |
Gilbert Stork | December 31, 1921 Brussels, Belgium |
October 21, 2017 United States |
1969, 1970 | [710] | |
Pehr Victor Edman | April 14, 1916 Stockholm, Sweden |
March 19, 1977 Munich, Germany |
1969, 1970 | Nominated jointly with R.Br.Merrifield and J.Porath by T.Cl.Laurent only.[711] | |
Jerker Porath | October 23, 1921 Sala, Sweden |
January 21, 2016 Lund, Sweden |
[712] |
1970–1973
[edit]Nominees are published 50 years later so 1973 nominees should be published in 2024.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | |||||
Jerome Karle | June 18, 1918 New York City, United States |
June 6, 2013 Annandale, Virginia, United States |
1970 | Shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.A.Hauptman[ej].[713] | |
John Charles Polanyi | January 23, 1929 Berlin, Germany |
1970[dm] | Shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Dudley Robert Herschbach and Yu.T.Lee[ek].[714][el] | ||
Elias James Corey | July 12, 1928 Methuen, Massachusetts, United States |
1970[em] | Won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[en][715][eo] | ||
Karl Sune Detlof Bergström | January 10, 1916 Stockholm, Sweden |
August 15, 2004 Stockholm, Sweden |
1970 | Shared the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with B.I.Samuelsson and J.R.Vane.[716] | |
Walter Houser Brattain | February 10, 1902 Xiamen, China |
October 13, 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA |
1970 | Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Bardeen and William Shockley.[717] | |
Bernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris | January 5, 1923 Johannesburg, South Africa |
July 7, 2013 Gainesville, Florida, United States |
[718] Jointly nominated with W.H.Brattain the only time by T.M.Salem from the Alexandria University [719] | ||
Herbert Spencer Harned[720] | December 2, 1888 Camden, New Jersey, United States |
July 29, 1969 | |||
J. D. Bernal | May 10, 1901 Nenagh, Ireland |
September 15, 1971 London, England |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Harry Francis West Taylor (1923–2002) from the University of Aberdeen and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[721] | |
Gaston Charlot | June 11, 1904 Heuilley-sur-Saône, France |
April 17, 1994 Paris, France |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Gabriel Antoine Tridot (1924–1993), Director of École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille.[722] | |
Michel Marcel Delhaye | March 10, 1929 Fresnes-sur-Escaut, France |
February 12, 2014 Lille, France |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Joseph M. Heubel (b. 1920) from the Lille University of Science and Technology.[723] | |
Boris Vladimirovich Derjagin | August 9, 1902 Moscow, Russia |
May 16, 1994 Moscow, Russia |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Yoshitake Sasaki.[724] | |
Nikolay Markovich Emanuel | October 1, 1915 Fresnes-sur-Escaut, France |
December 7, 1984 Lille, France |
1970 | Nominated the only time by N.N.Semyonov.[725] | |
Matthew Stanley Meselson | May 24, 1930 Denver, Colorado, United States |
1970[ep] | Nominated the only time by R.Thomas[726][eq] | ||
George Scatchard[727] | March 19, 1892 Oneonta, New York, United States |
December 10, 1973 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Ch.Tanford.[728] | |
Hermann Theodor Felix Wieland | June 5, 1913 Munich, Germany |
November 24, 1995 Heidelberg, Germany |
1970 | Nominated the only time by S.Siddiqui.[729] | |
David 'Davy' Adriaan van Dorp | April 27, 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
February 19, 1995 Vlaardingen, Netherlands |
1970 | Nominated Jointly with S.Bergström the only time by E.Klenk.[730] | |
David Mervyn Blow | June 27, 1931 Birmingham, England |
June 8, 2004 Appledore, Torridge, England |
1970 | [731] Jointly nominated the only time by Jui Hsin Wang (1921–2016) from the Yale University [732] | |
David Chilton Phillips | March 7, 1924 Ellesmere, Shropshire, England |
February 23, 1999 London, England | |||
Walter Hückel | February 18, 1895 Charlottenburg, Germany |
January 4, 1973 Tübingen, Germany |
1970 | Nominated Jointly with Vl.Prelog the only time by Hassan S. El Khadem (1923–2012) from the Michigan Technological University.[733] | |
Christian Klixbüll-Jørgensen[734] | April 18, 1931 Aalborg, Denmark |
January 9, 2001 near Paris, France |
1970 | [735] | |
John Wilson ("Jack") Boag | June 20, 1911 Elgin, Moray, Scotland |
January 2, 2007 |
1970 | [736] Jointly nominated the only time by R.Braams. [737] [738] | |
Edwin James ("Ed") Hart[739] | February 7, 1910 Port Angeles, Washington, United States |
March 25, 1995 Port Angeles, Washington, United States | |||
Robert LeRoy Platzman[740] | August 23, 1918 Minneapolis, United States |
July 2, 1973 Chicago, United States | |||
Joseph Chatt | November 6, 1914 Horden, England |
May 19, 1994 Hove, England |
1970 | Jointly nominated with E.O.Fischer and Fr.Alb.Cotton the only time by Michael Cais (b.1924) from the Technion.[741] | |
Stig Melker Claesson | February 5, 1917 Kumla, Sweden |
July 31, 1988 Helsingborg, Sweden |
1970 | [742] Jointly nominated (Terenin - posthumously) the only time by N.M.Emanuel. [743] [744] | |
George Simms Hammond | May 22, 1921 Auburn, Maine, United States |
October 5, 2005 Portland, Oregon, United States | |||
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Terenin | May 6, 1896 Kaluga, Russia |
