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1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections

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1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1872 & 1873 November 3, 1874[a] 1876 & 1877 →
All 292 seats in the United States House of Representatives[b]
147 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Michael Kerr James G. Blaine
Party Democratic Republican
Leader's seat Indiana 3rd Maine 3rd
Last election 88 seats 195 seats
Seats won 180[1] 103[1]
Seat change Increase 92 Decrease 92
Popular vote 3,061,888 2,766,257
Percentage 49.12% 44.38%
Swing Increase 7.12% Decrease 8.47%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Anti-Monopoly Reform
Last election 0 seats 0 seats
Seats won 1 1
Seat change Increase 1 Increase 1
Popular vote 79,816 9,546
Percentage 1.28% 0.15%
Swing New New
  Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Last election 1 seat[c]
Seats won 4[d][e]
Seat change Increase 3
Popular vote 276,554
Percentage 4.44%
Swing Increase 2.19%
Results:
     Democratic hold      Democratic gain
     Republican hold      Republican gain
     Independent hold
Speaker before election

James G. Blaine
Republican

Elected Speaker

Michael Kerr
Democratic

The 1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 1, 1874, and September 7, 1875. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 44th United States Congress convened on December 6, 1875. Elections were held for all 292 seats, representing 37 states.

These elections were held in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's second term with a deep economic depression underway. It was an important turning point, as the Republicans lost heavily and the Democrats gained control of the House. It signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed. Historians emphasize the factors of economic depression and attacks on the Grant administration for corruption as key factors in the vote.[2]

With the election following the Panic of 1873, Grant's Republican Party was crushed in the elections, losing their majority and almost half their seats to the Democratic Party. This was the first period of Democratic control since the pre-war era. The economic crisis and the inability of Grant to find a solution led to his party's defeat. This was the second-largest swing in the history of the House (only behind the 1894 elections), and is the largest House loss in the history of the Republican Party.

In the south, the Democrats continued their systematic destruction of the Republican coalition. In the South, Scalawags moved into the Democratic Party. The Democratic landslide signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed and a realignment of the Republican coalition that had dominated American politics since the late 1850s.[3]

While the ongoing end of Reconstruction in the South was one of the main reasons for the shift, turn-of-the-century historian James Ford Rhodes explored the multiple causes of the results in the North:[4]

In the fall elections of 1874 the issue was clearly defined: Did the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress deserve the confidence of the country? and the answer was unmistakably No ... The Democrats had won a signal victory, obtaining control of the next House of Representatives which would stand Democrats 168, Liberals and Independents 14, Republicans 108 as against the two-thirds Republican majority secured by the election of 1872. Since 1861 the Republicans had controlled the House and now with its loss came a decrease in their majority in the Senate ...

Rhodes continues:

The political revolution from 1872 to 1874 was due to the failure of the Southern policy of the Republican party, to the Credit Mobilier and Sanborn contract scandals, to corrupt and inefficient administration in many departments and to the persistent advocacy of Grant by some close friends and hangers-on for a third presidential term. Some among the opposition were influenced by the President's backsliding in the cause of civil service reform, and others by the failure of the Republican party to grapple successfully with the financial question. The depression, following the financial Panic of 1873, and the number of men consequently out of employment weighed in the scale against the party in power. In Ohio, the result was affected by the temperance crusade in the early part of the year. Bands of women of good social standing marched to saloons before which or in which they sang hymns and, kneeling down, prayed that the great evil of drink might be removed. Sympathizing men wrought with them in causing the strict law of the State against the sale of strong liquor to be rigidly enforced. Since Republicans were in the main the instigators of the movement, it alienated from their party a large portion of the German American vote.

