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List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lise Meitner, the second woman to be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in chemistry.[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[2]

Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. Currently, the nominations for the years 1901 to 1970 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in eight years (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1927, 1938, 1943, 1944).

From 1901 to 1970, there have been 641 scientists nominated for the prize, 79 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 18 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1970 and Frederick Sanger was awarded second time on 1980. Of only 15 women nominees, three were awarded. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Skłodowska Curie. She was nominated on 1911 by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and French mathematician Gaston Darboux and eventually won the prize on the same year. She is the only woman to win twice the Nobel Prize: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).[3] Besides 27 and 13 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Physics (including one woman more) correspondingly (including years after 1970). Only one company has been nominated, the Geigy SA for the year 1947.

Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy chemists, physicists and engineers, there have still been other scientists who were overlooked for the prize in chemistry such as Per Teodor Cleve, Jannik Petersen Bjerrum, Ellen Swallow Richards, Alice Ball, Vladimir Palladin, Sergey Reformatsky, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Alexey Favorsky, Rosalind Franklin and Joseph Edward Mayer.

In addition, nominations of 21 scientists and four corporations more were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.

Nominees by their first nomination

[edit]

1901–1909

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1901
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff August 30, 1852
Rotterdam, Netherlands
March 1, 1911
Berlin, Germany
1901 Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[a][4]
Emil Fischer October 9, 1852
Euskirchen, Germany
July 15, 1919
Berlin, Germany
1901, 1902, 1903,[b] 1905,[b]


1916, 1919
Won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[c][5],
later nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[d][6]
Svante Arrhenius February 19, 1859
Uppsala, Sweden
October 2, 1927
Stockholm, Sweden
1901, 1902, 1903 Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[e]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too[7]
Henri Moissan September 28, 1852
Paris, France
February 20, 1907
Paris, France
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907[b] Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[f][8]
Zdenko Hans Skraup March 3, 1850
Prague, Czech Republic
September 10, 1910
Vienna, Austria
1901 Nominated the only time by Eduard Lippmann (1838–1919) from Wien Technische Hochschule.[9]
Marcellin Berthelot October 25, 1827
Paris, France
March 18, 1907
Paris, France
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907 [10]
William Jackson Pope March 31, 1870
London, England
October 17, 1939
Cambridge, England
1901, 1907, 1915[b], 1916[b], 1927, 1932[b] [11]
1902
William Ramsay October 2, 1852
Glasgow, Scotland
July 23, 1916
High Wycombe, England
1902, 1903, 1904 Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[g]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[12]
Adolf von Baeyer October 31, 1835
Berlin, Germany
August 20, 1917
Starnberg, Germany
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[h][13]
Theodore William Richards January 31, 1868
Germantown, Philadelphia, United States
April 2, 1928
Cambridge,_Massachusetts, United States
1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916[b] Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915[i][14]
Oliver Wolcott Gibbs February 21, 1822
New York City, United States
December 9, 1908
Portsmouth, Rhode Island, United States
1902 Nominated the only time by Ch.Edw.Munroe.[15]
Rudolf Knietsch December 13, 1854
Opole, Poland
May 28, 1906
Ludwigshafen, Germany
1902 Nominated the only time by P.Klason.[16]
Johannes Wislicenus June 24, 1835
Querfurt, Germany
December 5, 1902
Leipzig, Germany
1902 Nominated the only time by Zd.H.Skraup.[17]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Edward Williams Morley January 29, 1838
Newark, New Jersey, United States
February 24, 1923
West Hartford, Connecticut, United States
1902, 1908, 1909,[b] 1910 [18]
Armand Gautier September 23, 1837
Narbonne, France
July 27, 1920
Cannes, France
1902, 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1916 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[j][19][20]
1903
Harmon Northrop Morse October 15, 1848
Cambridge, Vermont, United States
September 8, 1920
Chebeague Island, Maine, United States
1903, 1910 Nominated by Harry Clary Jones (1865–1916) from Johns Hopkins University only.[21]
1904
Wilhelm Ostwald September 2, 1853
Riga, Latvia
April 4, 1932
Grimma, Germany
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910[b] Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[k].[22]
1905
Eduard Buchner May 20, 1860
Munich, Germany
August 13, 1917
Focșani, Romania
1905, 1907 Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[l]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[m][23]
Dmitri Mendeleev February 8, 1834
Tobolsk, Russia
February 2, 1907
Saint Petersburg, Russia
1905, 1906, 1907 [24]
Giacomo Ciamician August 27, 1857
Trieste, Italy
January 2, 1922
Bologna, Italy
1905, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1921 [25]
Henry Louis Le Chatelier October 8, 1850
Paris, France
September 17, 1936
Miribel-les-Échelles, France
1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1916,[b] 1918,[b] 1919,[b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935[b] Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[26]
1906
Walther Nernst June 25, 1864
Gmina Wąbrzeźno, Poland
November 18, 1941
Niwica, Poland
1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918,[b] 1919,[b]1920, 1921, 1922[b] Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[n] in 1921
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[27]
Victor Grignard May 6, 1871
Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France
December 13, 1935
Lyon, France
1906, 1909, 1910, 1912,

1928
[o][28]


Shared the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry


[p][29]
1907
Paul Sabatier November 5, 1854
Carcassonne, France
August 14, 1914
Toulouse, France
1907, 1909, 1911, 1912,

1928, 1929
Ernest Rutherford August 30, 1871
Brightwater, New Zealand
October 19, 1937
Cambridge, England
1907, 1908,

1923[b]
Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[q]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[30]
Otto Wallach March 27, 1847
Königsberg, Prussia
February 26, 1931
Göttingen, Germany
1907, 1908, 1910 Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[r].[31]
Alfred Werner December 12, 1866
Mulhouse, France
November 15, 1919
Zürich, Switzerland
1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1913 Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[s].[32]
Stanislao Cannizzaro July 13, 1826
Palermo, Italy
May 10, 1910
Rome, Italy
1907 [33]
Sophus Mads Jørgensen July 4, 1837
Slagelse, Denmark
April 1, 1914
Copenhagen, Denmark
1907 [34]
Fredrik Adolf Kjellin April 24, 1872
Södertälje, Sweden
December 30, 1910
Stockholm, Sweden
1907 Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson.[35]
William Crookes June 17, 1832
London, England
April 4, 1919
London, England
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1918[b] Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[36]
Samuel Eyde October 29, 1866
Arendal, Norway
June 21, 1940
Åsgårdstrand, Norway
1907, 1909, 1913 Nominated jointly with Kr.Birkeland only.[37]
Kristian Birkeland December 13, 1867
Oslo, Norway
June 15, 1917
Kanagawa, Japan
1907, 1909, 1912, 1913 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[38]
Heinrich Caro February 13, 1834
Poznań, Poland
September 11, 1910
Dresden, Germany
1907, 1910 Nominated jointly with Ad.Frank only.[39]
Adolph Frank January 20, 1834
Klötze, Germany
May 30, 1916
Berlin, Germany
1907, 1909,[b] 1910, 1916 [40]
Theodor Curtius May 27, 1857
Duisburg, Germany
February 8, 1928
Heidelberg, Germany
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912,[b] 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 [41]
Albin Haller March 7, 1849
Fellering, France
April 29, 1925
Paris, France
1907, 1911,[b] 1912, 1913,[b] 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1916, 1918,[b] 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 [42]
1908
Richard Willstätter August 13, 1872
Karlsruhe, Germany
August 3, 1942
Muralto, Switzerland
1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916[b] Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[t].[43]
Frederick Soddy September 2, 1877
Eastbourne, England
September 22, 1956
Brighton, England
1908, 1918, 1919, 1922 Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[u] in 1922
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[44]
Albrecht Kossel September 16, 1853
Rostock, Germany
July 5, 1927
Heidelberg, Germany
1908 Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[45]
Gustaf de Laval May 9, 1845
Orsa, Sweden
February 2, 1913
Stockholm, Sweden
1908 Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[46]
Georg Lunge September 15, 1839
Wrocław, Poland
January 3, 1923
Zürich, Switzerland
1908, 1909[b] [47]
Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch March 7, 1857
Dresden, Germany
March 14, 1935
Dresden, Germany
1908, 1918,[b] 1923,[b] 1927 [48]
1909
Edmund Oscar von Lippmann January 9, 1857
Vienna, Austria
September 24, 1940
Halle (Saale), Germany
1909 Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[49]
Ernst Schulze (chemist)[b] July 31, 1840
Bovenden, German Confederation
June 15, 1912
Zürich, Switzerland
1909 Nominated the only time by Ernst Winterstein
Hans Heinrich Landolt December 5, 1831
Zürich, Switzerland
March 15, 1910
Berlin, Germany
1909, 1910 [50]
Otto Schönherr December 1, 1861
Chemnitz, Germany
December 25, 1926
Dresden, Germany
1909, 1910,[b] 1912 [51]
Karl Engler January 5, 1842
Weisweil, Germany
February 7, 1925
Karlsruhe, Germany
1909, 1910, 1911, 1916 [52]
Jean-Baptiste Senderens January 27, 1856
Barbachen, France
September 26, 1937
Barbachen, France
1909, 1928, 1929 Nominated jointly with P.Sabatier only.[53]
Gabriel Bertrand May 17, 1867
Paris, France
June 10, 1962
Paris, France
1909, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1957 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[v][54][55]

1910–1919

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1910
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes September 21, 1853
Groningen, Netherlands
February 21, 1926
Leiden, Netherlands
1910, 1911 Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics.[56]
James Dewar September 20, 1842
Kincardine, Scotland
March 27, 1923
London, England
1903,[b] 1908,[b] 1910, 1911 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[57]
Carl Theodore Liebermann February 23, 1842
Berlin, Germany
December 28, 1914
Berlin, Germany
1910 Nominated jointly with Otto Wallach the only time by B.Tollens.[58]
Pierre-Émile Martin August 18, 1824
Bourges, France
May 21, 1915
Fourchambault, France
1910 [59]
Walther Spring March 6, 1848
Liège, Belgium
July 17, 1911
Liège, Belgium
1910 Nominated the only time by Jean Léonard Krutwig (1857–1932) from University of Liège.[60]
1911
Marie Curie November 7, 1867
Warsaw, Poland
July 4, 1934
Sancellemoz, France
1911 First woman nominated and first woman to win the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[w]
and Laureate of 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics too[61]
Paul Ehrlich March 14, 1854
Strzelin, Poland
August 20, 1915
Bad Homburg, Germany
1911 Shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Il.Il.Metchnikoff,[62]
later nominated for "Work on chemotherapy."[63]
Sahachiro Hata March 23, 1873
Masuda, Japan
November 22, 1938
Tokyo, Japan
Nominated jointly with P.Ehrlich the only time by Em.Th.Kocher and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[x][63][64]
First Asian nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
William Henry Perkin Jr. June 17, 1860
Wembley, England
September 17, 1929
Oxford, England
1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922,[b] 1925, 1929 [65]
Angelo Angeli August 20, 1864
Tarcento, Italy
May 31, 1931
Florence, Italy
1911, 1913, 1917, 1918,[b] 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1931 [66]
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann June 9, 1861
Kingisepp, Russia
December 17, 1938
Göttingen, Germany
1911, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934,[b] 1935, 1936, 1937 [67]
1912
Fritz Haber December 9, 1868
Wrocław, Poland
January 29, 1934
Basel, Switzerland
1911,[b] 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917,[b] 1918, 1919, 1920[b] Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[y] in 1919.[68]
Hilaire de Chardonnet May 1, 1839
Besançon, France
March 11, 1924
Paris, France
1912 Nominated the only time by H.Ost.[69]
William Gilbert Mixter[b] 1846
Dixon, Illinois, United States
1936
1912 Self-nomination only
Floris Osmond[b] March 10, 1849
Paris, France
June 18, 1912
Saint-Leu-Taverny, France
1912, 1913 Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only
Philippe Barbier March 2, 1848
Luzy, France
September 18, 1922
Bandol, France
1912, 1920, 1922 [70]
Georges Urbain April 12, 1872
Paris, France
November 5, 1938
Paris, France
1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918,[b] 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939 [71]
1913
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy April 1, 1865
Vienna, Austria
September 23, 1929
Göttingen, Germany
1913, 1915, 1919,[b] 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926 Won the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[z] in 1926.[72]
William Küster September 23, 1863
Leipzig, Germany
March 5, 1929
Stuttgart, Germany
1913 [73]

Jointly nominated only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[aa][74]

[75]
Leon Marchlewski December 15, 1869
Wloclawek, Poland
January 16, 1946
Kraków, Poland
Karol Olszewski January 29, 1846
Broniszów, Poland
March 24, 1915
Kraków, Poland
1913 Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[76]
Theodor Zincke May 19, 1843
Uelzen, Germany
March 17, 1928
Marburg, Germany
1913 Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[77]
William Francis Hillebrand[b] December 12, 1853
Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii
February 7, 1925
United States
1913, 1914 Nominated by W.C.Böttger only
Carl Harries August 5, 1866
Luckenwalde, Germany
November 3, 1923
Berlin, Germany
1913, 1914, 1915, 1917 [78]
Albert Recoura January 20, 1862
Grenoble, France
December 21, 1945
Grenoble, France
1913, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1924 Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only.[79]
1914 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Otto Hahn March 8, 1879
Frankfurt, Germany
July 28, 1968
Göttingen, Germany
1914, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ab] in 1945
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[80]
Ernst Schmidt July 13, 1845
Halle, Germany
July 5, 1921
Marburg, Germany
1914 Nominated the only time by J.Gadamer.[81]
Alexander Tschirch October 17, 1856
Guben, Germany
December 2, 1939
Bern, Switzerland
1914, 1917, 1928 [82]
Paul Walden July 26, 1863
Rozula, Latvia
January 22, 1957
Gammertingen, Germany
1913,[b] 1914, 1918,[b] 1920, 1922,[b] 1927, 1928,[b] 1934, 1947, 1948, 1954 [83]
1915
William Henry Bragg July 2, 1862
Wigton, England
March 12, 1942
London, England
1915 Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics.[84]
Henry Moseley November 23, 1887
Weymouth, England
August 10, 1915
Gallipoli, Turkey
1915 Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius.
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[85][86]
Moseley has been killed before the only chance to be rewarded.
Charles Galton Darwin December 18, 1887
Cambridge, England
December 31, 1962
Cambridge, England
Édouard Branly November 23, 1844
Amiens, France
March 24, 1940
Paris, France
1915 Nominated the only time by H.L.Le Chatelier.
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[87]
Eugen Herzfeld February 23, 1865 Košice, Slovakia October 1, 1944
Lugano, Switzerland [88]
1915 Nominated the only time by Em.Baur.[89]
Emanuele Paternò December 12, 1847
Palermo, Italy
January 17, 1925
Palermo, Italy
1915 Nominated the only time by Alb.Peratoner.[90]
Emil Abderhalden March 9, 1877
Oberuzwil, Switzerland
August 5, 1950
Zürich, Switzerland
1915, 1918, 1923[b] Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ac][91][92]
Jean Baptiste Perrin September 30, 1870
Lille, France
April 17, 1942
New York City, United States
1915, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics.[93]
1916 - this year Prize was not awarded
Theodor Svedberg August 30, 1883
Valbo, Sweden
February 25, 1971
Kopparberg, Sweden
1910,[b] 1911,[b] 1915,[b] 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925,[b] 1926 Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ad]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[94]
Carl Bosch August 27, 1874
Cologne, Germany
April 26, 1940
Heidelberg, Germany
1915,[b] 1916, 1920, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931 Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Fr.Bergius[ae].[95]
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke March 19, 1847
Boston, United States
May 23, 1931
Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
1916 Nominated the only time by Hiram Colver McNeil (1866–1937) from George Washington University.[96]
Felix Ehrlich June 1, 1877
Bad Gandersheim, Germany
January 23, 1942
Oborniki Śląskie, Poland
1916 Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854–1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[97]
Émile Bourquelot June 21, 1851
Jandun, France
January 26, 1921
Paris, France
1916, 1921[b] [98]
Josef Maria Eder March 16, 1855
Krems an der Donau, Austria
October 18, 1944
Kitzbuhel, Austria
1915,[b] 1916, 1921 [99]
1917 - this year Prize was not awarded
Fritz Pregl September 3, 1869
Ljubljana, Slovenia
December 13, 1930
Graz, Austria
1917, 1922, 1923 Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[af]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[100]
Knut Jacob Beskow January 13, 1876
Stockholm, Sweden
January 28, 1928
Stockholm, Sweden
1917 [101]