January 18, 1967 Moscow, Russia | |||
Charles Gilbert Overberger | October 12, 1920 Barnesboro, Pennsylvania, United States |
March 17, 1997 Ann Arbor, United States |
1970 | Jointly nominated with K.J.Freudenberg and Al.N.Nesmeyanov the only time by Cr.I.Simionescu.[745] | |
Henry Montague (Monty) Frey | February 27, 1929 London, England |
1970 | [746] Jointly nominated the only time by Youssef Iskander from the Alexandria University. [747] [748] | ||
Jack Sylvester Hine | July 2, 1923 Coronado, California, United States |
July 6, 1988 Columbus, Ohio, United States | |||
Wolfgang Kirmse | June 26, 1930 Frankfurt am Main, Germany |
||||
Tetsuo Nozoe | May 16, 1902 Sendai, Japan |
April 4, 1996 Tokyo, Japan |
1970, 1974[749][er] | [750] | |
1971 | |||||
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2022), however 1971 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[751] | |||||
1972 | |||||
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2023), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[752] | |||||
1973 | |||||
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2024), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[753] |
See also
[edit]- List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
- List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
- List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics
- List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature
Motivations and remarks
[edit]- ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Nominations were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee - The Nobel Population 1901-1937: A Census of the Nominators and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry Elisabeth T. Crawford, J. L. Heilbron, Rebecca Ullrich (Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1987)
- ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”
- ^ "Work on the synthesis of amino acids"
- ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”
- ^ “in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him”
- ^ “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”
- ^ “in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”
- ^ “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”
- ^ "Work on organic arsenic compounds and their therapeutic effect on tuberculosis, malaria and syphilis."
- ^ “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”
- ^ “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation”
- ^ Discovery of Zymase (fermentation can be induced by an enzyme, even in yeast cells which have been destroyed)
- ^ “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”
- ^ “for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry”
- ^ “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”
- ^ “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”
- ^ “in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”
- ^ “in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry”
- ^ “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”
- ^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”
- ^ "Constitution of enzymes and their catalythic elements."
- ^ “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”
- ^ "Work on chemotherapy."
- ^ “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”
- ^ “for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”
- ^ "Work on chlorophyll and hemoglobin."
- ^ “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei”
- ^ "Work on physiological chemistry and "abwehrfermente"."
- ^ “for his work on disperse systems”
- ^ a b “in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods”
- ^ “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”
- ^ "The introduction of physical-chemical problems to physiology, and work on phagocytosis and the permeability of the kidneys."
- ^ "Important studies on proteins."
- ^ "Work on nutrition."
- ^ “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”
- ^ “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”
- ^ a b “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”
- ^ “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes”
- ^ "Preparation of crystalline insulin."
- ^ “for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”
- ^ "Research on vitamins"
- ^ “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
- ^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”
- ^ "Work on physiological chemistry, especially the theories and work on blood coagulation."
- ^ “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”
- ^ “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”
- ^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin".
- ^ “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C”
- ^ "Large-scale synthetic production of thyroxine; also modified Kendall´s original chemical description of thyroxine."
- ^ "Work on the chemistry of fermentation, especially the isolation and determination of methylglyoxaline as intermediate product in fermentation."
- ^ “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”
- ^ “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”
- ^ "Work on plasmoquinine and atebrin."
- ^ “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2”
- ^ “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”
- ^ a b “for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis”
- ^ "Work on intermediary metabolism, especially in liver and skeleton muscles."
- ^ “for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method”
- ^ “for his work on sex hormones”
- ^ “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”
- ^ “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
- ^ "Work on auxines."
- ^ “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”
- ^ "Work on the structure of the nucleic acids."
- ^ “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”
- ^ "Work on essential substances in rice and their importance in beri-beri."
- ^ a b “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
- ^ "Chemical composition of heart glycosides, especially scillarens, digitalins and strophanthidins."
- ^ "Work on production of plant disease generating virus in crystallized form."
- ^ "Work on the use of nicotinic acid on "blacktongue"."
- ^ "Isolation and study of vitamin B1"
- ^ “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”
- ^ "The discovery of the facts relating to para-amino-benzene sulfonamide."
- ^ “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”
- ^ "The production of crystalline digestion ferment (enzyme)"
- ^ "Isotope techniques to study intermediary metabolism."
- ^ "Work on the chemistry of proteins, kidney function, the acid-base balance and the electrolytic balance of the body."
- ^ a b "Isolation of a series of carcinogenic substances."
- ^ “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
- ^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin"
- ^ "Discovery of synthetic oestrogens, especially stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol, DES) and their effects."
- ^ "Dicoumarol and related compounds"
- ^ a b “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
- ^ “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
- ^ “for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”
- ^ “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”
- ^ "Work on DDT"
- ^ "Discovery of the carbon dioxide assimilation process in heterotrophic organisms."
- ^ “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”
- ^ "Fractionation of plasma proteins..."
- ^ "Electron microscopy of viruses, leading to knowledge of the nature and morphology of viruses and general insight into the structure and mechanism of crystallization of proteins."
- ^ "Discovery of cytochromes"
- ^ "Work on the chemistry of streptomycin."
- ^ "Work on the amino acid requirements in humans."
- ^ "Methods for measuring antigens, antibody and complement. Specifically, studies on the purification of Pneumococcus polysaccharides, leading to routines for immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia."
- ^ “for their invention of partition chromatography”
- ^ “for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”
- ^ “for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”
- ^ “for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”
- ^ “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
- ^ "Work on the permeability of the cell wall for ions, and ionic equilibrium."
- ^ "Isolation and study of the pituitary hormone."
- ^ “for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”
- ^ a b “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”
- ^ "Work on dimercaptopropanol and its importance in protection against poisoning by certain metals."
- ^ “for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin”
- ^ “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”
- ^ "Discoveries and development of new chemical separation methods based on "counter-current extraction and partition chromatography"."
- ^ “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”
- ^ a b “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”
- ^ “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes”
- ^ “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates”
- ^ “for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals”
- ^ “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions”
- ^ a b “for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis”
- ^ a b “Nomination 21161 to J.Polanyi has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry”
- ^ “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”
- ^ “All nominations with J.Watson have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Data of James Watson (id 11107) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Data of Francis Crick (id 11108) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Data of Maurice Wilkins (id 11109) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ "The role of nucleic acids, in particular RNA, in cellular protein synthesis"
- ^ a b “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds”
- ^ “for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions”
- ^ “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
- ^ "Synthetic antihistamine compounds"
- ^ “Nomination 19435 by L.Saunders has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
- ^ “Data about nomination of Laurens L M van Deenen (id 13330) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
- ^ “Data of G H de Haas (id 14300) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
- ^ “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
- ^ “for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”
- ^ “for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”
- ^ “Nomination 19661 to David Warren Turner have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Data of David Warren Turner (id 14450) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Nomination 20925 to R.Hoffmann has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”
- ^ “Data of R Hoffman (id 15546) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
- ^ “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”
- ^ “Data of John Polanyi (id 15675) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Nomination 21155 to El.J.Corey has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”
- ^ “Data of El.J.Corey (id 15672) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Nomination 21107 to M.St.Meselson has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Data of M.St.Meselson (id 15637) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ “Nomination 22157 to Tetsuo Nozoe is hidden at the Nomination Archive site now”
References
[edit]- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Guide to Nobel Prize". Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Svante Arrhenius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Moissan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Zdenko Skraup". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marcellin Berthelot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pope". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Ramsay". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf von Baeyer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodore Richards". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wolcott Gibbs". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Knietsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Wislicenus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Morley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harmon Morse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Ostwald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eduard Buchner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dmitri Mendeleev". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giacomo Ciamician". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Le Châtelier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Nernst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Grignard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Sabatier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lord Rutherford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Wallach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Werner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanislao Canizzaro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sophus Jörgensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fredrik Kjellin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Crookes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Eyde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kristian Birkeland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Caro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolph Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Curtius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albin Haller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Willstätter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albrecht Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf de Laval". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Lunge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Hantzsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund von Lippmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Landolt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Schönherr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Engler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Senderens". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gabriel Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gaston Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir James Dewar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Liebermann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Martin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walthère Spring". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for P.Ehrlich&S.Hata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sahachiro Hata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Perkin Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Angelo Angeli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Tammann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Haber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hilaire de Chardonnet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe Barbier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Urbain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Zsigmondy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Küster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Küster&Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leon Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karol Olszewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Zincke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Harries". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Recoura". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Tschirch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Walden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir William Henry Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Moseley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Galton Darwin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edouard Branly". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Die Dozenten der Universität Zürich (S.692) – Herzfeld Eugen" (PDF). archiv.uzh.ch (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugen Herzfeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emanuele Paterno". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Baptiste Perrin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Svedberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Bosch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Clarke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Felix Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emile Bourquelot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Eder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Knut Jacob Beskow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Ramén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe-Auguste Guye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for H.Hamburger&S.P.L.Sørensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hartog Hamburger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Mikhail Tsvet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Schlenk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martinus Beijerinck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Curtis Franklin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Noelting". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Noyes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ossian Aschan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Moureu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sören Sörensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Freundlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Gomberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Holleman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Auer von Welsbach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikodem Caro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert N. Lewis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Siedentopf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Power". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Wieland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans von Euler-Chelpin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George de Hevesy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dirk Coster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – André Debierne". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Windaus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Foerster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Piero Ginori Conti". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giuseppe Oddo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Pascal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Irving Langmuir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Petrus Debye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Hopkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Baker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Cohen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Julius Bredt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Adolf Paneth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Robinson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Lind". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bruno Tacke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred F Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Alfred Hess&Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Harden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Bergius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir Walter Norman Haworth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Warburg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Barger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for G.Barger&Ch.Harington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Harington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Bennewitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes van Laar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Stock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Swarts". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bodenstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Ruff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Goldschmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Brönsted". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Dufraisse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Percy Bridgman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl F. Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leopold Ruzicka". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Staudinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl von Auwers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Donnan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Klason". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Irvine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Karrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Diels". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Artturi Virtanen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Späth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Votocek". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Butenandt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jaroslav Heyrovský". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harold Clayton Urey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Washburn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Maillard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erik Hägglund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Joliot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Enrico Fermi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Curme". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "The Electrochemical Society – Colin G. Fink". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Fink". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bergmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Giauque". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Alder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Arthur Bone". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Heslinga". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ H. Ter Meulen en J. Heslinga, Nieuwe methoden voor Elementair-analyse, Delft, 1925, 2e druk 1930
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri ter Meulen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hönigschmid". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jens Möller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wojciech Swiętosławski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugo Theorell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marc Tiffeneau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Binz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Curt Räth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Christoph de Haen X-ray Contrast Agent Technology: A Revolutionary History, p. 62 (CRC Press and Taylor&Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida 2019)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Hofmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf Komppa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Harteck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz London". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Stanley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Harkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Böeseken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Henri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Ipatieff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Bredig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Bawden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fr.Bawden&N.Pirie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Norman Pirie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "BnF Data – Paul Job (1886-1957)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Job". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "BnF Data – Maurice Piettre (1878-1954)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Piettre". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francesco Giordani". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Wrinch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Fourneau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Linus Pauling". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Weigert". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Christopher Kelk Ingold". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Howard Northrop". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Sumner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Niggli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Portevin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – René Wurmser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for J.W.Cook&E.L.Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lawrence Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Wilfred Cook". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Heinrich Heitler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Reichstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vincent du Vigneaud". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Clusius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Eyring". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Westgren". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn Theodore Seaborg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Burns Woodward". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Adolf Krebs". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugh Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Doering". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Frumkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Tiselius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4 76-77 (Princeton University Press, 1971)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Devaux". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leo Szilard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Science Museum Group – J R Geigy SA". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ciba-Geigy AG (Swiss pharmaceutical company)". britannica.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – S A Geigy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Base de données des élites suisses – Läuger, Paul". unil.ch (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Robert Frisch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin McMillan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philip Abelson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Lebeau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Rittenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Misrky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Rabe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Dickel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Kennedy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Armand Jacquet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Morris Kharasch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Adams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Lebrecht Meerwein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johan Arvid Hedvall". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Chester Werkman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ch.Werkman&H.G.Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harland Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – A J Kluyver". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Robertus Todd". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Kendall". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "The Electrochemical Society – George W. Heise". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Heise". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Miescher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Dyson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Richter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Kunststoffe 52(1) 59 (1962)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Domingo Giribaldo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Reppe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for William Rose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Rose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Archer Martin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Synge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Melvin Calvin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Sanderson Mulliken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Flory". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Selman Waksman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Lipmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Wells Beadle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Thérèse Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gladwyn Buttle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ British Medical Journal 286(6379) 1758 (1983)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Wahl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Hamaker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn E Sheline". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wendell Latimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Werner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Isadore Perlman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Kirk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "University of California: In Memoriam, 1991 – Glenn E. Sheline". texts.cdlib.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 40(2) 213 (1981)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Raphael Consden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Gramicidin S; the sequence of the amino-acid residues" Biochemical Journal 41(4) 596-602 (1947)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Gordon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Irving Schlesinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Burris Bell Cunningham". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Willard Frank Libby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Ferdinand Perutz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yasuhiko Asahina". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Axel Lindh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ian Morris Heilbron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Sanger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frits Zernike". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Claude Hudson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Simon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Hume-Rothery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Wilhelm Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Braunstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Hieber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Segrè". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Öjvind Winge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Izaak Kolthoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Lawrie Tatum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Ziegler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giulio Natta". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Porter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Onsager". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Mattauch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Félix Trombe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Volmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Feigl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin David Kamen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Clarke Slater". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Severo Ochoa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Lemaître". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Gale". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joan Folkes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Boris Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinz Fraenckel-Conrat". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jannik Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emil Brauns". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Johann Freudenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Munro MacLeod". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maclyn McCarty". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Charpentier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coryell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice-Marie Janot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexandre Vladimiravitche Palladine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G L Stadnikov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eric Keightley Rideal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Horecker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Hund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Hückel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – C Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Luis Federico Leloir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Herzberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Prelog". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Wittig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maria Goeppert-Mayer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bogdan Kamienski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Mousseron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yoshiyuki Toyama". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Brachet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herman Francis Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerold Karel Schwarzenbach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Kendrew". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Kornberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Feodor Lynen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Green". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Owen Rice". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunter Scheibe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Rossini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M J Chedin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bror Holmberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Egon Wiberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pfann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Schottky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Derek Harold Richard Barton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Odd Hassel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ilya Prigogine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Watson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Crick". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Wilkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hershey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin Deutsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Andrew Benson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Cary". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Orville Beckman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Engl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Massolle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Vogt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martha Chase". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Grierer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "New York Times – John Aston, 87, Dies; Pioneer in Cryogenics". The New York Times. 9 August 1990. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Schramm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Manfred Eigen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Konrad Bloch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Stanford University – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". chemistry.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Racker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Corey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Gunnar Sillén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Britton Chance". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Léon Chaudron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Daniel Israel Arnon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Bijvoet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry George Drickamer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leslie Orgel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Néel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Pauson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Stacey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Urbanski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Wolfgang Mundry". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Clemens Schöpf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Vinogradov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Djerassi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Plack Hammett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sanichiro Mizushima". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Brown". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Har Gobind Khorana". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ludwig August Wilhelm Geilmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dionyz Ilkovic". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Noel Slater". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunnar Blix". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Klenk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "University of Minnesota Awards&Honours – Stanley Bruckenstein". uawards.umn.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanley Bruckenstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Monteath Robertson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edgar Bright Wilson Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Arndt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Neil Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Champagnat". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Saul Winstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund Hirst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coulson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E F Terroine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – P C Zamecnik". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K Yamafuji". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Holmes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Chicago Tribune – JOHN G. MALM". chicagotribune.com. 15 May 1999. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Malm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ H. H. Claassen, H. Selig and J. G. Malm, “Xenon Tetrafluoride” Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 3593 (1962) doi:10.1021/ja00877a042