Jointly nominated the only time by P.Klason

[102]
Arthur Ramén October 12, 1873
Uppsala, Sweden
September 30, 1926
Stockholm, Sweden
Karl Andreas Hofmann[b] April 2, 1870
Ansbach, Kingdom of Bavaria
October 15, 1940
Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany
1917 Nominated the only time by Fr.Dolezalek
Arthur Michael[b] August 7, 1853
Buffalo, New York, United States
February 8, 1942
Orlando, Florida, United States
1917, 1922 Nominated by Th.W.Richards only
Karl Oskar Widman[b] January 2, 1852
Uppsala, Sweden
August 26, 1930
1917, 1924 Nominated by A.Angeli only
Philippe-Auguste Guye June 12, 1862
Geneva, Switzerland
March 27, 1922
Geneva, Switzerland
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 [103]
Amé Pictet July 12, 1857
Geneva, Switzerland
March 11, 1937
Geneva, Switzerland
1917, 1920, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 [104]
1918 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Hartog Jacob Hamburger March 9, 1859
Alkmaar, Netherlands
January 4, 1924
Groningen, Netherlands
1918 Nominated the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ag][105][106]
Mikhail Tsvet May 14, 1872
Asti, Italy
June 26, 1919
Voronezh, Russia
1918 Nominated the only time by Cornelis van Wisselingh (1859–1925) from University of Groningen.[107]
Arthur Louis Day October 30, 1869
Brookfield, Massachusetts, United States
March 2, 1960
Washington, D.C., United States
1918[b] Nominated the only time by Fr.M.Jaeger
Robert Andrews Millikan March 22, 1868
Morrison, Illinois, United States
December 19, 1953
San Marino, California, United States
Nominated jointly by James Bayard Clark (1869-?) the only time
Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin October 4, 1858
(or October 9, 1854)
Idvor, now Serbia
March 12, 1935
New York, United States
Wilhelm Schlenk March 22, 1879
Munich, Germany
April 29, 1943
Tübingen, Germany
1918, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1929 [108]
1919 - this year Prize was not awarded
Martinus Beijerinck March 16, 1851
Amsterdam, Netherlands
January 1, 1931
Gorssel, Netherlands
1917,[b] 1918,[b] 1919, 1920 Nominated by S.Orla-Jensen only.[109]
Edward Curtis Franklin March 1, 1862
Geary County, Kansas, United States
February 13, 1937
Stanford University, United States
1919, 1921 Nominated by D.St.Jordan only.[110]

1920–1929

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1920 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Niels Bohr October 7, 1885
Copenhagen, Denmark
November 18, 1962
Copenhagen, Denmark
1920, 1929 Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics.[111]
Otto Philipp Fischer November 28, 1852
Euskirchen, Germany
April 4, 1932
Erlangen, Germany
1920 Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[112]
Domingo Emilio Noelting June 8, 1851
Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
August 6, 1922
Merano, Italy
1920 Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński.[113]
Arthur Amos Noyes September 13, 1866
Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States
June 3, 1936
Pasadena, California, United States
1920, 1927[b] [114]
Ossian Aschan May 16, 1860
Helsinki, Finland
February 25, 1939
Helsinki, Finland
1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931, 1936 [115]
1921 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Friedrich Fichter July 6, 1869
Basel, Switzerland
June 6, 1952
Basel, Switzerland
1921[b] Nominated the only time jointly with W.H.Nernst by J.Fr.C.Schall
Ludwig Knorr December 2, 1859
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
June 4, 1921
Jena, Germany
Nominated by B.L.P.Rassow the only time
Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft 1867
Berlin, North German Confederation
Nominated by Sv.A.Arrhenius the only time
Charles Moureu April 19, 1863
Mourenx, France
June 13, 1929
Biarritz, France
1921, 1929 [116]
Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen January 9, 1868
Havrebjerg, Denmark
February 12, 1939
Copenhagen, Denmark
1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ah][105][117]
Herbert Freundlich January 28, 1880
Charlottenburg, Germany
March 30, 1941
Minneapolis, United States
1921, 1928, 1936 [118]
Moses Gomberg February 8, 1866
Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine
February 12, 1947
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
1915,[b] 1916,[b] 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1938, 1940 [119]
Sergei Winogradsky September 1, 1856
Kyiv, Ukraine
February 25, 1953
Brie-Comte-Robert, France
1921, 1952 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ai][120][121]
1922
Francis William Aston September 1, 1877
Birmingham, England
November 20, 1945
Cambridge, England
1922, 1923[b] Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aj]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[122]
Arnold Frederick Holleman August 28, 1859
Oisterwijk, Netherlands
August 11, 1953
Bloemendaal, Netherlands
1922 Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[123]
Carl Auer von Welsbach September 1, 1858
Vienna, Austria
August 4, 1929
Mölbling, Austria
1918,[b] 1921,[b] 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929 [124]
Nikodem Caro May 23, 1871
Łódź, Poland
June 27, 1935
Zürich, Switzerland
1922, 1932, 1933 [125]
Gilbert Newton Lewis October 23, 1875
Weymouth, Massachusetts, United States
March 23, 1946
Berkeley, California, United States
1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946 [126]
1923
Ladislav Pračka March 27, 1877
Dolní Jelení, Austria-Hungary
December 9, 1922
1923[b] Nominated the only time jointly with Ph.A.Guye and P.Walden by Albert Colson (4.3.1853 Varangéville - 12.4.1933 Paris)
Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft October 30, 1920
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too by Sv.Aug.Arrhenius only
Henry Siedentopf September 22, 1872
Bremen, Germany
May 8, 1940
Jena, Germany
1921,[b] 1923, 1924 Nominated jointly with R.Ad.Zsigmondy by W.Ostwald only.[127]
Frederick Belding Power March 4, 1853
New York, United States
March 26, 1927
Washington, D.C., United States
1923, 1925 [128]
1924 - this year Prize was not awarded
Heinrich Otto Wieland June 4, 1877
Pforzheim, Germany
August 5, 1947
Starnberg, Germany
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928,

1933, 1934
Won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ak] in 1928
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[129]
Hans von Euler-Chelpin February 15, 1873
Augsburg, Germany
November 6, 1964
Stockholm, Sweden
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929 Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with A.Harden[al][130]
George de Hevesy August 1, 1885
Budapest, Hungary
July 5, 1966
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944 Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[am] in 1944
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too.[131]
Friedrich Emich September 5, 1860
Graz, Austria
January 22, 1940
Graz, Austria
1924, 1925 Nominated jointly with W.Schlenk by Fr.Pregl only.[132]
Dirk Coster October 5, 1889
Amsterdam, Netherlands
February 12, 1950
Groningen, Netherlands
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933 Nominated jointly with G.de Hevesy only.[133]
Lise Meitner November 7, 1878
Vienna, Austria
October 27, 1968
Cambridge, England
1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[134]
1925 - Prize has been awarded a year later
André-Louis Debierne July 14, 1874
Paris, France
August 31, 1949
Paris, France
1925 Nominated the only time by Albin Haller.[135]
Johannes Georg Gadamer April 1, 1867
Waldenburg, Silesia, North German Confederation
April 15, 1928
Marburg, Germany
1925[b] Nominated the only time jointly with H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin, Th.Svedberg, H.O.Wieland, Ad.O.R.Windaus, R.Ad.Zsigmondy, M.Ern.A.Bodenstein, W.H.Perkin, Jr., W.J.Schlenk and G.H.J.Ap.Tammann by Fr.A.Kötz
Emil Otto Paul Bruno Ramann April 30, 1851
Gut Dorotheenthal, German Confederation
January 19, 1926
Munich, Germany
Nominated the only time by Edw.Blanck
John Jacob Abel May 19, 1857
Cleveland, United States
May 26, 1938
Baltimore, United States
1925, 1926, 1927, 1930[b] Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[an][136][137]
1926
Adolf Windaus December 25, 1876
Berlin, Germany
June 9, 1959
Göttingen, Germany
1925,[b] 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929[b] Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ao]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[138]
Fritz Foerster February 22, 1866
Zielona Gora, Poland
September 14, 1931
Dresden, Germany
1926 Nominated jointly with H.O.Wieland the only time by L.H.Plate.[139]
Piero Ginori Conti June 3, 1865
Florence, Italy
December 3, 1939
Florence, Italy
1926 Nominated the only time by P.Sabatier.[140]
Giuseppe Oddo June 9, 1865
Caltavuturo, Italy
November 5, 1954
Palermo, Italy
1921,[b] 1926, 1935[b] Nominated by himself or by his brother B.Oddo only.[141]
Casimir Funk February 23, 1884
Warsaw, Poland
November 19, 1967
New York City, United States
1926, 1946 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ap][142][143]
Paul Pascal July 4, 1880
Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, France
January 26, 1968
Caen, France
1926, 1927, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1960 [144]
1927 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Irving Langmuir January 31, 1881
Brooklyn, United States
August 16, 1957
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932 Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aq]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[145]
Peter Debye March 24, 1884
Maastricht, Netherlands
November 2, 1966
New York City, United States
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ar]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[146]
Frederick Gowland Hopkins June 20, 1861
Eastbourne, England
May 16, 1947
Cambridge, England
1927 Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[147]
Herbert Baker June 9, 1862
Owletts, England
February 4, 1946
Cobham, Kent, England
1927 [148]

Nominated jointly the only time by C.Drucker

[149]
Ernst Cohen March 7, 1869
Amsterdam, Netherlands
March 6, 1944
Oswiecim, Poland
Olof Hammarsten August 21, 1841
Norrköping, Sweden
September 21, 1932
Uppsala, Sweden
1911,[b] 1914,[b] 1915,[b] 1927 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[as][150][151]
Julius Bredt March 29, 1855
Berlin, Germany
September 21, 1937
Aachen, Germany
1924,[b] 1927 Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[152]
Kurt Gustav Peters August 17, 1897
Vienna, Austria
May 23, 1978
Vienna, Austria
1927 Nominated jointly with Fr.Paneth the only time by M.J.L.Le Blanc.[153]
Friedrich Paneth August 31, 1887
Vienna, Austria
September 17, 1958
Mainz, Germany
1927, 1932, 1935, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 [154]
Niels Bjerrum March 11, 1879
Copenhagen, Denmark
September 30, 1958
Copenhagen, Denmark
1927, 1931, 1956 [155]
1928
Robert Robinson September 13, 1886
Derbyshire, England
February 8, 1975
Great Missenden, England
1928, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947 Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[at].[156]
Samuel Colville Lind June 15, 1879
McMinnville, Tennessee, United States
February 12, 1965
Clinch River near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
1928 Nominated the only time by Colin Garfield Fink (1881–1953) - the President and the Secretary of the Electrochemical Society.[157]
Kazimierz Fajans May 27, 1887
Warsaw, Poland
May 18, 1975
Michigan, United States
1924,[b] 1928, 1934 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[158]
Bruno Tacke August 26, 1861
Wissen, Germany
October 28, 1942
Hagen, Germany
1928, 1936 Nominated by P.Ehrenberg only.[159]
Hans Fischer July 27, 1881
Frankfurt, Germany
March 31, 1945
Munich, Germany
1928, 1929, 1930 Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[au]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[160]
1929
Alfred Fabian Hess October 9, 1875
New York City, United States
December 5, 1933
The Bronx, United States
1929 Nominated jointly with H.Fischer the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[av][161][162][163]
Arthur Harden October 12, 1865
Manchester, England
June 17, 1940
Wooburn Green, England
1929 Shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.von Euler-Chelpin[al][164]
Friedrich Bergius October 11, 1884
Wrocław, Poland
March 30, 1949
Buenos Aires, Argentina
1929, 1931 Shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with C.Bosch[ae].[165]
Walter Norman Haworth March 19, 1883
White Coppice, England
March 19, 1950
Barnt Green, England
1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[aw] with P.Karrer.[166]
Otto Heinrich Warburg October 8, 1883
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
August 1, 1970
Berlin, Germany
1929, 1931,

1960
Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[167]
George Barger April 4, 1878
Manchester, England
January 6, 1939
Aeschi, Switzerland
1929 [168]

Nominated jointly the only time and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ax][169]

[170]
Charles Harington August 1, 1897
Llanerfyl, Wales
February 4, 1972
London, England
Kurt Bennewitz January 2, 1886
Magdeburg, Germany
November 28, 1964
Bonn, Germany
1929 Nominated the only time by J.Billiter.[171]
Johannes van Laar July 10, 1860
The Hague, Netherlands
December 9, 1938
Clarens, Switzerland
1929 Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[172]
Alfred Stock July 16, 1876
Gdańsk, Poland
August 12, 1946
Aken (Elbe), Germany
1929 Nominated the only time by Alfons Franz Klemenc (1885–1960) from TU Wien.[173]
Heinrich Hubert Maria Josef Houben[b] October 27, 1875
Waldfeucht, German Empire
June 28, 1940
Tübingen, Germany
1929 Self-nomination the only time
Carl Neuberg July 29, 1877
Hanover, Germany
May 30, 1956
New York City, United States
1921,[b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ay][174][175]
Frédéric Swarts September 2, 1866
Ixelles, Belgium
September 6, 1940
Ghent, Belgium
1926,[b] 1929, 1932, 1933, 1935 [176]
Max Bodenstein July 15, 1871
Magdeburg, Germany
September 3, 1942
Berlin, Germany
1925,[b] 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 [177]
Otto Ruff December 12, 1871
Baden-Württemberg, Germany
September 17, 1939
Wrocław, Poland
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 [178]
Victor Goldschmidt January 27, 1888
Zürich, Switzerland
March 20, 1947
Oslo, Norway
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940 [179]
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted February 22, 1879
Varde, Denmark
December 17, 1947
Copenhagen, Denmark
1929, 1933, 1948, 1949 [180]
Charles Dufraisse August 20, 1885
Excideuil, France
August 5, 1969
Excideuil, France
1929, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958 [181]

1930–1939

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1930
Percy Williams Bridgman April 21, 1882
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
August 20, 1961
Randolph, New Hampshire, United States
1930 Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics.[182]
Carl F. Schmidt July 29, 1893
Lebanon, Pennsylvania, United States
April 4, 1988
Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States
1930 [183]
Werner Karl Heisenberg[b] December 5, 1901
Würzburg, German Empire
February 1, 1976
Munich, Germany
1930, 1931 Nominated jointly with Arn.Th.Eucken and K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only by J.B.Perrin[184]
Arnold Thomas Eucken July 3, 1884
Jena, Germany
June 16, 1950
Seebruck, Germany
1930, 1931[b], 1934 Nominated jointly with K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only.[185]
Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer January 13, 1899
Wrocław, Poland
May 15, 1957
Göttingen, Germany
1930, 1931[b], 1934, 1937, 1952 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[186]
1931
Leopold Ružička September 13, 1887
Vukovar, Croatia
September 26, 1976
Mammern, Switzerland
1931, 1933[b], 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[az] with Ad.Fr.J.Butenandt.[187]
Hermann Staudinger March 23, 1881
Worms, Germany
September 8, 1965
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1941, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ba][188]
Werner Schulemann May 4, 1888
Nysa, Poland
June 20, 1975
Bonn, Germany
1931 Nominated the only time by H.K.G.Schmidt and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bb][189][190]
Karl von Auwers September 16, 1863
Gotha, Germany
May 3, 1939
Marburg, Germany
1931 [191]
Nicola Parravano[b] July 21, 1883
Fontana Liri, Kingdom of Italy
August 10, 1938
Fiuggi, Kingdom of Italy
1931
Frederick George Donnan September 6, 1870
Colombo, Sri Lanka
December 16, 1956
Canterbury, England
1931, 1933 [192]
Peter Klason April 4, 1848
Falkenberg, Sweden
January 1, 1937
Stockholm, Sweden
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935 [193]
James Irvine May 9, 1877
Glasgow, Scotland
June 12, 1952
Edinburgh, Scotland
1931, 1935, 1936 Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth only.[194]
Werner Kuhn February 6, 1899
Maur, Switzerland
August 27, 1963
Basel, Switzerland
1931, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 [195]
1932
Paul Karrer April 21, 1889
Moscow, Russia
June 18, 1971
Zürich, Switzerland
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bc] with Walter Norman Haworth.[196]
Richard Kuhn December 3, 1900
Vienna, Austria
August 1, 1967
Heidelberg, Germany
1932, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bd] in 1939.[197]
Otto Diels January 23, 1876
Hamburg, Germany
March 7, 1954
Kiel, Germany
1931,[b] 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Alder[be][198]
Gustav Embden November 10, 1874
Hamburg, Germany
July 25, 1933
Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
1932 Nominated jointly with C.Neuberg the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bf][199][200]
Walter Noddack August 17, 1893
Berlin, Germany
December 7, 1960
Berlin, Germany
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937 [201]
1933 - this year Prize was not awarded
Ida Tacke Noddack February 25, 1896
Rhine Province, Germany
September 24, 1978
Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany
1933, 1935, 1937 Nominated jointly with W.Noddack only.[202]
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen January 15, 1895
Helsinki, Finland
November 11, 1973
Helsinki, Finland
1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bg][203]
Ernst Späth May 14, 1886
Moravský Beroun, Czechia
September 30, 1946
Zürich, Switzerland
1933 Nominated jointly with P.Karrer the only time by K.Brass.[204]
Emil Votoček October 5, 1872
Hostinné, Czechia
October 11, 1950
Prague, Czechia
1933 [205]
1934
Adolf Butenandt March 24, 1903
Bremerhaven, Germany
January 18, 1995
Munich, Germany
1934, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939 Shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bh] with L.Ružička
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[206]
Jaroslav Heyrovský December 20, 1890
Prague, Czechia
March 27, 1967
Prague, Czechia
1934, 1938, 1940, 1944, 1947, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bi]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics and in Physiology or Medicine too.[207]
Harold Clayton Urey April 29, 1893
Walkerton, Indiana, United States
January 5, 1981
La Jolla, California, United States
1934 Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bj]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[208]
Edward Wight Washburn May 10, 1881
Beatrice, Nebraska, United States
February 6, 1934
Washington, D.C., United States
1934 Nominated jointly with H.Cl.Urey the only time by Th.Svedberg.[209]
Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
Discoverers of Heavy Water[b] 1934 Nominated by W.Dilthey the only time
Louis Camille Maillard February 4, 1878
Pont-à-Mousson, France
May 12, 1936
Paris, France
1934 Nominated the only time by R.Maire.[210]
Fritz Micheel July 3, 1900
Strasburg, Germany
June 8, 1982
Münster, Germany
1934[b] Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth, P.Karrer and Edm.L.Hirst by W.Dilthey the only time
David Reichinstein June 9, 1882
Mogilev, Russian Empire
November 4, 1955
Zürich, Switzerland
Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi September 16, 1893
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
October 22, 1986
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
Fritz Kögl September 19, 1897
Munich, Germany
June 6, 1959
Utrecht, Netherlands
1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bk][211][212]
Erik Karl Mauritz Hägglund June 15, 1887
Timrå, Sweden
March 13, 1959
Stockholm, Sweden
1934, 1956 [213]
1935
Frédéric Joliot March 19, 1900
Paris, France
August 14, 1958
Paris, France
1935, 1936[b] [214]

Shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bl]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too

[215]
Irène Joliot-Curie September 12, 1897
Paris, France
March 17, 1956
Paris, France
Enrico Fermi September 9, 1901
Rome, Italy
November 28, 1954
Chicago, United States
1935, 1936, 1937 Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics.[216]
George Oliver Curme Jr. December 24, 1888
Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States
July 28, 1976
Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, United States
1935 Nominated jointly with Ph.Levene the only time by M.T.Bogert.[217]
Phoebus Levene February 25, 1869
Žagarė, Lithuania
September 6, 1940
New York City, United States
1935 Nominated jointly with G.Ol.Curme Jr. the only time by M.T.Bogert and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bm][218][219]
Colin Garfield Fink[220] December 31, 1881
Hoboken, New Jersey, United States
September 17, 1953
Red Bank, New Jersey, United States
1935 Nominated the only time by Harold Hibbert (1877–1945) from McGill University.[221]
Max Bergmann February 12, 1886
Fürth, Germany
November 7, 1944
New York City, United States
1935, 1940 Nominated by K.Landsteiner only.[222]
1936
William Giauque May 12, 1895
Niagara Falls, Canada
March 28, 1982
Berkeley, California, United States
1936, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1949 Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bn]
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[223]
Kurt Alder July 10, 1902
Chorzow, Poland
June 20, 1958
Cologne, Germany
1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with O.Diels[be].[224]
Umetaro Suzuki April 7, 1874
Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
September 20, 1943
Tokyo, Japan
1927[b], 1936 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bo][225][226]
William Arthur Bone March 19, 1871
Stockton-on-Tees, England
June 11, 1938
London, England
1936 Nominated the only time by James Charles Philip (1873–1941) from Imperial College London.[227]
Jacob Heslinga August 24, 1896
Pingjum, Netherlands
1966 1936 [228]

Nominated jointly[229] the only time by J.J.Blanksma

[230]
Henri ter Meulen November 30, 1871
Amsterdam, Netherlands
June 24, 1942
The Hague, Netherlands
Otto Hönigschmid March 13, 1878
Horovice, Czechia
October 14, 1945
Munich, Germany
1936 Nominated the only time by Hermann Pauly.[231]
Jens Möller July 2, 1894
Warnitz, Denmark
November 28, 1951
Gråsten, Denmark
1936 Nominated the only time by P.E.Raaschou.[232]
IG Farben's research laboratory, Elberfeld[b] December 2, 1925
Germany
October 31, 2012
Germany
1936 Nominated the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg
Wojciech Świętosławski June 21, 1881
Kiryjówka, Poland
April 29, 1968
Warsaw, Poland
1936, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962 [233]
1937
Hugo Theorell July 6, 1903
Linköping, Sweden
August 15, 1982
Stockholm, Sweden
1937, 1938, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[234]
Marc Tiffeneau November 5, 1873
Mouy, France
May 20, 1945
Paris, France
1937 Nominated the only time by Jean-Louis Chelle (1881–1960) from University of Bordeaux.[235]
Arthur Heinrich Binz November 12, 1868
Bonn, Germany
January 25, 1943
Berlin, Germany
1937 [236]

Professors of Chemistry from the Agricultural College in Berlin nominated jointly the only time by Hans Albert Bausch.

[237]
Curt Räth[238] December 1, 1893
Schöneberg, Germany
November 29, 1944
Charlottenburg, Germany
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer March 19, 1877
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
December 1, 1947
Munich, Germany
1937 Nominated jointly with Fr.Hofmann the only time by Ernst Terres.[239]
Fritz Hofmann November 2, 1866
Kölleda, Germany
October 29, 1956
Hanover, Germany
1937 [240]
Gustaf Komppa July 28, 1867
Vyborg, Russia
January 20, 1949
Helsinki, Finland
1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 [241]
Paul Harteck July 20, 1902
Vienna, Austria
January 22, 1985
Santa Barbara, California, United States
1937, 1952 [242]
Fritz London March 7, 1900
Breslau, now Poland
March 30, 1954
Durham, North Carolina, United States
1937, 1942, 1950, 1963 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[243]
1938 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Wendell Meredith Stanley August 16, 1904
Ridgeville, Indiana, United States
June 15, 1971
Salamanca, Spain
1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.H.Northrop[bp] and J.B.Sumner
and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[244]
William Draper Harkins December 28, 1873
Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States
March 7, 1951
Chicago, United States
1933,[b] 1938 [245]
Jacob Böeseken August 20, 1868
Rotterdam, Netherlands
May 16, 1949
Delft, Netherlands
1938 Nominated the only time by H. ter Meulen[246]
Victor Henri June 6, 1872
Marseille, France
June 21, 1940
La Rochelle, France
1938 Nominated the only time by J.Errera.[247]
Vladimir Ipatieff November 21, 1867
Moscow, Russia
November 29, 1952
Chicago, United States
1938, 1941, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950 [248]
Arthur Stoll January 8, 1887
Schinznach-Dorf, Switzerland
January 13, 1971
Dornach, Switzerland
1938, 1940, 1942, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bq][249][250]
1939
Georg Bredig October 1, 1868
Glogow, Poland
April 24, 1944
New York City, United States
1922,[b] 1939 [251]
Frederick Charles Bawden August 18, 1908
Devonshire, England
February 8, 1972
Hertfordshire, England
1939 [252]

Nominated jointly the only time by Th.Svedberg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[br][253]

[254]
Norman Pirie July 1, 1907
Easebourne, England
March 29, 1997
Harpenden, England
Paul Job[255] December 4, 1886
Nancy, France
July 29, 1957
Paris, France
1939 Nominated the only time by Marcel Lemarchands (1889–1943) from the University of Lyon.[256]
Maurice Piettre[257] January 14, 1878
Paris, France
January 13, 1954
Paris, France
1939 Nominated the only time by L.de Broglie.[258]
Francesco Giordani July 5, 1896
Naples, Italy
January 24, 1961
Naples, Italy
1939 [259]
Dorothy Maud Wrinch September 12, 1894
Rosario, Argentina
February 11, 1976
Falmouth,_Massachusetts, United States
1939 [260]
Conrad Elvehjem May 27, 1901
McFarland, Wisconsin, United States
July 27, 1962
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1939, 1944 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bs][261][262]
Ernest Fourneau October 4, 1872
Biarritz, France
August 5, 1949
Ascain, France
1939, 1940, 1949 [263]
Robley Cook Williams October 13, 1908
Santa Rosa, California, United States
January 3, 1995
New York City, United States
1939, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1956 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bt][264][265]

1940–1949

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1940 - this year Prize was not awarded
Linus Pauling February 28, 1901
Portland, Oregon, United States
August 19, 1994
Big Sur, United States
1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 Won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[bu] and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[266]
Fritz Weigert September 18, 1876
Berlin, Germany
April 13, 1947
Berlin, Germany
1940 Nominated the only time by H.von Halban.[267]
Jacques Tréfouël November 9, 1897
Le Raincy, France
July 11, 1977
Paris, France
1940, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1951 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bv][268][269]
Christopher Kelk Ingold October 28, 1893
London, England
December 8, 1970
Edgware, England
1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [270]
John Howard Northrop July 5, 1891
Yonkers, New York, United States
May 27, 1987
Wickenburg, Arizona, United States
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 [bp][271]


Shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with W.M.Stanley
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.


[bw][272]
1941 - this year Prize was not awarded
James Batcheller Sumner November 19, 1887
Canton, Massachusetts, United States
August 12, 1955
Buffalo, New York, United States
1941, 1944, 1945, 1946
Moses Kunitz December 19, 1887
Slonim, Belarus
April 21, 1978
Philadelphia, United States
1941 Nominated jointly with J.H.Northrop and J.B.Sumner only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bx][273][274]
Rudolph Schoenheimer May 10, 1898
Berlin, Germany
September 11, 1941
Yonkers, New York, United States
1941 Nominated jointly with G.Ch.de Hevesy the only time by H.Urey and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[by][275][276]
Paul Niggli June 26, 1888
Zofingen, Switzerland
January 13, 1953
Zürich, Switzerland
1941 [277]
Donald Van Slyke March 29, 1883
Pike, New York, United States
May 4, 1971
Brookhaven, New York, United States
1941, 1945 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[bz][278][279]
Albert Marcel Germain René Portevin November 1, 1880
Paris, France
April 12, 1962
Paris, France
1941, 1945, 1948, 1950, 1959 Nominated by G.-L.Chaudron only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[280]
1942 - this year Prize was not awarded
René Bernard Wurmser September 24, 1890
Paris, France
November 9, 1993
Paris, France
1942 Nominated the only time by J.B.Perrin.[281]
Ernest Kennaway May 23, 1881
Exeter, England
January 1, 1958
London, England
1942, 1944 Nominated jointly with J.W.Cook only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ca][282][283]
James Wilfred Cook December 10, 1900
South Kensington, England
October 21, 1975
Exeter, England
1942, 1944, 1950, 1952 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ca][282][284]
Walter Heitler January 2, 1904
Karlsruhe, Germany
November 15, 1981
Zollikon, Switzerland
1942, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[285]
1943 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Tadeusz Reichstein July 20, 1897
Wloclawek, Poland
August 1, 1996
Basel, Switzerland
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.C.Kendall and Ph.Sh.Hench.[286]
1944 - Prize has been awarded a year later
Vincent du Vigneaud May 18, 1901
Chicago, United States
December 11, 1978
White Plains, New York, United States
1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956 Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cb]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[287]
Harry Steenbock August 16, 1886
Charlestown, Wisconsin, United States
December 25, 1967
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1944 Nominated the only time by Olaf Andreas Hougen (1893–1986) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cc][162][288]
Edward Charles Dodds October 13, 1899
Liverpool, England
December 16, 1973
London, England
1944 Nominated jointly with Ern.Kennaway, J.W.Cook, Fr.Kögl and Kl.Clusius the only time by J.B.Gillis and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cd][289][290]
Klaus Clusius March 19, 1903
Wrocław, Poland
May 28, 1963
Zürich, Switzerland
1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[291]
Karl Paul Link January 31, 1901
LaPorte, Indiana, United States
November 21, 1978
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1944, 1960 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ce][292][293]
Henry Eyring February 20, 1901
Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
December 26, 1981
Salt Lake City, Utah, Mexico
1944, 1950, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 [294]
1945
Arne Fredrik Westgren July 11, 1889
Årjäng, Sweden
March 7, 1975
Stockholm, Sweden
1945 Nominated the only time by Donald Pritchard Smith (1879–1957) from the Princeton University.[295]
1946
Glenn Theodore Seaborg April 19, 1912
Ishpeming, Michigan, United States
February 25, 1999
Lafayette, California, United States
1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951,

1955
Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edw.McMillan[cf].[296]
Robert Burns Woodward April 10, 1917
Boston, United States
July 8, 1979
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1946, 1947, 1948, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 Woodward holds the highest record as the most nominated person for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and won on 1965[cg]. He was nominated 111 times.[297]
Hans Adolf Krebs August 25, 1900
Hildesheim, Germany
November 22, 1981
Oxford, England
1946, 1950 Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[298]
Hugh Stott Taylor February 6, 1890
St. Helens, Merseyside, England
April 17, 1974
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1946 Nominated the only time by N.H.Furman.[299]
William von Eggers Doering June 22, 1917
Fort Worth, Texas, United States
January 3, 2011
Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
1946, 1947, 1968 [300]
Alexander Frumkin October 24, 1895
Chișinău, Moldova
May 27, 1976
Tula, Russia
1946, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 [301]
Nikolay Semyonov April 15, 1896
Saratov, Russia
September 25, 1986
Moscow, Russia
1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1957 [302]


Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ch]



[303]
1947
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood June 19, 1897
London, England
October 9, 1967
London, England
1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956
Arne Tiselius August 10, 1902
Stockholm, Sweden
October 29, 1971
Uppsala, Sweden
1947, 1948 Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ci]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[304]
Henri Devaux[305] July 6, 1862
Étaules, Charente-Maritime, France
March 14, 1956
Bordeaux, France
1947 Nominated the only time by L.Genevois.[306]
Leo Szilard February 11, 1898
Budapest, Hungary
May 30, 1964
San Diego, California, United States
1947 Nominated the only time by M.Polanyi and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[307]
J.R. Geigy SA (founded by J. R. Geigy-Merian)[308][309] 1857
Basel, Switzerland
1970
Basel, Switzerland
1947 Nominated jointly with P.Läuger the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab.
First and last company nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry[310]
Paul Läuger[311] 1896 1959 1947 Nominated jointly with J.R. Geigy SA the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886–1960) from the University of the Punjab and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cj][312][313]
Otto Robert Frisch October 1, 1904
Vienna, Austria
September 22, 1979
Cambridge, England
1947, 1948 Nominated jointly with L.Meitner by N.Bohr only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[314]
1948
Edwin McMillan September 18, 1907
Redondo Beach, California, United States
September 7, 1991
El Cerrito, California, United States
1948, 1951 Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.Th.Seaborg[cf]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[315]
Philip Abelson April 27, 1913
Tacoma, Washington, United States
August 1, 2004
Bethesda, Maryland, United States
1948 Nominated jointly with Edw.McMillan the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology.[316]
Paul Lebeau December 19, 1868
Boiscommun, France
November 18, 1959
Massy, Essonne, France
1948 Nominated the only time by L.Hackspill.[317]
David Rittenberg November 11, 1906
New York City, United States
January 24, 1970
New York City, United States
1948 Nominated the only time by Egbert Havinga (1909–1988) from Leiden University and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [318]
Alfred Mirsky October 17, 1900
New York City, United States
June 19, 1974
New York City, United States
1948 Nominated the only time by H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin.[319]
Paul Rabe August 24, 1869
Hoym, Germany
August 28, 1952
Hamburg, Germany
1948 Nominated jointly with R.B.Woodward the only time by L.Zechmeister.[320]
Gerhard Dickel October 28, 1913
Augsburg, Germany
November 3, 2017
Augsburg, Germany
1948 Nominated jointly with Kl.Clusius the only time by H.Urey.[321]
Joseph William Kennedy May 30, 1916
Nacogdoches, Texas, United States
May 5, 1957
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
1948 Nominated jointly with Gl.T.Seaborg the only time by H.Urey.[322]
Pierre Armand Jacquet April 7, 1906
Saint-Mandé, France
September 6, 1967
Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
1948, 1950 Nominated jointly with Alb.Portevin and Ch.Dufraisse by G.-L.Chaudron only.[323]
Morris Selig Kharasch August 24, 1895
Kremenets', Ukraine
October 9, 1957
Copenhagen, Denmark
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 [324]
Roger Adams January 2, 1889
Boston, United States
July 6, 1971
Urbana, Illinois, United States
1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1959, 1960 [325]
Hans Meerwein May 20, 1879
Hamburg, Germany
October 24, 1965
Marburg, Germany
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 [326]
Arvid Hedvall January 18, 1888
Skara, Sweden
December 24, 1974
Gothenburg, Sweden
1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1969 [327]
Chester Hamlin Werkman June 17, 1893
Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States
September 10, 1962
Ames, Iowa, United States
1948, 1949, 1950, 1952 [328]


Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[ck][329]


Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman only[330]
1949
Harland Goff Wood September 2, 1907
Delavan, Minnesota, United States
September 12, 1991
Cleveland, United States
1949, 1950, 1952
Albert Kluyver June 3, 1888
Breda, Netherlands
May 14, 1956
Delft, Netherlands
1949 Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman the only time by A.I.Virtanen.[331]
Alexander Robertus Todd October 2, 1907
Glasgow, Scotland
January 10, 1997
Oakington, England
1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 Won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cl].[332]
Edward Calvin Kendall March 8, 1886
South Norwalk, United States
May 4, 1972
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
1949 Shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with T.Reichstein and Ph.Sh.Hench.[333]
Edwin Joseph Cohn December 17, 1892
New York City, United States
October 1, 1953
Boston, United States
1949 Nominated the only time by George Scatchard (1892–1973) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cm][334][335]
George William Heise[336] June 27, 1888
Milwaukee, United States
1972
United States
1949 Nominated the only time by Sherlock Swann Jr. (1900–1983) from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[337]
Karl Miescher January 8, 1892
Naples, Italy
April 14, 1974
Riehen, Switzerland
1949 Nominated the only time by L.Fieser.[338]
George Malcolm Dyson April 5, 1902
London, England
December 16, 1978
Loughborough, England
1949 [339]


Nominated jointly the only time by Ernest H. Huntress (1899–1970) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology


[340]
Friedrich Richter[341] September 1, 1896
Berlin, Germany
November 22, 1961
Frankfurt, Germany
Domingo Giribaldo January 25, 1860
Pando, Uruguay
July 9, 1950
Montevideo, Uruguay
1949 First Latin American nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[342]
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff August 9, 1897
Geneva, New York, United States
November 3, 1994
Tucson, Arizona, United States
1949, 1952 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cn][343][344]
David Keilin March 21, 1887
Moscow, Russia
February 27, 1963
Cambridge, England
1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1960 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[co][345][346]
Karl August Folkers September 1, 1906
Decatur, Illinois, United States
December 7, 1997
New London, New Hampshire, United States
1949, 1954, 1958, 1961, 1962 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cp][347][348]
Walter Reppe July 29, 1892
Eisenach, Germany
July 26, 1969
Heidelberg, Germany
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966 [349]
William Cumming Rose April 4, 1887
Greenville, South Carolina, United States
September 25, 1985
Urbana, Illinois, United States
1949, 1950, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1966 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cq][350][351]
Michael Heidelberger April 29, 1888
New York City, United States
June 25, 1991
New York City, United States
1949, 1953, 1962, 1968 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cr][352][353]

1950–1959

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years nominated Notes
1950
Archer Martin March 1, 1910
London, England
July 28, 2002
Llangarron, England
1950, 1951, 1952 [354]

Shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cs]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too

[355]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge October 28, 1914
Liverpool, England
August 18, 1994
Norwich, England
Melvin Calvin April 8, 1911
St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
January 8, 1997
Berkeley, California, United States
1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ct]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[356]
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin May 12, 1910
Cairo, Egypt
July 29, 1994
Ilmington, England
1950, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cu]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[357]
Robert S. Mulliken June 7, 1896
Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States
October 31, 1986
Arlington, Virginia, United States
1950, 1957, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cv][358]
Paul Flory June 19, 1910
Sterling, Illinois, United States
September 9, 1985
Big Sur, California, United States
1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 Won the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cw][359]
Selman Waksman July 22, 1888
Nova Pryluka, Ukraine
August 16, 1973
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
1950, 1951 Won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[360]
Fritz Albert Lipmann June 12, 1899
Königsberg, Germany
July 24, 1986
Poughkeepsie, New York, United States
1950, 1952 Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[361]
George Beadle October 22, 1903
Wahoo, Nebraska, United States
June 9, 1989
Pomona, California, United States
1950, 1954 Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.Tatum[362]
Thérèse Tréfouël June 19, 1892
Paris, France
November 9, 1978
Paris, France
1950 [363]

Nominated the only time jointly with J.Tréfouël

[364]
Gladwin Albert Hurst Buttle[365] April 11, 1899
Godstone, England
May 3, 1983
Fulham, England
Arthur Wahl September 8, 1917
Des Moines, Iowa, United States
March 6, 2006
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
1950 .[366]
Nominated jointly with Gl.Th.Seaborg and B.B.Cunningham the only time by Otto Hahn


[367]




[368]




[369]




[370]




[371]




[372]
John Warren Hamaker October 25, 1917
Montreal, Canada
June 13, 2000
Contra Costa County, California, United States
Glenn E. Sheline [373] 1918
Flint, Michigan, United States
March 24, 1989
San Mateo, California, United States
Wendell Mitchell Latimer April 22, 1893
Garnett, Kansas, United States
July 6, 1955
Berkeley, California, United States
Louis Werner June 17, 1921
Idaho, United States
May 20, 2007
San Francisco, United States
Isadore Perlman April 12, 1915
Milwaukee, United States
August 3, 1991
Los Alamitos, California, United States
Paul Kirk May 9, 1902
Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
June 5, 1970
Alameda, California, United States
Raphael Consden[374] 1911
England
November, 1980
Taplow, England
1950, 1951 [375]

Nominated jointly[376] with A.J.P.Martin only

[377]
Arthur Hugh Gordon 1916 2003
Camden Town, England
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang November 29, 1896
Frederiksberg, Denmark
May 25, 1959
Copenhagen, Denmark
1950, 1953, 1956, 1958 [378]
Edward Joseph Conway July 3, 1894
Nenagh, Ireland
December 29, 1968
Dublin, Ireland
1950, 1959 Nominated by Thomas S. Wheeler (1899–1962) from University College Dublin only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cx][379][380]
Hermann Irving Schlesinger October 11, 1882
Milwaukee, United States
October 3, 1960
Chicago, United States
1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 [381]
Choh Hao Li April 21, 1913
Guangzhou, China
November 28, 1987
California, United States
1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[cy][382]
First Chinese nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[383]
Burris Bell Cunningham February 16, 1912
Springer, New Mexico, United States
March 28, 1971
Berkeley, California, United States
1950, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [384]
1951
Willard Libby December 17, 1908
Parachute, Colorado, United States
September 8, 1980
Los Angeles, United States
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[cz]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[385]
Max Perutz May 19, 1914
Vienna, Austria
February 6, 2002
Cambridge, England
1951, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.Kendrew[da]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[386]
Yasuhiko Asahina April 16, 1881
Tokyo, Japan
June 30, 1975
Tokyo, Japan
1951, 1952 [387]
Axel Edvin Lindh January 10, 1888
Lund, Sweden
August 14, 1960
Lund, Sweden
1951, 1953 Nominated by J.Stark only.[388]
Ian Heilbron November 6, 1886
Glasgow, Scotland
September 14, 1959
London, England
1951, 1953 [389]
Rudolph Peters April 13, 1889
Kensington, England
January 29, 1982
Cambridge, England
1951, 1969 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[db][390][391]
1952
Frederick Sanger August 13, 1918
Rendcomb, England
November 19, 2013
Cambridge, England
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 Sanger twice won the 1958[dc]
and 1980 (jointly with W.Gilbert[dd] and P.Berg) Nobel Prizes in Chemistry

and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[392]
Frits Zernike July 16, 1888
Amsterdam, Netherlands
March 10, 1966
Amersfoort, Netherlands
1952 Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics.[393]
Claude Hudson January 26, 1881
Atlanta, United States
December 27, 1952
Los Angeles, United States
1952 [394]
Walther Kossel January 4, 1888
Berlin, Germany
May 22, 1956
Tübingen, Germany
1952 Nominated the only time by M.von Laue and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[395]
Francis Simon July 2, 1893
Berlin, Germany
October 31, 1956
Oxford, England
1952, 1954 Nominated by W.Jost only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[396]
William Hume-Rothery May 15, 1899
Worcester Park, England
September 27, 1968
Oxford, England
1952, 1957 Nominated by C.St.Smith only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[397]
Marguerite Perey October 19, 1909
Villemomble, France
May 13, 1975
Louveciennes, France
1952, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966 [398]
Lyman Craig June 12, 1906
Palmyra Township, Warren County, Iowa, United States
July 7, 1974
Iowa, United States
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1969 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[de][399][400]
Erich Müller
(probably Erwin Wilhelm Müller)
June 13, 1911 ?
Berlin, Germany ?
May 17, 1977 ?
Washington, D.C., United States ?
1952, 1967, 1969 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[401][402]
Alexander Braunstein May 26, 1902
Kharkiv, Ukraine
July 1, 1986
Moscow, Russia
1952, 1967, 1969 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [403]
Walter Hieber December 18, 1895
Stuttgart, Germany
November 29, 1976
Munich, Germany
1952, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969 [404]
1953
Emilio Segrè January 30, 1905
Tivoli, Lazio, Italy
April 22, 1989
Lafayette, California, United States
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain.[405]
Øjvind Winge May 19, 1886
Aarhus, Denmark
April 5, 1964
Copenhagen, Denmark
1953 Nominated the only time by R.Fisher.[406]
Izaak Maurits Kolthoff February 11, 1894
Almelo, Netherlands
March 4, 1993
St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
1953, 1963, 1970 [407]
1954
Edward Tatum December 14, 1909
Boulder, Colorado, United States
November 5, 1975
New York City, United States
1954 Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.Beadle.[408]
Karl Ziegler November 26, 1898
Helsa, Germany
August 12, 1973
Mülheim, Germany
1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 [409]


Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[df]


[410]
1955
Giulio Natta February 26, 1903
Imperia, Italy
May 2, 1979
Bergamo, Italy
1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963
George Porter December 6, 1920
Stainforth, South Yorkshire, England
August 31, 2002
Canterbury, England
1955, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Eigen and R.G.Wr.Norrish[dg][411]
Lars Onsager November 27, 1903
Kristiania, Norway
October 6, 1976
Coral Gables, Florida, United States
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dh]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[412]
Louis Fieser April 7, 1899
Columbus, Ohio, United States
July 25, 1977
Belmont, Massachusetts, United States
1955 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. "Studies on vitamin K."[413][414]
Josef Mattauch November 21, 1895
Ostrava, Czechia
August 10, 1976
Klosterneuburg, Austria
1955, 1959 Nominated by Kl.Clusius only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[415]
Félix Trombe March 19, 1906
Nogent-sur-Marne, France
March 26, 1985
Ganties, France
1955, 1961 [416]
Max Volmer May 3, 1885
Hilden, Germany
June 3, 1965
Potsdam, Germany
1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 [417]
Fritz Feigl May 15, 1891
Vienna, Austria
January 23, 1971
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1955, 1957, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967 [418]
Martin Kamen August 27, 1913
Toronto, Canada
August 31, 2002
Montecito, California, United States
1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1969, 1970 [419]
John Clarke Slater December 22, 1900
Oak Park, Illinois, United States
July 25, 1976
Sanibel Island, Florida, United States
1955, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[420]
1956
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz September 24, 1905
Luarca, Spain
November 1, 1993
Madrid, Spain
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Kornberg.[421]
Georges Lemaître July 17, 1894
Charleroi, Belgium
June 20, 1966
Leuven, Belgium
1956 Nominated the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893–1977) from the California Institute of Technology and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.
Lemaître is the only priest nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [422]
Ernest Gale July 15, 1914
Luton, England
March 7, 2005
Cambridge, England
1956 [423]

Nominated jointly the only time by J.H.Northrop

[424]
Joan P. Folkes 1927
Staffordshire, England
Boris Arbuzov November 4, 1903
Pulawy, Poland
November 6, 1991
Kazan, Russia
1956 Nominated jointly with Al.Arbuzov the only time by M.M.Dubinin.[425]
Aleksandr Arbuzov October 12, 1877
Kazan, Russia
January 22, 1968
Kazan, Russia
1956, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968 [426]
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat July 29, 1910
Wrocław, Poland
April 10, 1999
Oakland, California, United States
1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 [427]
Jannik Bjerrum April 5, 1909
Copenhagen, Denmark
August 29, 1992
Copenhagen, Denmark
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967 [428]
Friedrich Emil Brauns 1890 1982 1956 Nominated jointly with K.Freudenberg and Er.Hägglund the only time by Joseph Risi (1899–1993) from Université Laval.[429]
Karl Freudenberg January 29, 1886
Weinheim, Germany
April 3, 1983
Weinheim, Germany
1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [430]
1957
Oswald Avery October 21, 1877
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
February 20, 1955
Nashville, Tennessee, United States
1957 Nominated posthumously and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. "The role of DNA at pneumococcal type II to type III transition."[431][432]
Colin Munro MacLeod January 28, 1909
Port Hastings, Canada
February 11, 1972
London, England
1957 [433]

Nominated jointly with Osw.Avery the only time by J.H.Northrop

[434]
Maclyn McCarty June 9, 1911
South Bend, Indiana, United States
January 2, 2005
New York City, United States
Marietta Blau April 29, 1894
Vienna, Austria
January 27, 1970
Vienna, Austria
1957 Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[435]
Paul Henri Charpentier November 11, 1866
Nancy, France
July 20, 1950
Aix-en-Provence, France
1957 Nominated posthumously the only time by G.Hugel from École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des combustibles liquides.[436]
Charles DuBois Coryell February 21, 1912
Los Angeles, United States
January 7, 1971
Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
1957 Nominated the only time by M.Perey.[437]
Maurice-Marie Janot November 3, 1903
Plombières-les-Bains, France
December 10, 1978
Paris, France
1957 Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil.[438]
Aleksandr Volodymyrovych Palladin September 10, 1885
Moscow, Russia
December 6, 1972
Kiev, Ukraine
1957 Nominated the only time by Al.Oparin.[439]
Georg Stadnikov January 17, 1880
Vyazovok, Ukraine
February 18, 1973
Russia
1957 Nominated the only time by W.Świętosławski.[440]
Eric Rideal April 11, 1890
London, England
September 25, 1974
London, England
1957 Nominated the only time by R.Barrer.[441]
Bernard Leonard Horecker October 31, 1914
Chicago, United States
October 10, 2010
Cypress Cove Lodge, United States
1957, 1961 [442]
Friedrich Hund February 4, 1896
Karlsruhe, Germany
March 31, 1997
Karlsruhe, Germany
1957, 1969 Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[443]
Erich Hückel August 9, 1896
Berlin, Germany
February 16, 1980
Marburg, Germany
1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[444]
Carl Wagner May 25, 1901
Leipzig, Germany
December 10, 1977
Göttingen, Germany
1957, 1958, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[445][446][447]
1958
Luis Federico Leloir September 9, 1906
Paris, France
December 2, 1987
Buenos Aires, Argentina
1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[di][448]
Gerhard Herzberg December 25, 1904
Hamburg, Germany
March 3, 1999
Ottawa, Canada
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970 Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[dj][449]
Vladimir Prelog July 23, 1906
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 7, 1998
Zürich, Switzerland
1958, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dk] with John Warcup Cornforth Jr.[450]
Georg Wittig June 16, 1897
Berlin, Germany
August 26, 1987
Heidelberg, Germany
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.Ch.Brown[dl][451]
Maria Goeppert Mayer June 28, 1906
Kattowitz, Germany
February 20, 1972
San Diego, California, Germany
1958 [452]


Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics


[453]
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen June 25, 1907
Hamburg, Germany
February 11, 1973
Heidelberg, Germany
Bogdan Kamieński March 14, 1897
Oswiecim, Poland
August 9, 1973
Kraków, Poland
1958 Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[454]
Max Mousseron May 30, 1902
Sorgues, France
March 1, 1988
Montpellier, France
1958 Nominated the only time by Adrien Perret Gentil (1901–1962) from the University of Neuchâtel.[455]
Yoshiyuki Toyama September 6, 1896
Tokyo, Japan
February 12, 1980
Tokyo, Japan
1958 Nominated the only time by I.Miyagawa from the Nagoya University.[456]
Yevgeny Zavoisky September 28, 1907
Mohyliv-Podil's'kyi, Ukraine
October 9, 1976
Moscow, Russia
1958, 1960 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[457]
Jean Brachet March 19, 1909
Etterbeek, Belgium
August 10, 1988
Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
1958, 1966 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [458]
Herman Francis Mark May 3, 1895
Vienna, Austria
April 6, 1992
Austin, Texas, United States
1958, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[459][460]
Gerold Schwarzenbach March 15, 1904
Horgen, Switzerland
May 20, 1978
Zürich, Switzerland
1958, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970 [461]
1959
John Kendrew March 24, 1917
Oxford, England
August 23, 1997
Cambridge, England
1959, 1961, 1962, 1963 Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Perutz[da]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[462]
Arthur Kornberg March 3, 1918
New York City, United States
October 26, 2007
Palo Alto, United States
1959 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with S.Ochoa.[463]
Feodor Lynen April 6, 1911
Munich, Germany
August 6, 1979
Munich, Germany
1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with K.Bloch.[464]
David Ezra Green August 5, 1910
New York City, United States
July 8, 1983
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1959 Nominated jointly with F.Lynen the only time by Padubidri Subbaraya Sarma (1917–1970) from the University of Madras.[465]
Francis Owen Rice May 20, 1890
Liverpool, England
March 15, 1989
Indiana, United States
1959 Nominated the only time by Charles Alexander McDowell (1918–2001) from the University of British Columbia.[466]
Günter Scheibe November 24, 1893
Munich, Germany
May 31, 1980
Stuttgart, Germany
1959 Nominated the only time by Otto Neunhoeffer.[467]
Frederick Rossini July 18, 1899
Monongahela, Pennsylvania, United States
October 12, 1990
Juno Beach, Florida, United States
1959 [468]

Nominated jointly the only time by Edouard Jean-Pierre Calvet (1895–1966) from the Aix-Marseille University

[469]
Jean Marcel Albert Chedin August 29, 1908 Bourges, France October 6, 1990 Paris, France
Bror Alexander Ludvig Holmberg July 30, 1881
Blekinge, Sweden
September 7, 1966
Stockholm, Sweden
1959 Nominated jointly with W.Kuhn and H.Meerwein the only time by Karl Freudenberg.[470]
Egon Wiberg June 3, 1901
Güstrow, Germany
November 24, 1976
Munich, Germany
1959, 1965 [471]
William Gardner Pfann October 27, 1917
Brooklyn, United States
October 22, 1982
New York, United States
1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1968 [472]
Walter Hans Schottky July 23, 1886
Zürich, Switzerland
March 4, 1976
Pretzfeld, Germany
1959, 1966, 1969 Nominated jointly with Carl Wagner only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[473]
Michael Polanyi March 11, 1891
Budapest, Hungary
February 22, 1976
Northampton, England
1959, 1960, 1967, 1970[dm] Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[474]

1960–1969

[edit]
Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1960
Derek Barton September 8, 1918
Gravesend, England
March 16, 1998
College Station, Texas, United States
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 [475]

Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dn]

[476]
Odd Hassel May 17, 1897
Oslo, Norway
May 11, 1981
Oslo, Norway
1960, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
Ilya Prigogine January 25, 1917
Moscow, Russia
May 28, 2003
Brussels, Belgium
1960, 1966 Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[do]
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[477]
James Watson April 6, 1928
Chicago, United States
1960, 1962[dp] [478][dq]

Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

[479][dr]



[480][ds]
Francis Crick June 8, 1916
Weston Favell, England
July 28, 2004
San Diego, United States
Maurice Wilkins December 15, 1916
Pongaroa, New Zealand
October 5, 2004
London, England
Alfred Hershey December 4, 1908
Owosso, Michigan, United States
May 22, 1997
Syosset, New York, United States
1960, 1969 Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.Delbrück and S.Luria.[481]
Wilhelm Gerard Burgers August 16, 1897
Arnhem, Netherlands
September 24, 1988
Amsterdam, Netherlands
1960 Nominated the only time by Ant.El. (Toos) Korvezee.[482]
Martin Deutsch January 29, 1917
Vienna, Austria
August 16, 2002
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1960 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[483]
Roger John Williams August 14, 1893
Ooty, India
February 20, 1988
Austin, Texas, United States
1960 [484]
Andrew Benson September 24, 1917
Modesto, California, United States
January 16, 2015
La Jolla, United States
1960 Only nominated with M.Calvin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [485]
Howard Cary May 3, 1908
Los Angeles, United States
December 20, 1991
Orange, California, United States
1960 [486]

Nominated jointly the only time by Wouter (Wout) Berends (1914–1990) from the Delft University of Technology

[487]
Arnold Orville Beckman April 10, 1900
Cullom, Illinois, United States
May 18, 2004
La Jolla, United States
Jo Engl August 6, 1893
Munich, Germany
April 8, 1942
New York City, United States
1960 [488]

Nominated jointly (Engl&Massolle - posthumously) the only time by Albert Narath (1900–1974) from Technische Universität Berlin

[489]



[490]
Joseph Massolle March 24, 1889
Bielefeld, Germany
April 2, 1957
Berlin, Germany
Hans Vogt September 25, 1890
Rehau, Germany
December 4, 1979
Obernzell, Germany
Martha Cowles Chase November 30, 1927
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
August 8, 2003
Lorain, Ohio, United States
1960 Nominated jointly with A.Hershey, A.Gierer, H.Fraenkel-Conrat and G.Schramm the only time by J.H.Northrop.[491]
Alfred Gierer April 15, 1929
Berlin, Germany
1960, 1962 Nominated by J.H.Northrop only.[492]
John G. Aston 1903
United States
August 6, 1990
State College, Pennsylvania, United States[493]
1960, 1966 [494]
Gerhard Schramm June 27, 1910
Kanagawa, Japan
February 3, 1969
Tübingen, Germany
1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 [495]
Manfred Eigen May 9, 1927
Bochum, Germany
February 6, 2019
Göttingen, Germany
1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 [496]

Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with G.Porter[dg]

[497]
1961
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish November 9, 1897
Cambridge, England
June 7, 1978
Cambridge, England
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
Konrad Emil Bloch January 21, 1912
Nysa, Poland
October 15, 2000
Burlington, Massachusetts, United States
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with F.Lynen.[498]
Torbjörn Caspersson October 15, 1910
Motala, Sweden
December 7, 1997
Stockholm, Sweden
1961 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[dt][499][500]
Pierre Van Rysselberghe May 18, 1905
Brussels, Belgium
1977
United States[501]
1961 Nominated the only time by Giuseppe Bianchi (1919–1996) from University of Milan.[502]
Efraim Racker June 28, 1913
Nowy Sacz, Poland
September 9, 1991
Syracuse, New York, United States
1961 Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir and B.L.Horecker the only time by F.M.Haurowitz.[503]
Robert Corey August 19, 1897
Springfield (Massachusetts), United States
April 23, 1971
Pasadena, California, United States
1961, 1962 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[504]
Bo Lars Gunnar Sillén July 11, 1916
Stockholm, Sweden
July 23, 1970
Stockholm, Sweden
1961, 1964, 1965 [505]
Britton Chance July 24, 1913
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States
November 16, 2010
Philadelphia, United States
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 [506]
Georges Chaudron April 29, 1891
Fontenay-sous-Bois, France
March 4, 1976
Paris, France
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968 [507]
Daniel Israel Arnon November 14, 1910
Warsaw, Poland
December 20, 1994
Berkeley, California, United States
1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [508]
Johannes Martin Bijvoet January 23, 1982
Amsterdam, Netherlands
March 4, 1980
Winterswijk, Netherlands
1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [509]
Harry George Drickamer November 19, 1918
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
May 6, 2002
Urbana, Illinois, United States
1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [510]
Leslie Orgel January 12, 1927
London, England
October 27, 2007
San Diego, United States
1961, 1970 [511]
1962
Ernst Otto Fischer November 10, 1918
Munich, Germany
July 23, 2007
Munich, Germany
1962, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wilkinson.[du][512]
Louis Néel November 22, 1904
Lyon, France
November 17, 2000
Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
1962, 1964 Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics.[513]
Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov December 14, 1891
Janow Lubelski, Poland
March 6, 1982
Moscow, Russia
1962 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[514]
Peter Pauson July 30, 1925
Bamberg, Germany
December 10, 2013
Glasgow, Scotland
1962 [515]
Maurice Stacey April 8, 1907
Shropshire, England
October 9, 1994
Birmingham, England
1962 Nominated the only time by John Colin Tatlow (1923–2008) from the University of Birmingham.[516]
Tadeusz Urbanski October 26, 1901
Krasnodar, Russia
May 29, 1985
Warsaw, Poland
1962 Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[517]
Karl-Wolfgang Mundry March 16, 1927
Hildesheim, Germany
May 6, 2009
Stuttgart, Germany
1962 Nominated jointly with A.Gierer the only time by J.H.Northrop.[518]
Clemens Josef Schöpf August 12, 1899
Gersfeld, Germany
December 17, 1970
Darmstadt, Germany
1962 [519]
Alexander Pavlovich Vinogradov August 21, 1895
Tutayev, Russia
November 16, 1975
Moscow, Russia
1962, 1964, 1965 [520]
Carl Djerassi October 29, 1923
Vienna, Austria
January 30, 2015
San Francisco, United States
1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 [521]
Louis Plack Hammett April 7, 1894
Wilmington, Delaware, United States
February 9, 1987
Medford, New Jersey, United States
1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [522]
Sanʼichirō Mizushima March 21, 1899
Tokyo, Japan
August 3, 1983
Tokyo, Japan
1962, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1970 [523]
1963
Herbert Charles Brown May 22, 1912
London, England
December 19, 2004
Lafayette, Indiana, United States
1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wittig.[dl][524]
Har Gobind Khorana January 9, 1922
Raipur, Pakistan
November 9, 2011
Concord, Massachusetts, United States
1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.W.Nirenberg and R.W.Holley.[525]
Wilhelm Ludwig August Geilmann May 16, 1891
Unterrieden, Germany
May 24, 1967
Mainz, Germany
1963 Nominated the only time by Fr.Strassmann.[526]
Dionýz Ilkovič January 18, 1907
Šarišský Štiavnik, Slovakia
August 3, 1980
Bratislava, Slovakia
1963 Nominated the only time by Pandarinath Bhuvanendra Janardhan (b.1921) from the University of Madras.[527]
Noel Bryan Slater July 29, 1912
Blackburn, England
January 31, 1973
London, England
1963 Nominated the only time by René Gibert (1908–1968) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques.[528]
Gunnar Blix September 7, 1894
Lund, Sweden
June 10, 1981
Uppsala, Sweden
1963 [529]

Nominated jointly the only time by Serge David (1921–2013) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques

[530]
Ernst Klenk October 14, 1896
Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany
December 29, 1971
Cologne, Germany
Stanley Bruckenstein[531] November 1, 1927
New York City, United States
1963 Nominated jointly with Iz.Kolthoff the only time by J.Koskikallio.[532]
James Baddiley May 15, 1918
Manchester, England
November 17, 2008
Cambridge, England
1963, 1968 [533][534]
John Monteath Robertson July 24, 1900
Auchterarder, Scotland
September 27, 1989
Inverness, Scotland
1963, 1969 [535]
Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. December 18, 1908
Gallatin, Tennessee, United States
June 12, 1992
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1963, 1969 Nominated jointly with G.Herzberg only.[536]
Fritz Arndt July 6, 1885
Hamburg, Germany
December 8, 1969
Hamburg, Germany
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 Nominated by K.Freudenberg only.[537]
Alberte Bucher Pullman August 26, 1920
Nantes, France
January 7, 2011
Paris, France
1963, 1965, 1968, 1969 [538]

Only nominated jointly

[539]
Bernard Pullman March 19, 1919
Wloclawek, Poland
June 9, 1996
Paris, France
Neil Bartlett September 15, 1932
Newcastle upon Tyne, England
August 5, 2008
Walnut Creek, California, United States
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [540]
Alfred Valentin Champagnat November 2, 1908
Marseille, France
December 13, 1984
Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France
1963, 1966, 1970 [541]
Saul Winstein October 8, 1912
Montreal, Canada
November 23, 1969
Los Angeles, United States
1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [542]
1964
Edmund Hirst July 21, 1898
Lancashire, England
October 29, 1975
Edinburgh, Scotland
1934,[b] 1964 [543]
Charles Coulson December 13, 1910
Dudley, England
January 7, 1974
Oxford, England
1964 Nominated the only time by H.Erlenmeyer.[544]
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran October 8, 1922
Ernakulam, India
April 7, 2001
Chennai, India
1964 Nominated the only time by C. V. Raman.[545]
Émile-Florent Terroine January 21, 1882
Paris, France
October 24, 1974
Paris, France
1964 Nominated the only time by Paul V. Creach from the University of Bordeaux.[546]
Paul Zamecnik November 22, 1912
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
October 27, 2009
Boston, United States
1964 Nominated the only time by V.Koningsberger.[547]
Kazuo Yamafuji
(山藤 一雄
ヤマフジ カズオ)
1906
1987 1964 [548]
Arthur Holmes January 14, 1890
Hebburn, England
September 20, 1965
London, England
1964, 1965 Nominated jointly with Al.P.Vinogradov by N.N.Semenov only.[549]
John Gunnar Malm June 24, 1921
Chicago, United States
May 11, 1999
Naperville, Illinois, United States[550]
1964, 1965, 1966 [551]

Only nominated jointly[552]

[553][554]



[555]
Howard H. Claassen 1918
Hillsboro, Kansas, United States
December 27, 2010
Tacoma, Washington, United States[556]
Henry H. Selig 1927
Frankfurt, Germany
October 21, 2014 [557]
Alexander Oparin March 2, 1894
Uglich, Russia
April 21, 1980
Moscow, Russia
1964, 1969 Nominated by Ern.Kahane only.[558]
Georg-Maria Schwab February 3, 1899
Berlin, Germany
December 23, 1984
Munich, Germany
1964, 1969 [559]
Efraim Katchalski-Katzir May 16, 1916
Kiev, Ukraine
May 30, 2009
Rehovot, Israel
1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 4th President of the Israel (1973 – 1978).[560]
Bernd Theodor Matthias June 8, 1918
Frankfurt, Germany
October 27, 1980
La Jolla, United States
1964, 1966, 1970 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[561]
František Šorm February 28, 1913
Prague, Czechia
November 18, 1980
Prague, Czechia
1964, 1967, 1970 [562][563]
1965
John Warcup Cornforth Jr. September 7, 1917
Sydney, Australia
December 8, 2013
Sussex, England
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dv] with Vl.Prelog[564]
Jacques Monod February 9, 1910
Paris, France
May 31, 1976
Cannes, France
1965 [565]

Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Lwoff

[566]
J Jacob June 17, 1920
Nancy, France
April 19, 2013
Paris, France
Paul Doughty Bartlett August 14, 1907
Ann Arbor, United States
October 11, 1997
Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
1965 Nominated the only time by Ch.C.Price, III.[567]
Salomon S. Cohen
(prob. Seymour Stanley Cohen)
April 30, 1917 Brooklyn, USA December 30, 2018 1965 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [568]
Oganes K. Davtyan April 15, 1911
Akhuryan, Armenia[569]
December 28, 1990
Yerevan, Armenia
1965 Nominated the only time by W.Tomassi.[570]
Ulick Richardson Evans March 31, 1889
London, England
April 3, 1980
Cambridge, England
1965 Nominated the only time by Karl Gustaf (Gösta) Wranglén (b.1923) from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.[571]
Stanley George Mason March 20, 1914
Montreal, Canada
April 21, 1987
Quebec, Canada
1965 Nominated the only time by Bruce Lionel Funt (1924–2013) from the University of Manitoba.[572]
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor March 7, 1886
London, England
June 27, 1975
Cambridge, England
1965 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[573]
Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh October 23, 1888
Stockholm, Sweden
November 19, 1969
Norrtälje, Sweden
1965 Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by M.G.Stålfelt.[574]
Leonard (Len) E. Mortenson 1928
Melrose, Massachusetts, United States
October 30, 2017
Willow Street, Pennsylvania, United States[575]
1965 [576]

Nominated jointly[577] the only time by C.Martius from ETH Zurich

[578]



[579]
Raymond Carlyle Valentine September 20, 1936
Piatt County, Illinois, United States
James Elliot Carnahan January 26, 1920
Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States
March 25, 1996
Stanton, Delaware, United States[580]
Erwin Chargaff August 11, 1905
Chernivtsi, now Ukraine
June 20, 2002
New York City, United States
1965, 1967 Nominated by Warren Myron Sperry (1900–1990) from the New York State Psychiatric Institute only.[581]
Jean Roche January 14, 1901
Sorgues, France
May 24, 1992
Montpellier, France
1965, 1966, 1967 Nominated by C.Heymans only.[582]
Ivan Stranski January 2, 1897
Sofia, Bulgaria
June 19, 1979
Sofia, Bulgaria
1965, 1967 Nominated by G.-M.Schwab only.[583]
André Guinier August 1, 1911
Nancy, France
July 3, 2000
Paris, France
1965 Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky.[584]
Otto Kratky March 9, 1902
Vienna, Austria
February 11, 1995
Graz, Austria
1965, 1967, 1968, 1969 [585]
Alan Walsh December 19, 1916
Hoddlesden, England
August 3, 1998
Melbourne, Australia
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 [586]
Albert Eschenmoser August 5, 1925
Erstfeld, Switzerland
July 14, 1923 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970 [587]
Charles Prévost March 20, 1899
Champlitte, France
July 11, 1983
Paris, France
1965, 1966, 1969, 1970 [588]
Rudolf Hoppe October 29, 1922
Wittenberge, Germany
November 24, 2014
Giessen, Germany
1965, 1967, 1970 Nominated jointly with N.Bartlett only.[589]
George Joseph Popják May 5, 1914
Kiskundorozsma, Hungary
December 30, 1998
Westwood, Los Angeles, United States
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Nominated jointly with J.W.Cornforth Jr. only.[590]
Rudolf Criegee May 23, 1902
Düsseldorf, Germany
November 7, 1975
Karlsruhe, Germany
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 [591]
Alfred Rieche April 28, 1902
Dortmund, Germany
November 6, 2001
Berlin, Germany
Nominated jointly with G.Wittig and Rudolf Criegee by K.Freudenberg only.[592]
Marshall Warren Nirenberg April 10, 1927
New York City, United States
January 15, 2010
New York City, United States
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 [593]

Shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H.G.Khorana

[594]
1966
Robert William Holley January 28, 1922
Urbana, Illinois, United States
February 11, 1993
Los Gatos, California, United States
1966, 1967, 1968
Stanford Moore September 4, 1913
Chicago, United States
August 23, 1982
New York City, United States
1966, 1970 [595]

Shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[dw] with Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr.
and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[596]
William Howard Stein June 25, 1911
New York City, United States
February 2, 1980
New York City, United States
Richard Barrer June 16, 1910
Wellington, New Zealand
September 12, 1996
Chislehurst, England
1966 Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[597]
Bernard Halpern November 2, 1904
Tarnoruda, now Ukraine
September 23, 1978
Paris, France
1966 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too[dx][598][599]
Kurt Bruno Hannig [600] May 26, 1920
Liberec, Czechia
January 20, 1993 1966 Nominated the only time by R.L.M.Synge.[601]
James Franklin Hyde March 11, 1903
Solvay, New York, United States
October 11, 1999
Marco Island, Florida, United States
1966 Nominated the only time by E.G.Rochow.[602]
Arthur Lüttringhaus July 6, 1906
Cologne, Germany
May 27, 1992
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
1966 Nominated the only time by P.Ad.Thiessen.[603]
Edwin Theodore Mertz December 6, 1909
Missoula, Montana, United States
February 1, 1999
Richardson, Texas, United States
1966 Nominated the only time by Gerard R. Pomerat (1901–1980) from the Rockefeller Foundation.[604]
Laurens Lambertus Marie van Deenen August 14, 1928
Maastricht, Netherlands
September 4, 1994
Bilthoven, Netherlands
1966[dy] [605][dz]

Nominated jointly the only time by Leonard Saunders from UCL School of Pharmacy

[606][ea]
G. Horrëus de Haas[607] September 20, 1931
The Hague, Netherlands
November 26, 2006
Utrecht, Netherlands
Charles Louis Marie Claude Vernet January 12, 1924
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, France
March 31, 2015
Avignon, France
1966 [608]

Nominated jointly[609] with Alfred V. Champagnat the only time by R.Schultze

[610]



[611]
Bernard Maurice Lainé April 4, 1933
Paris, France
January 13, 2013
Paris, France
Jean Antoine Filosa May 29, 1930
Marseille, France
September 16, 2022
La Canourgue, France
Thiruvengadam Rajendram Seshadri February 3, 1900
Kulithalai, India
September 27, 1975
New Delhi, India
1966, 1968 [612]
Kenneth Pitzer January 6, 1914
Pomona, California, United States
December 26, 1997
Berkeley, California, United States
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 [613]
Robert Schwyzer December 8, 1920
Zürich, Switzerland
September 29, 2015
Bülach, Switzerland
1966, 1969, 1970 Nominated by P.Karrer only.[614]
Sol Spiegelman December 14, 1914
Brooklyn, United States
January 20, 1983
New York City, United States
1966, 1970 [615]
1967
Geoffrey Wilkinson July 14, 1921
Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
September 26, 1996
London, England
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Ern.Ot.Fischer[du].[616]
Robert Bruce Merrifield July 15, 1921
Fort Worth, Texas, United States
May 14, 2006
Cresskill, New Jersey, United States
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[eb][617]
George Wald November 18, 1906
New York City, United States
April 12, 1997
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1967 Shared the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with R.Arth.Granit and H.K.Hartline.[618]
Manuel Ballester Boix June 27, 1919
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
April 5, 2005
1967 Nominated the only time by Ángel Vian Ortuño.[619]
Jean Lecomte August 5, 1898
March 28, 1979
1967 Nominated the only time by Clément Raymond François Courty (b.1902) from the University of Lyon.[620]
Max Rudolf "Rudi" Lemberg October 19, 1896
Breslau, now Poland
April 10, 1975
Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
1967 Nominated the only time by Benoit Wurtz from the University of Strasbourg.[621]
James Joseph Lingane[622] September 13, 1909
Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
March 14, 1994
Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
1967 Nominated the only time by P.B.Janardhan from the University of Madras.[623]
Richard Alan Morton[624] September 22, 1899
Liverpool, England
January 21, 1977
Liverpool, England
1967 Nominated the only time by W.Ch.Evans.[625]
Giorgio Piccardi October 13, 1895
Florence, Italy
December 22, 1972
Riccione, Italy
1967 Nominated the only time by D.Marotta.[626]
Hans Eduard Schmid March 24, 1917
Gränichen, Switzerland
December 19, 1976
Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
1967 Nominated the only time by Em.Cherbuliez.[627]
Frank Harold Spedding October 22, 1902
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
December 15, 1984
Ames, Iowa, United States
1967 [628]
Ahmed Riad (Reyad) Tourky[629] March 16, 1902
Tanta, Egypt
January 17, 1971
Cairo, Egypt
1967 Nominated the only time by Abdel Aziz Ali Mousa (1915–1979) from the University of Cairo.[630]
Ellison Hall Taylor[631] September 6, 1913
Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
May 31, 2008
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
1967 [632]

Nominated jointly the only time by E.Wigner

[633]
Sheldon Datz July 21, 1927
New York City, United States
August 15, 2001
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
Mary Belle Allen November 11, 1922
Morristown, New Jersey
1973
Fairbanks, Alaska
1967 [634]

Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by J.H.Northrop

[635]
Frederick Robert Whatley January 26, 1924
Wilton, Wiltshire, England
November 14, 2020
Stephen Brunauer February 12, 1903
Budapest, Hungary
July 6, 1986
Potsdam, New York, United States
1967 [636]

Nominated jointly with Edward Teller the only time by R.I.Razouk from the Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

[637]
Paul Hugh Emmett September 22, 1900
Portland, Oregon, United States
April 22, 1985
Portland, Oregon, United States
Edward Teller January 15, 1908
Budapest, Hungary
September 9, 2003
Stanford, California, United States
Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[638]
Esmond Emerson Snell September 22, 1914
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
December 9, 2003
Boulder, Colorado, United States
1967, 1969 Nominated jointly with Al.E.Braunstein only.[639]
Frank Albert Cotton April 9, 1930
Philadelphia, PA, United States
February 20, 2007
College Station, TX, United States
1967, 1970 [640]
1968
Donald James Cram April 22, 1919
Chester, Vermont, United States
June 17, 2001
Palm Desert, California, United States
1968, 1969 Shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.-M.Lehn and Ch.J.Pedersen[ec][641]
George Andrew Olah May 22, 1927
Budapest, Hungary
March 8, 2017
Beverly Hills, California, United States
1968, 1969 Won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[ed][642]
Erika Cremer May 20, 1900
Munich, Germany
September 21, 1996
Innsbruck, Austria
1968 Nominated the only time by Fr.X.M.Th.Patat.[643]
Kenneth George Denbigh May 30, 1911
Luton, England
January 23, 2004
London, England
1968 Nominated the only time by Joseph (Jean?) Cathala (1892–1969) from the l’École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en génie chimique, Toulouse.[644]
Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder May 27, 1911
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
March 30, 1990
Madison, Wisconsin, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by Arthur Neville Hambly (1909–1996) from the Australian National University, Canberra.[645]
Eugene Patrick Kennedy September 4, 1919
United States
September 22, 2011
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by Samuel B. Weiss (b.1925) from the University of Chicago.[646]
Kozyrev,
Boris Mikhaylovich
May 4, 1905
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
October 21, 1979
Kazan, Russia
1968 Nominated the only time by M.Dole.[647]
Alfred O. C. Nier May 28, 1911
St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
May 16, 1994
Hennepin County Medical Center, United States
1968 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[648][649]
Eiji Ochiai[650] June 26, 1898
Chiba, Japan
November 4, 1974
1968 Nominated the only time by Shuzo Shibata (b.1924) from the Shizuoka University.[651]
Eugene George Rochow October 4, 1909
Newark, New Jersey, United States
March 21, 2002
Fort Myers, Florida, United States
1968 Nominated the only time by H.Schäfer.[652]
Einar August Stenhagen April 6, 1911
Söderala, Sweden
December 14, 1973
Mölndal, Sweden
1968 Nominated the only time by Jean Asselineau (1921–2013) from the University of Toulouse.[653]
Hans Tuppy July 22, 1924
Vienna, Austria
1968 Nominated the only time by F.K.L.Machatschki.[654]
Anthony Leonid Turkevich July 23, 1916
Manhattan, New York, United States
September 7, 2002
Lexington, Virginia, United States
1968 [655]
David Warren Turner July 16, 1927
Leigh-on-Sea, England
1968[ee] Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too[656][ef]
Otto Hermann Eduard Westphal February 1, 1913
Berlin, Germany
September 14, 2004
Montreux, Switzerland
1968 Nominated jointly with M.Heidelberger the only time by H.Alb.C.Albers.[657]
Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky September 15, 1914
Łódź, Poland
May 30, 1972
Ben Gurion International Airport, Israel
1968 Nominated jointly with Efr.Katchalski the only time by L.Lorand.[658]
Brian Edward Cross[659] October 9, 1923
1968 [660]

Nominated jointly[661] the only time by Kozo Hirota from the Osaka University

[662]



[663]
Yusuke Sumiki[664] February 10, 1901
September 11, 1974
Teijirō Yabuta December 16, 1888
Ōtsu, Japan
July 20, 1977
Tokyo, Japan
Bernard Lewis 1899
London, England
May 23, 1993
Pittsburgh, United States
1968 [665]

Nominated jointly with Al.Frumkin the only time by N.N.Semyonov

[666]
Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich March 8, 1914
Minsk, Belarus
December 2, 1987
Moscow, Russia
Léon Velluz[667] July 31, 1904
Bourg-en-Bresse, France
May 28, 1981
Paris, France
1968 [668]

Nominated jointly[669] the only time by P.Bédos from the University of Toulouse

[670]



[671]
Maurice Legrand

Marc Grosjean

Klaus Biemann November 2, 1926
Innsbruck, Austria
June 2, 2016
Brunswick, Maine, United States
1968, 1969, 1970 [672]
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit December 22, 1900
Utrecht, Netherlands
March 17, 1977
Pasadena, California, United States
1968, 1970 [673]
Henri Normant[674] June 25, 1907
Plozévet, France
December 5, 1997
Paris, France
1968, 1969, 1970 [675]
Ivo Zvara June 11, 1934
Veliny, Czechia
December 27, 2021 1968 Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by Russian academician A.W.Nikolajev.[676]
Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov March 2, 1913
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
November 19, 1990
Moscow, Russia
1968, 1969 Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[677]
1969
Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak (Pietrzak) September 4, 1907
Łuków, now Poland
October 10, 1998
Saint Petersburg, Russia
1969 Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by I.V.Petrjanov-Sokolov.[678]
Roald Hoffmann
(born Roald Safran)
July 18, 1937
Złoczów, now Ukraine
1969[eg] Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Fukui[eh][679][ei]
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn April 20, 1918
Lund, Sweden
July 20, 2007
Ängelholm, Sweden
1969, 1970 Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics.[680]
Horace Albert "Nook" Barker November 29, 1907
Oakland, California, United States
December 24, 2000
Berkeley, California, United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Isr.R.Lehman.[681]
Francis Pettit Bundy September 1, 1910
Columbus, Ohio, United States
February 23, 2008
Lebanon, Ohio, United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Alfr.R.J.P.Ubbelohde.[682]
Raymond Jean Calas[683] April 8, 1914
Montpellier, France
September 28, 1996
1969 Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil.[684]
Harry Julius Emeléus June 22, 1903
Poplar, London, England
December 2, 1993
Cambridge, England
1969 Nominated the only time by L.Kolditz.[685]
Theodor Förster May 15, 1910
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
May 20, 1974
Stuttgart, Germany
1969 Nominated the only time by G.Porter.[686]
Rolf Huisgen June 13, 1920
Gerolstein, Germany
March 26, 2020
Munich, Germany
1969 Nominated the only time by E.Lippert.[687]
Charles Lambert Marie Joseph Manneback March 9, 1894
Etterbeek, Belgium
December 15, 1975
Etterbeek, Belgium
1969 Nominated the only time by J.De Clerck.[688]
David Nachmansohn March 17, 1899
Ekaterinoslav, now Ukraine
November 2, 1983
New York City, United States
1969 Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too.[689]
Roberto Piontelli[690] May 11, 1909
Lodi, Lombardy, Italy
October 15, 1971
Milan, Italy
1969 [691]
Eugene Rabinowitch April 27, 1901
Saint Petersburg, Russia
May 15, 1973
Washington, D.C., United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Jan Bartholomeus Thomas (1907–1991) from the Utrecht University.[692]
Petr Aleksandrovich Rebinder October 3, 1898
Saint Petersburg, Russia
July 12, 1972
Moscow, Russia
1969 Nominated the only time by László Erdey (1910–1970) from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[693]
Horst Tobias Witt March 1, 1922
Bremen, Germany
May 14, 2007
Berlin, Germany
1969 Nominated the only time by A.Henglein.[694]
Melville Lawrence Wolfrom April 2, 1900
Bellevue, Ohio, United States
June 20, 1969
Columbus, Ohio, United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Alex (Elion) Rosenthal (1914–2012) from the University of British Columbia.[695]
Helmut Zahn June 13, 1916
Erlangen, Germany
November 14, 2004
Aachen, Germany
1969 Nominated the only time by Otto Kratky.[696]
László Zechmeister May 14, 1889
Győr, Hungary
February 28, 1972
Pasadena, California, United States
1969 Nominated the only time by Zoltan Csürös (1901–1979) from the Technical University of Budapest.[697]
Jacques Bénard December 12, 1912
Blois, France
October 4, 1987
Bourg-la-Reine, France
1969 [698]

Jointly nominated the only time by Michel Destriau (1928–2010) from the University of Bordeaux

[699]
Adolphe (Emile Philippe) Van Tiggelen December 2, 1914
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Belgium
November 2, 1969
Leuven, Belgium
John Machlin Buchanan September 29, 1917
Winamac, Indiana, United States
June 25, 2007
Burlington, Massachusetts, United States
1969 Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir the only time by A.B.Pardee.[700]
Egon Peter Gustav Stahl October 18, 1924
Eberbach (Baden), Germany
September 5, 1986
Eberbach (Baden), Germany
1969 Nominated jointly with Otto Kratky the only time by E.Schauenstein.[701]
Franz Sondheimer May 17, 1926
Stuttgart, Germany
February 11, 1981
Stanford University, United States
1969 Nominated jointly with G.Wittig the only time by Al.Schönberg.[702]
Marc Julia October 23, 1922
Paris, France
June 29, 2010
Paris, France
1969 Nominated jointly with H.C.Brown and C.Djerassi the only time by Gérard Etienne Louis Lamaty (1930–2012) from the University of Montpellier.[703]
Costin D. Neniţescu July 15, 1902
Bucharest, Romania
July 28, 1970
Bușteni, Romania
1969 [704]

Nominated jointly with R.Criegee the only time by P.D.Bartlett

[705]
Rowland Pettit February 6, 1927
Port Lincoln, Australia
December 10, 1981
Austin, Texas, United States
Friedrich Wilhelm Jost June 15, 1903
Friedberg, Hesse, Germany
September 23, 1988
Göttingen, Germany
1969 Nominated jointly with W.H.Schottky and C.W.Wagner the only time by H.Witte.[706]
Albert Kirrmann June 28, 1900
Strasbourg, France
March 10, 1974
1969 Nominated jointly with Chr.K.Ingold, L.Pl.Hammett and Ch.Prévost the only time by Alb.Bruylants.[707]
Harden M. McConnell July 18, 1927
Richmond, Virginia, United States
October 8, 2014
1969, 1970 [708]
Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov September 9, 1899
Moscow, Russia
January 17, 1980
Moscow, Russia
1969, 1970 [709]
Gilbert Stork December 31, 1921
Brussels, Belgium
October 21, 2017
United States
1969, 1970 [710]
Pehr Victor Edman April 14, 1916
Stockholm, Sweden
March 19, 1977
Munich, Germany
1969, 1970 Nominated jointly with R.Br.Merrifield and J.Porath by T.Cl.Laurent only.[711]
Jerker Porath October 23, 1921
Sala, Sweden
January 21, 2016
Lund, Sweden
[712]

1970–1973

[edit]

Nominees are published 50 years later so 1973 nominees should be published in 2024.

Picture Name Born Died Years Nominated Notes
1970
Jerome Karle June 18, 1918
New York City, United States
June 6, 2013
Annandale, Virginia, United States
1970 Shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.A.Hauptman[ej].[713]
John Charles Polanyi January 23, 1929
Berlin, Germany
1970[dm] Shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Dudley Robert Herschbach and Yu.T.Lee[ek].[714][el]
Elias James Corey July 12, 1928
Methuen, Massachusetts, United States
1970[em] Won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[en][715][eo]
Karl Sune Detlof Bergström January 10, 1916
Stockholm, Sweden
August 15, 2004
Stockholm, Sweden
1970 Shared the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with B.I.Samuelsson and J.R.Vane.[716]
Walter Houser Brattain February 10, 1902
Xiamen, China
October 13, 1987
Seattle, Washington, USA
1970 Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Bardeen and William Shockley.[717]
Bernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris January 5, 1923
Johannesburg, South Africa
July 7, 2013
Gainesville, Florida, United States
[718]

Jointly nominated with W.H.Brattain the only time by T.M.Salem from the Alexandria University

[719]
Herbert Spencer Harned[720] December 2, 1888
Camden, New Jersey, United States
July 29, 1969
J. D. Bernal May 10, 1901
Nenagh, Ireland
September 15, 1971
London, England
1970 Nominated the only time by Harry Francis West Taylor (1923–2002) from the University of Aberdeen and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[721]
Gaston Charlot June 11, 1904
Heuilley-sur-Saône, France
April 17, 1994
Paris, France
1970 Nominated the only time by Gabriel Antoine Tridot (1924–1993), Director of École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille.[722]
Michel Marcel Delhaye March 10, 1929
Fresnes-sur-Escaut, France
February 12, 2014
Lille, France
1970 Nominated the only time by Joseph M. Heubel (b. 1920) from the Lille University of Science and Technology.[723]
Boris Vladimirovich Derjagin August 9, 1902
Moscow, Russia
May 16, 1994
Moscow, Russia
1970 Nominated the only time by Yoshitake Sasaki.[724]
Nikolay Markovich Emanuel October 1, 1915
Fresnes-sur-Escaut, France
December 7, 1984
Lille, France
1970 Nominated the only time by N.N.Semyonov.[725]
Matthew Stanley Meselson May 24, 1930
Denver, Colorado, United States
1970[ep] Nominated the only time by R.Thomas[726][eq]
George Scatchard[727] March 19, 1892
Oneonta, New York, United States
December 10, 1973
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
1970 Nominated the only time by Ch.Tanford.[728]
Hermann Theodor Felix Wieland June 5, 1913
Munich, Germany
November 24, 1995
Heidelberg, Germany
1970 Nominated the only time by S.Siddiqui.[729]
David 'Davy' Adriaan van Dorp April 27, 1915
Amsterdam, Netherlands
February 19, 1995
Vlaardingen, Netherlands
1970 Nominated Jointly with S.Bergström the only time by E.Klenk.[730]
David Mervyn Blow June 27, 1931
Birmingham, England
June 8, 2004
Appledore, Torridge, England
1970 [731]

Jointly nominated the only time by Jui Hsin Wang (1921–2016) from the Yale University

[732]
David Chilton Phillips March 7, 1924
Ellesmere, Shropshire, England
February 23, 1999
London, England
Walter Hückel February 18, 1895
Charlottenburg, Germany
January 4, 1973
Tübingen, Germany
1970 Nominated Jointly with Vl.Prelog the only time by Hassan S. El Khadem (1923–2012) from the Michigan Technological University.[733]
Christian Klixbüll-Jørgensen[734] April 18, 1931
Aalborg, Denmark
January 9, 2001
near Paris, France
1970 [735]
John Wilson ("Jack") Boag June 20, 1911
Elgin, Moray, Scotland
January 2, 2007
1970 [736]

Jointly nominated the only time by R.Braams.