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Claassen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Classen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – H Selig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "ASA/CSCA Member Obituaries – Howard H. Claassen". asa3.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Journal of Fluorine Chemistry – Henry Selig-Obituary" (PDF). journals.elsevier.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Ivanovich Oparin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G M Schwab". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Katchalski-Kazir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernd Theodor Matthias". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frantisek Sorm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – František Šorm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Warcup Cornforth Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Monod". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Jacob". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Doughty Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Salomon S. Cohen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Baklan, V. Yu; Vasylyev, A. D.; Kublanovskii, V. S.; Grafov, B. M. (March 2012). "Russian Journal of Electrochemistry – To the Centenary of O.K. Davtyan". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 48 (3): 348–349. doi:10.1134/S1023193512660019. S2CID 93777377. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – O K Davtjan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ulick Richardson Evans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – S G Mason". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Chemical & Engineering News – Obituary: Leonard Mortenson". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – L E Mortenson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Mortenson LE, Valentine RC, Carnahan JE "An electron transport factor from Clostridium pasteurianum" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 7(6): 448–52 (June 1962) doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90333-9 PMID 14476372
- ^ "Nomination Archive – R C Valentine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J E Carnahan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Cape Gazette – James E. Carnahan, retired research chemist". CapeGazette.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Chargaff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Roche". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Iwan Nikolov Stranski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – A Guinier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Kratky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alan Walsh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Eschenmoser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Prévost". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Hoppe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G Popjak". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Criegee". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Rieche". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marshall Warren Nirenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert William Holley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanford Moore". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^
"Nomination Archive – William H Stein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020. - ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Barrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Sudetendeutsche Akademieder Wissenschaften und Künste – Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt Hannig". sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K Hannig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Franklin Hyde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Lüttringhaus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Theodore Mertz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Laurens L M van Deenen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G H de Haas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Catalogus Professorum – Prof.dr. G. Horrëus de Haas". profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – C L Vernet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ A. CHAMPAGNAT, C. VERNET, B. LAINÉ & J. FILOSA Biosynthesis of Protein-Vitamin Concentrates from Petroleum Nature 197 13–14 (1963)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – B Lainé". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Filosa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – T R Seshadri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K I Pitzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020."Nomination Archive – Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Schwyzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sol Spiegelman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Wilkinson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Bruce Merrifield". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Wald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M Ballester". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Lecomte". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Rudolf Lemberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Electrochemical Dictionary (2nd ed., Springer 2012) p.559
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J J Lingane". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24 408-442 (1978)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Alan Morton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giorgio Piccardi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – H Schmid". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Harold Spedding". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ In Memorium of Prof. Dr. A.R. Tourky U.A.R. journal of chemistry 14 376 (1971)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – A R Tourky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Tennessee Encyclopedia – Ellison Hall Taylor". tennesseeencyclopedia.net. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E H Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – S Datz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M B Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – F R Whatley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stephen Brunauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Hugh Emmett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Teller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Esmond Emerson Snell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Albert Cotton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – D C Cram". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Andrew Olah". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erika Cremer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K G Denbigh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene Patrick Kennedy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – B M Kozyrev". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - A.O.C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften – Eiji Ochiai" (PDF). badw.de. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E Ochiai". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene George Rochow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E Stenhagen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Tuppy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Anthony Leonid Turkevich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - David Warren Turner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - O Westphal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ The University of Leeds Review 23 263 (1980)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – B E Cross". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "A Century of Gibberellin Research" Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 34 740-760 (2015)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Y Sumiki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – T Yabuta". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ The Journal of Antibiotics XXVII(12) 1003 (1974)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Lewis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J B Zeldovic". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Tetrahedron 38(5) 565 (1982)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – L Velluz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ L. Velluz, M. Legrand und M. Grosjean Optical Circular Dichroism. Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Verlag Chemie GmbH., Weinheim/Bergstr., und Academic Press, New York-London, 1965.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M Legrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M Grosjean". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Biemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arie Jan Haagen-Smit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "BnF Data - Henri Normant (1907-1997)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Normant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – I Zvara". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – R Hoffman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Horace Albert Barker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – F P Bundy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques – CALAS Raymond Jean". cths.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – R Calas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – H J Emeléus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Förster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rolf Huisgen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – C Manneback". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Nachmansohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Piontelli, Roberto". treccani.it. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Roberto Piontelli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene I Rabinowitch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – P A Rebinder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – H Witt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Melville Lawrence Wolfrom". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Helmut Zahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – László Zechmeister". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Bénard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolphe Van Tiggelen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J M Buchanan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E Stahl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Sondheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M Julia". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Costin D Nenitzescu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rowland Pettit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – W Jost". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Kirrmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harden M McConnell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Aleksandr Nikolaevich Nesmejanov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert Stork". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pehr Victor Edman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jerker Porath". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jerome L Karle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Charles Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Elias James Corey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sune K Bergström". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Walter Houser Brattain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - John O'Mara Bockris". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Herbert Spencer Harned". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "NAS Biographical Memoirs - Herbert Spencer Harned" (PDF). nasonline.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - John Desmond Bernal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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