[737]



[738]
Edwin James ("Ed") Hart[739] February 7, 1910
Port Angeles, Washington, United States
March 25, 1995
Port Angeles, Washington, United States
Robert LeRoy Platzman[740] August 23, 1918
Minneapolis, United States
July 2, 1973
Chicago, United States
Joseph Chatt November 6, 1914
Horden, England
May 19, 1994
Hove, England
1970 Jointly nominated with E.O.Fischer and Fr.Alb.Cotton the only time by Michael Cais (b.1924) from the Technion.[741]
Stig Melker Claesson February 5, 1917
Kumla, Sweden
July 31, 1988
Helsingborg, Sweden
1970 [742]

Jointly nominated (Terenin - posthumously) the only time by N.M.Emanuel.

[743]



[744]
George Simms Hammond May 22, 1921
Auburn, Maine, United States
October 5, 2005
Portland, Oregon, United States
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Terenin May 6, 1896
Kaluga, Russia
January 18, 1967
Moscow, Russia
Charles Gilbert Overberger October 12, 1920
Barnesboro, Pennsylvania, United States
March 17, 1997
Ann Arbor, United States
1970 Jointly nominated with K.J.Freudenberg and Al.N.Nesmeyanov the only time by Cr.I.Simionescu.[745]
Henry Montague (Monty) Frey February 27, 1929
London, England

1970 [746]

Jointly nominated the only time by Youssef Iskander from the Alexandria University.

[747]



[748]
Jack Sylvester Hine July 2, 1923
Coronado, California, United States
July 6, 1988
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Wolfgang Kirmse June 26, 1930
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Tetsuo Nozoe May 16, 1902
Sendai, Japan
April 4, 1996
Tokyo, Japan
1970, 1974[749][er] [750]
1971
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2022), however 1971 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[751]
1972
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2023), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[752]
1973
Nominees are typically published 50 years later (2024), however 1972 nominees are unpublished as of 2024.[753]

See also

[edit]

Motivations and remarks

[edit]
  1. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Nominations were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee - The Nobel Population 1901-1937: A Census of the Nominators and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry Elisabeth T. Crawford, J. L. Heilbron, Rebecca Ullrich (Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1987)
  3. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”
  4. ^ "Work on the synthesis of amino acids"
  5. ^ “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”
  6. ^ “in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him”
  7. ^ “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”
  8. ^ “in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”
  9. ^ “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”
  10. ^ "Work on organic arsenic compounds and their therapeutic effect on tuberculosis, malaria and syphilis."
  11. ^ “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”
  12. ^ “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation”
  13. ^ Discovery of Zymase (fermentation can be induced by an enzyme, even in yeast cells which have been destroyed)
  14. ^ “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”
  15. ^ “for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry”
  16. ^ “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”
  17. ^ “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”
  18. ^ “in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”
  19. ^ “in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry”
  20. ^ “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”
  21. ^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”
  22. ^ "Constitution of enzymes and their catalythic elements."
  23. ^ “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”
  24. ^ "Work on chemotherapy."
  25. ^ “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”
  26. ^ “for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”
  27. ^ "Work on chlorophyll and hemoglobin."
  28. ^ “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei”
  29. ^ "Work on physiological chemistry and "abwehrfermente"."
  30. ^ “for his work on disperse systems”
  31. ^ a b “in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods”
  32. ^ “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”
  33. ^ "The introduction of physical-chemical problems to physiology, and work on phagocytosis and the permeability of the kidneys."
  34. ^ "Important studies on proteins."
  35. ^ "Work on nutrition."
  36. ^ “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”
  37. ^ “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”
  38. ^ a b “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”
  39. ^ “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes”
  40. ^ "Preparation of crystalline insulin."
  41. ^ “for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”
  42. ^ "Research on vitamins"
  43. ^ “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
  44. ^ “for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”
  45. ^ "Work on physiological chemistry, especially the theories and work on blood coagulation."
  46. ^ “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”
  47. ^ “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”
  48. ^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin".
  49. ^ “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C”
  50. ^ "Large-scale synthetic production of thyroxine; also modified Kendall´s original chemical description of thyroxine."
  51. ^ "Work on the chemistry of fermentation, especially the isolation and determination of methylglyoxaline as intermediate product in fermentation."
  52. ^ “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”
  53. ^ “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”
  54. ^ "Work on plasmoquinine and atebrin."
  55. ^ “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2”
  56. ^ “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”
  57. ^ a b “for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis”
  58. ^ "Work on intermediary metabolism, especially in liver and skeleton muscles."
  59. ^ “for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method”
  60. ^ “for his work on sex hormones”
  61. ^ “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”
  62. ^ “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
  63. ^ "Work on auxines."
  64. ^ “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”
  65. ^ "Work on the structure of the nucleic acids."
  66. ^ “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”
  67. ^ "Work on essential substances in rice and their importance in beri-beri."
  68. ^ a b “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
  69. ^ "Chemical composition of heart glycosides, especially scillarens, digitalins and strophanthidins."
  70. ^ "Work on production of plant disease generating virus in crystallized form."
  71. ^ "Work on the use of nicotinic acid on "blacktongue"."
  72. ^ "Isolation and study of vitamin B1"
  73. ^ “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”
  74. ^ "The discovery of the facts relating to para-amino-benzene sulfonamide."
  75. ^ “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”
  76. ^ "The production of crystalline digestion ferment (enzyme)"
  77. ^ "Isotope techniques to study intermediary metabolism."
  78. ^ "Work on the chemistry of proteins, kidney function, the acid-base balance and the electrolytic balance of the body."
  79. ^ a b "Isolation of a series of carcinogenic substances."
  80. ^ “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
  81. ^ "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin"
  82. ^ "Discovery of synthetic oestrogens, especially stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol, DES) and their effects."
  83. ^ "Dicoumarol and related compounds"
  84. ^ a b “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
  85. ^ “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
  86. ^ “for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”
  87. ^ “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”
  88. ^ "Work on DDT"
  89. ^ "Discovery of the carbon dioxide assimilation process in heterotrophic organisms."
  90. ^ “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”
  91. ^ "Fractionation of plasma proteins..."
  92. ^ "Electron microscopy of viruses, leading to knowledge of the nature and morphology of viruses and general insight into the structure and mechanism of crystallization of proteins."
  93. ^ "Discovery of cytochromes"
  94. ^ "Work on the chemistry of streptomycin."
  95. ^ "Work on the amino acid requirements in humans."
  96. ^ "Methods for measuring antigens, antibody and complement. Specifically, studies on the purification of Pneumococcus polysaccharides, leading to routines for immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia."
  97. ^ “for their invention of partition chromatography”
  98. ^ “for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”
  99. ^ “for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”
  100. ^ “for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”
  101. ^ “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
  102. ^ "Work on the permeability of the cell wall for ions, and ionic equilibrium."
  103. ^ "Isolation and study of the pituitary hormone."
  104. ^ “for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”
  105. ^ a b “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”
  106. ^ "Work on dimercaptopropanol and its importance in protection against poisoning by certain metals."
  107. ^ “for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin”
  108. ^ “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”
  109. ^ "Discoveries and development of new chemical separation methods based on "counter-current extraction and partition chromatography"."
  110. ^ “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”
  111. ^ a b “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”
  112. ^ “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes”
  113. ^ “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates”
  114. ^ “for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals”
  115. ^ “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions”
  116. ^ a b “for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis”
  117. ^ a b “Nomination 21161 to J.Polanyi has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  118. ^ “for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry”
  119. ^ “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”
  120. ^ “All nominations with J.Watson have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  121. ^ “Data of James Watson (id 11107) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  122. ^ “Data of Francis Crick (id 11108) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  123. ^ “Data of Maurice Wilkins (id 11109) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  124. ^ "The role of nucleic acids, in particular RNA, in cellular protein synthesis"
  125. ^ a b “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds”
  126. ^ “for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions”
  127. ^ “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
  128. ^ "Synthetic antihistamine compounds"
  129. ^ “Nomination 19435 by L.Saunders has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  130. ^ “Data about nomination of Laurens L M van Deenen (id 13330) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  131. ^ “Data of G H de Haas (id 14300) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
  132. ^ “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
  133. ^ “for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”
  134. ^ “for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”
  135. ^ “Nomination 19661 to David Warren Turner have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  136. ^ “Data of David Warren Turner (id 14450) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  137. ^ “Nomination 20925 to R.Hoffmann has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  138. ^ “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”
  139. ^ “Data of R Hoffman (id 15546) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  140. ^ “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
  141. ^ “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”
  142. ^ “Data of John Polanyi (id 15675) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  143. ^ “Nomination 21155 to El.J.Corey has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  144. ^ “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”
  145. ^ “Data of El.J.Corey (id 15672) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  146. ^ “Nomination 21107 to M.St.Meselson has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  147. ^ “Data of M.St.Meselson (id 15637) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  148. ^ “Nomination 22157 to Tetsuo Nozoe is hidden at the Nomination Archive site now”

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
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  5. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Nomination Archive – Svante Arrhenius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  8. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Moissan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Nomination Archive – Zdenko Skraup". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marcellin Berthelot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pope". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Ramsay". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf von Baeyer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodore Richards". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wolcott Gibbs". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Knietsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Wislicenus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Morley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Nomination Archive – Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Nomination Archive – Harmon Morse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Ostwald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  23. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eduard Buchner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dmitri Mendeleev". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Nomination Archive – Giacomo Ciamician". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  26. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Le Châtelier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  27. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Nernst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  28. ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Grignard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Sabatier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  30. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lord Rutherford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Wallach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Werner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  33. ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanislao Canizzaro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sophus Jörgensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  35. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fredrik Kjellin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Crookes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  37. ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Eyde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kristian Birkeland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Caro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolph Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Curtius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albin Haller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  43. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Willstätter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  45. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albrecht Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  46. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf de Laval". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  47. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Lunge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  48. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Hantzsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  49. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund von Lippmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  50. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Landolt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  51. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Schönherr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  52. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Engler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  53. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Senderens". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  54. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gabriel Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  55. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gaston Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  56. ^ "Nomination Archive – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir James Dewar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  58. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Liebermann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  59. ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Martin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  60. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walthère Spring". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  61. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  62. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  63. ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for P.Ehrlich&S.Hata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  64. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sahachiro Hata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  65. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Perkin Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  66. ^ "Nomination Archive – Angelo Angeli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  67. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Tammann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  68. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Haber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  69. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hilaire de Chardonnet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  70. ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe Barbier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  71. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Urbain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  72. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Zsigmondy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  73. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Küster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  74. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Küster&Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  75. ^ "Nomination Archive – Leon Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  76. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karol Olszewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  77. ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Zincke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  78. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Harries". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  79. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Recoura". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  80. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  81. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  82. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Tschirch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  83. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Walden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  84. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir William Henry Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  85. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Moseley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  86. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Galton Darwin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  87. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edouard Branly". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  88. ^ "Die Dozenten der Universität Zürich (S.692) – Herzfeld Eugen" (PDF). archiv.uzh.ch (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  89. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugen Herzfeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  90. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emanuele Paterno". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  91. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  92. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  93. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Baptiste Perrin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  94. ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Svedberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  95. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Bosch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  96. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Clarke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  97. ^ "Nomination Archive – Felix Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  98. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emile Bourquelot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  99. ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Eder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  101. ^ "Nomination Archive – Knut Jacob Beskow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  102. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Ramén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  103. ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe-Auguste Guye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  104. ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  105. ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for H.Hamburger&S.P.L.Sørensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  106. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hartog Hamburger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  107. ^ "Nomination Archive – Mikhail Tsvet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  108. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Schlenk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  109. ^ "Nomination Archive – Martinus Beijerinck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  110. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Curtis Franklin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  111. ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  112. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  113. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Noelting". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  114. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Noyes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  115. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ossian Aschan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  116. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Moureu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  117. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sören Sörensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  118. ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Freundlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  119. ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Gomberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  120. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  121. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  122. ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  123. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Holleman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  124. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Auer von Welsbach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  125. ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikodem Caro". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  126. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert N. Lewis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  127. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Siedentopf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  128. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Power". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  129. ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Wieland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  130. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans von Euler-Chelpin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  131. ^ "Nomination Archive – George de Hevesy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  132. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  133. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dirk Coster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  134. ^ "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  135. ^ "Nomination Archive – André Debierne". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  136. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  137. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  138. ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Windaus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  139. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Foerster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  140. ^ "Nomination Archive – Piero Ginori Conti". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  141. ^ "Nomination Archive – Giuseppe Oddo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  142. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  143. ^ "Nomination Archive – Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  144. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Pascal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  145. ^ "Nomination Archive – Irving Langmuir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  146. ^ "Nomination Archive – Petrus Debye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  147. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Hopkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  148. ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Baker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  149. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Cohen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  150. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  151. ^ "Nomination Archive – Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  152. ^ "Nomination Archive – Julius Bredt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  153. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  154. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Adolf Paneth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  155. ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  156. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Robinson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  157. ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Lind". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  158. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  159. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bruno Tacke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  160. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  161. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred F Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  162. ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Alfred Hess&Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  163. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  164. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Harden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  165. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Bergius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  166. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir Walter Norman Haworth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  167. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Warburg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  168. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Barger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  169. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for G.Barger&Ch.Harington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  170. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Harington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  171. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Bennewitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  172. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes van Laar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  173. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Stock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  174. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  175. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  176. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Swarts". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  177. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bodenstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  178. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Ruff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  179. ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Goldschmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  180. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Brönsted". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  181. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Dufraisse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  182. ^ "Nomination Archive – Percy Bridgman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  183. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl F. Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  184. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  185. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  186. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  187. ^ "Nomination Archive – Leopold Ruzicka". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  188. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Staudinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  189. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  190. ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  191. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl von Auwers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  192. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Donnan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  193. ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Klason". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  194. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Irvine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  195. ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  196. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Karrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  197. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  198. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Diels". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  199. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  200. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  201. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  202. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  203. ^ "Nomination Archive – Artturi Virtanen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  204. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Späth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  205. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Votocek". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  206. ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Butenandt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  207. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jaroslav Heyrovský". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  208. ^ "Nomination Archive – Harold Clayton Urey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  209. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Washburn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  210. ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Maillard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  211. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  212. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  213. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erik Hägglund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  214. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Joliot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  215. ^ "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  216. ^ "Nomination Archive – Enrico Fermi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  217. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Curme". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  218. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  219. ^ "Nomination Archive – Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  220. ^ "The Electrochemical Society – Colin G. Fink". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  221. ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Fink". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  222. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bergmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  223. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Giauque". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  224. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Alder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  225. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  226. ^ "Nomination Archive – Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  227. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Arthur Bone". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  228. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Heslinga". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  229. ^ H. Ter Meulen en J. Heslinga, Nieuwe methoden voor Elementair-analyse, Delft, 1925, 2e druk 1930
  230. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri ter Meulen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  231. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hönigschmid". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  232. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jens Möller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  233. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wojciech Swiętosławski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  234. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugo Theorell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  235. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marc Tiffeneau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  236. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Binz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  237. ^ "Nomination Archive – Curt Räth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  238. ^ Christoph de Haen X-ray Contrast Agent Technology: A Revolutionary History, p. 62 (CRC Press and Taylor&Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida 2019)
  239. ^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  240. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Hofmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  241. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf Komppa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  242. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Harteck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  243. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz London". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  244. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Stanley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  245. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Harkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  246. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Böeseken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  247. ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Henri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  248. ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Ipatieff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  249. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  250. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  251. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Bredig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  252. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Bawden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  253. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fr.Bawden&N.Pirie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  254. ^ "Nomination Archive – Norman Pirie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  255. ^ "BnF Data – Paul Job (1886-1957)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  256. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Job". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  257. ^ "BnF Data – Maurice Piettre (1878-1954)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  258. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Piettre". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  259. ^ "Nomination Archive – Francesco Giordani". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  260. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Wrinch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  261. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  262. ^ "Nomination Archive – Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  263. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Fourneau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  264. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  265. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  266. ^ "Nomination Archive – Linus Pauling". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  267. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Weigert". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  268. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  269. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  270. ^ "Nomination Archive – Christopher Kelk Ingold". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  271. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Howard Northrop". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  272. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Sumner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  273. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  274. ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  275. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  276. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  277. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Niggli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  278. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  279. ^ "Nomination Archive – Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  280. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Portevin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  281. ^ "Nomination Archive – René Wurmser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  282. ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for J.W.Cook&E.L.Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  283. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lawrence Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  284. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Wilfred Cook". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  285. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Heinrich Heitler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  286. ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Reichstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  287. ^ "Nomination Archive – Vincent du Vigneaud". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  288. ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  289. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  290. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  291. ^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Clusius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  292. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  293. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  294. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Eyring". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  295. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Westgren". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  296. ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn Theodore Seaborg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  297. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Burns Woodward". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  298. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Adolf Krebs". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  299. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugh Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  300. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Doering". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  301. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Frumkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  302. ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  303. ^ "Nomination Archive – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  304. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Tiselius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  305. ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4 76-77 (Princeton University Press, 1971)
  306. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Devaux". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  307. ^ "Nomination Archive – Leo Szilard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  308. ^ "Science Museum Group – J R Geigy SA". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  309. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ciba-Geigy AG (Swiss pharmaceutical company)". britannica.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  310. ^ "Nomination Archive – S A Geigy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  311. ^ "Base de données des élites suisses – Läuger, Paul". unil.ch (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  312. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  313. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  314. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Robert Frisch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  315. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin McMillan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  316. ^ "Nomination Archive – Philip Abelson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  317. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Lebeau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  318. ^ "Nomination Archive – David Rittenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  319. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Misrky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  320. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Rabe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  321. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Dickel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  322. ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Kennedy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  323. ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Armand Jacquet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  324. ^ "Nomination Archive – Morris Kharasch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  325. ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Adams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  326. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Lebrecht Meerwein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  327. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johan Arvid Hedvall". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  328. ^ "Nomination Archive – Chester Werkman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  329. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ch.Werkman&H.G.Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  330. ^ "Nomination Archive – Harland Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  331. ^ "Nomination Archive – A J Kluyver". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  332. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Robertus Todd". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  333. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Kendall". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  334. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  335. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  336. ^ "The Electrochemical Society – George W. Heise". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  337. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Heise". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  338. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Miescher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  339. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Dyson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  340. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Richter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  341. ^ Kunststoffe 52(1) 59 (1962)
  342. ^ "Nomination Archive – Domingo Giribaldo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  343. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  344. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  345. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  346. ^ "Nomination Archive – David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  347. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  348. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  349. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Reppe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  350. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for William Rose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  351. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Rose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  352. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  353. ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  354. ^ "Nomination Archive – Archer Martin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  355. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Synge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  356. ^ "Nomination Archive – Melvin Calvin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  357. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  358. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Sanderson Mulliken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  359. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Flory". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  360. ^ "Nomination Archive – Selman Waksman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  361. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Lipmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  362. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Wells Beadle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  363. ^ "Nomination Archive – Thérèse Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  364. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gladwyn Buttle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  365. ^ British Medical Journal 286(6379) 1758 (1983)
  366. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Wahl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  367. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Hamaker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  368. ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn E Sheline". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  369. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wendell Latimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  370. ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Werner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  371. ^ "Nomination Archive – Isadore Perlman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  372. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Kirk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  373. ^ "University of California: In Memoriam, 1991 – Glenn E. Sheline". texts.cdlib.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  374. ^ Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 40(2) 213 (1981)
  375. ^ "Nomination Archive – Raphael Consden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  376. ^ "Gramicidin S; the sequence of the amino-acid residues" Biochemical Journal 41(4) 596-602 (1947)
  377. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Gordon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  378. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  379. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  380. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  381. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Irving Schlesinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  382. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  383. ^ "Nomination Archive – Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  384. ^ "Nomination Archive – Burris Bell Cunningham". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  385. ^ "Nomination Archive – Willard Frank Libby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  386. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Ferdinand Perutz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  387. ^ "Nomination Archive – Yasuhiko Asahina". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  388. ^ "Nomination Archive – Axel Lindh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  389. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ian Morris Heilbron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  390. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  391. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  392. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Sanger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  393. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frits Zernike". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  394. ^ "Nomination Archive – Claude Hudson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  395. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  396. ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Simon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  397. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Hume-Rothery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  398. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  399. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  400. ^ "Nomination Archive – Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  401. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  402. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Wilhelm Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  403. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Braunstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  404. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Hieber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  405. ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Segrè". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  406. ^ "Nomination Archive – Öjvind Winge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  407. ^ "Nomination Archive – Izaak Kolthoff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  408. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Lawrie Tatum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  409. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Ziegler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  410. ^ "Nomination Archive – Giulio Natta". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  411. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Porter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  412. ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Onsager". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  413. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  414. ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  415. ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Mattauch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  416. ^ "Nomination Archive – Félix Trombe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  417. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Volmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  418. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Feigl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  419. ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin David Kamen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  420. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Clarke Slater". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  421. ^ "Nomination Archive – Severo Ochoa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  422. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Lemaître". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  423. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Gale". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  424. ^ "Nomination Archive – Joan Folkes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  425. ^ "Nomination Archive – Boris Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  426. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  427. ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinz Fraenckel-Conrat". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  428. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jannik Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  429. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emil Brauns". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  430. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Johann Freudenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  431. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  432. ^ "Nomination Archive – Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  433. ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Munro MacLeod". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  434. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maclyn McCarty". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  435. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  436. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Charpentier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  437. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coryell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  438. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice-Marie Janot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  439. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexandre Vladimiravitche Palladine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  440. ^ "Nomination Archive – G L Stadnikov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  441. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eric Keightley Rideal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  442. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Horecker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  443. ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Hund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  444. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Hückel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  445. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  446. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  447. ^ "Nomination Archive – C Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  448. ^ "Nomination Archive – Luis Federico Leloir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  449. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Herzberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  450. ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Prelog". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  451. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Wittig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  452. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maria Goeppert-Mayer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  453. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  454. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bogdan Kamienski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  455. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Mousseron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  456. ^ "Nomination Archive – Yoshiyuki Toyama". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  457. ^ "Nomination Archive – Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  458. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Brachet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  459. ^ "Nomination Archive – Herman Francis Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  460. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  461. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerold Karel Schwarzenbach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  462. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Kendrew". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  463. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Kornberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  464. ^ "Nomination Archive – Feodor Lynen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  465. ^ "Nomination Archive – David Green". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  466. ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Owen Rice". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  467. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunter Scheibe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  468. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Rossini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  469. ^ "Nomination Archive – M J Chedin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  470. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bror Holmberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  471. ^ "Nomination Archive – Egon Wiberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  472. ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pfann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  473. ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Schottky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  474. ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  475. ^ "Nomination Archive – Derek Harold Richard Barton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  476. ^ "Nomination Archive – Odd Hassel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  477. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ilya Prigogine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  478. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Watson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  479. ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Crick". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  480. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Wilkins". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  481. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hershey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  482. ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  483. ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin Deutsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  484. ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Williams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  485. ^ "Nomination Archive – Andrew Benson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  486. ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Cary". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  487. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Orville Beckman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  488. ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Engl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  489. ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Massolle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  490. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Vogt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  491. ^ "Nomination Archive – Martha Chase". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  492. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Grierer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  493. ^ "New York Times – John Aston, 87, Dies; Pioneer in Cryogenics". The New York Times. 9 August 1990. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  494. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  495. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Schramm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  496. ^ "Nomination Archive – Manfred Eigen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  497. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  498. ^ "Nomination Archive – Konrad Bloch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  499. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  500. ^ "Nomination Archive – Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  501. ^ "Stanford University – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". chemistry.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  502. ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  503. ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Racker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  504. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Corey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  505. ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Gunnar Sillén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  506. ^ "Nomination Archive – Britton Chance". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  507. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Léon Chaudron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  508. ^ "Nomination Archive – Daniel Israel Arnon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  509. ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Bijvoet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  510. ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry George Drickamer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  511. ^ "Nomination Archive – Leslie Orgel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  512. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  513. ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Néel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  514. ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  515. ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Pauson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  516. ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Stacey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  517. ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Urbanski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  518. ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Wolfgang Mundry". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  519. ^ "Nomination Archive – Clemens Schöpf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  520. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Vinogradov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  521. ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Djerassi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  522. ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Plack Hammett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  523. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sanichiro Mizushima". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  524. ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Brown". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  525. ^ "Nomination Archive – Har Gobind Khorana". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  526. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ludwig August Wilhelm Geilmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  527. ^ "Nomination Archive – Dionyz Ilkovic". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  528. ^ "Nomination Archive – Noel Slater". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  529. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunnar Blix". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  530. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Klenk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  531. ^ "University of Minnesota Awards&Honours – Stanley Bruckenstein". uawards.umn.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  532. ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanley Bruckenstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  533. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  534. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  535. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Monteath Robertson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  536. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edgar Bright Wilson Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  537. ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Arndt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  538. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  539. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  540. ^ "Nomination Archive – Neil Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  541. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Champagnat". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  542. ^ "Nomination Archive – Saul Winstein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  543. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund Hirst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  544. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coulson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  545. ^ "Nomination Archive – Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  546. ^ "Nomination Archive – E F Terroine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  547. ^ "Nomination Archive – P C Zamecnik". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  548. ^ "Nomination Archive – K Yamafuji". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  549. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Holmes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  550. ^ "Chicago Tribune – JOHN G. MALM". chicagotribune.com. 15 May 1999. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  551. ^ "Nomination Archive – J Malm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  552. ^ H. H. Claassen, H. Selig and J. G. Malm, “Xenon Tetrafluoride” Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 3593 (1962) doi:10.1021/ja00877a042
  553. ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Claassen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  554. ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Classen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  555. ^ "Nomination Archive – H Selig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  556. ^ "ASA/CSCA Member Obituaries – Howard H. Claassen". asa3.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  557. ^ "Journal of Fluorine Chemistry – Henry Selig-Obituary" (PDF). journals.elsevier.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  558. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Ivanovich Oparin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  559. ^ "Nomination Archive – G M Schwab". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  560. ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Katchalski-Kazir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  561. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernd Theodor Matthias". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  562. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frantisek Sorm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  563. ^ "Nomination Archive – František Šorm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  564. ^ "Nomination Archive – John Warcup Cornforth Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  565. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Monod". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  566. ^ "Nomination Archive – J Jacob". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  567. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Doughty Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  568. ^ "Nomination Archive – Salomon S. Cohen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  569. ^ Baklan, V. Yu; Vasylyev, A. D.; Kublanovskii, V. S.; Grafov, B. M. (March 2012). "Russian Journal of Electrochemistry – To the Centenary of O.K. Davtyan". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 48 (3): 348–349. doi:10.1134/S1023193512660019. S2CID 93777377. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  570. ^ "Nomination Archive – O K Davtjan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  571. ^ "Nomination Archive – Ulick Richardson Evans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  572. ^ "Nomination Archive – S G Mason". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  573. ^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  574. ^ "Nomination Archive – Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  575. ^ "Chemical & Engineering News – Obituary: Leonard Mortenson". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  576. ^ "Nomination Archive – L E Mortenson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  577. ^ Mortenson LE, Valentine RC, Carnahan JE "An electron transport factor from Clostridium pasteurianum" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 7(6): 448–52 (June 1962) doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90333-9 PMID 14476372
  578. ^ "Nomination Archive – R C Valentine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  579. ^ "Nomination Archive – J E Carnahan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  580. ^ "Cape Gazette – James E. Carnahan, retired research chemist". CapeGazette.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  581. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Chargaff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  582. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Roche". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  583. ^ "Nomination Archive – Iwan Nikolov Stranski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  584. ^ "Nomination Archive – A Guinier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  585. ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Kratky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  586. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alan Walsh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  587. ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Eschenmoser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  588. ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Prévost". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  589. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Hoppe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  590. ^ "Nomination Archive – G Popjak". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  591. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Criegee". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  592. ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Rieche". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  593. ^ "Nomination Archive – Marshall Warren Nirenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  594. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert William Holley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  595. ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanford Moore". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  596. ^

    "Nomination Archive – William H Stein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  597. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Barrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  598. ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  599. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  600. ^ "Sudetendeutsche Akademieder Wissenschaften und Künste – Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt Hannig". sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  601. ^ "Nomination Archive – K Hannig". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  602. ^ "Nomination Archive – James Franklin Hyde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  603. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Lüttringhaus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  604. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Theodore Mertz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  605. ^ "Nomination Archive – Laurens L M van Deenen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  606. ^ "Nomination Archive – G H de Haas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  607. ^ "Catalogus Professorum – Prof.dr. G. Horrëus de Haas". profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  608. ^ "Nomination Archive – C L Vernet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  609. ^ A. CHAMPAGNAT, C. VERNET, B. LAINÉ & J. FILOSA Biosynthesis of Protein-Vitamin Concentrates from Petroleum Nature 197 13–14 (1963)
  610. ^ "Nomination Archive – B Lainé". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  611. ^ "Nomination Archive – J Filosa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  612. ^ "Nomination Archive – T R Seshadri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  613. ^ "Nomination Archive – K I Pitzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020."Nomination Archive – Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  614. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Schwyzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  615. ^ "Nomination Archive – Sol Spiegelman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  616. ^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Wilkinson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  617. ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Bruce Merrifield". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  618. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Wald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  619. ^ "Nomination Archive – M Ballester". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  620. ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Lecomte". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  621. ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Rudolf Lemberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  622. ^ Electrochemical Dictionary (2nd ed., Springer 2012) p.559
  623. ^ "Nomination Archive – J J Lingane". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  624. ^ Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24 408-442 (1978)
  625. ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Alan Morton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  626. ^ "Nomination Archive – Giorgio Piccardi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  627. ^ "Nomination Archive – H Schmid". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  628. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Harold Spedding". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  629. ^ In Memorium of Prof. Dr. A.R. Tourky U.A.R. journal of chemistry 14 376 (1971)
  630. ^ "Nomination Archive – A R Tourky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  631. ^ "Tennessee Encyclopedia – Ellison Hall Taylor". tennesseeencyclopedia.net. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  632. ^ "Nomination Archive – E H Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  633. ^ "Nomination Archive – S Datz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  634. ^ "Nomination Archive – M B Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  635. ^ "Nomination Archive – F R Whatley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  636. ^ "Nomination Archive – Stephen Brunauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  637. ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Hugh Emmett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  638. ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Teller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  639. ^ "Nomination Archive – Esmond Emerson Snell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  640. ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Albert Cotton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  641. ^ "Nomination Archive – D C Cram". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  642. ^ "Nomination Archive – George Andrew Olah". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  643. ^ "Nomination Archive – Erika Cremer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  644. ^ "Nomination Archive – K G Denbigh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  645. ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  646. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene Patrick Kennedy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  647. ^ "Nomination Archive – B M Kozyrev". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  648. ^ "Nomination Archive - A.O.C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  649. ^ "Nomination Archive - Alfred C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  650. ^ "Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften – Eiji Ochiai" (PDF). badw.de. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  651. ^ "Nomination Archive – E Ochiai". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  652. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene George Rochow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  653. ^ "Nomination Archive – E Stenhagen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  654. ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Tuppy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  655. ^ "Nomination Archive – Anthony Leonid Turkevich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  656. ^ "Nomination Archive - David Warren Turner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  657. ^ "Nomination Archive - O Westphal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  658. ^ "Nomination Archive - Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  659. ^ The University of Leeds Review 23 263 (1980)
  660. ^ "Nomination Archive – B E Cross". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  661. ^ "A Century of Gibberellin Research" Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 34 740-760 (2015)
  662. ^ "Nomination Archive – Y Sumiki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  663. ^ "Nomination Archive – T Yabuta". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  664. ^ The Journal of Antibiotics XXVII(12) 1003 (1974)
  665. ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Lewis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  666. ^ "Nomination Archive – J B Zeldovic". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  667. ^ Tetrahedron 38(5) 565 (1982)
  668. ^ "Nomination Archive – L Velluz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  669. ^ L. Velluz, M. Legrand und M. Grosjean Optical Circular Dichroism. Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Verlag Chemie GmbH., Weinheim/Bergstr., und Academic Press, New York-London, 1965.
  670. ^ "Nomination Archive – M Legrand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  671. ^ "Nomination Archive – M Grosjean". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  672. ^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Biemann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  673. ^ "Nomination Archive – Arie Jan Haagen-Smit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  674. ^ "BnF Data - Henri Normant (1907-1997)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  675. ^ "Nomination Archive - Henri Normant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  676. ^ "Nomination Archive – I Zvara". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  677. ^ "Nomination Archive – Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  678. ^ "Nomination Archive – Konstantin Antonovich Petrzhak". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  679. ^ "Nomination Archive – R Hoffman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  680. ^ "Nomination Archive – Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  681. ^ "Nomination Archive – Horace Albert Barker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  682. ^ "Nomination Archive – F P Bundy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  683. ^ "Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques – CALAS Raymond Jean". cths.fr. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  684. ^ "Nomination Archive – R Calas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  685. ^ "Nomination Archive – H J Emeléus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  686. ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Förster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  687. ^ "Nomination Archive – Rolf Huisgen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  688. ^ "Nomination Archive – C Manneback". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  689. ^ "Nomination Archive – David Nachmansohn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  690. ^ "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Piontelli, Roberto". treccani.it. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  691. ^ "Nomination Archive – Roberto Piontelli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  692. ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugene I Rabinowitch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  693. ^ "Nomination Archive – P A Rebinder". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  694. ^ "Nomination Archive – H Witt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  696. ^ "Nomination Archive – Helmut Zahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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  739. ^ Radiation Research 143(3) 349-351 (1995)
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  749. ^ "Nomination Archive - Nomination for Nobel Prize in Chemistry Year: 1974 Number: 74 - 0". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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