Special elections

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Election summaries

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↓
182 8 103
Democratic [f] Republican
State Type Total
seats 		Democratic Republican Independent
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Alabama District
+ 2 at-large 		8 6 Increase 4 2 Decrease 4 0 Steady
Arkansas District 4 4 Increase 4 0 Decrease 4 0 Steady
California[g] District 4 3 Increase 2 1 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Connecticut[g] District 4 3 Increase 2 1 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Delaware At-large 1 1 Increase 1 0 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Florida District 2 1 Increase 1 1 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Georgia[h] District 9 9[e] Increase 2 0 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Illinois District 19 11 Increase 6 6 Decrease 8 2 Increase 2
Indiana[h] District 13 8 Increase 5 5 Decrease 5 0 Steady
Iowa[h] District 9 1 Increase 1 8 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Kansas District 3 1 Increase 1 2 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Kentucky District 10 9 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
Louisiana District 6 4 Increase 3 2 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Maine[h] District 5 0 Steady 5 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland District 6 6 Increase 2 0 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Massachusetts District 11 5 Increase 5 4 Decrease 7 2 Increase 2
Michigan District 9 3 Increase 3 6 Decrease 3 0 Steady
Minnesota District 3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Mississippi District 6 4 Increase 3 2[i] Decrease 3 0 Steady
Missouri District 13 13 Increase 4 0 Decrease 4 0 Steady
Nebraska[h] At-large 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Nevada At-large 1 0 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
New Hampshire[g] District 3 2 Increase 1 1 Decrease 1 0 Steady
New Jersey District 7 5 Increase 4 2 Decrease 4 0 Steady
New York District 33 17 Increase 8 16[i] Decrease 8 0 Steady
North Carolina[h] District 8 7 Increase 2 1 Decrease 2 0 Steady
Ohio[h] District 20 13 Increase 7 7 Decrease 7 0 Steady
Oregon[h] At-large 1 1 Increase 1 0 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Pennsylvania District 27 17 Increase 12 10 Decrease 12 0 Steady
Rhode Island District 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
South Carolina District 5 0 Steady 5 Steady 0 Steady
Tennessee District 10 9 Increase 6 1 Decrease 6 0 Steady
Texas District 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Vermont[h] District 3 0 Steady 3[i] Steady 0 Steady
Virginia District 9 8 Increase 4 1 Decrease 4 0 Steady
West Virginia[h] District 3 3 Increase 1 0 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Wisconsin District 8 3 Increase 1 5 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Total 293[b] 183[e]
62.5% 		Increase 94 105[d]
36.2% 		Decrease 93 4
1.4% 		Increase 4
Popular vote
Democratic
 
 49.12%
Republican
 
 44.38%
Anti-Monopoly
 
 1.28%
Reform
 
 0.15%
Independent
 
 4.44%
Others
 
 0.63%
House seats
Democratic
 
 61.43%
Republican
 
 35.15%
Anti-Monopoly
 
 0.34%
Reform
 
 0.34%
Independent
 
 2.74%
House seats by party holding plurality in state
  80+% Democratic
  80+% Republican
  60+% to 80% Democratic
  60+% to 80% Republican
  Up to 60% Democratic
  Up to 60% Republican
Net gain in party representation
  6+ Democratic gain
  6+ Republican gain
  3-5 Democratic gain
  3-5 Republican gain
  1-2 Democratic gain
  1-2 Republican gain
  no net change

Election dates

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In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.[5] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1874–75, there were still 10 states with earlier election dates, and 3 states with later election dates:

Alabama

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Arkansas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas 1 Asa Hodges Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas 2 Oliver P. Snyder Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas 3 William J. Hynes
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Republican 1872 Incumbent defeated.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas 4 Thomas M. Gunter
Redistricted from the 3rd district 		Democratic 1872[j] New seat.
Incumbent re-elected.
Democratic hold.

Arizona Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

California

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Main article: 1875 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California and 1874 United States Senate election in California
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California 1 Charles Clayton Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY William Adam Piper (Democratic) 49.1%
  • ▌Ira P. Rankin (Republican) 26.8%
  • ▌John F. Swift (Independent) 24.1%
California 2 Horace F. Page Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Horace F. Page (Republican) 43.4%
  • ▌Henry Larkin (Democratic) 38.7%
  • ▌Charles A. Tuttle (Independent) 17.8%
California 3 John K. Luttrell Democratic 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John K. Luttrell (Democratic) 46.7%
  • ▌C. B. Denio (Republican) 36.1%
  • ▌Charles F. Reed (Independent) 17.1%
California 4 Sherman O. Houghton Republican 1871 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Peter D. Wigginton (Democratic) 48.8%
  • ▌Sherman O. Houghton (Republican) 34.6%
  • ▌J. S. Thompson (Independent) 16.7%

Colorado Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Delaware

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

Florida

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Main article: 1874 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida and 1875 United States Senate election in Florida
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida 1 William J. Purman
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Florida 2 Josiah T. Walls
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Republican 1870 Incumbent re-elected.
The election was later successfully challenged.

Georgia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Idaho Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Iowa Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kansas

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas

Kentucky

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Louisiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Maine

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Maryland

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Massachusetts

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 James Buffinton Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 2 Benjamin W. Harris Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 3 William Whiting II Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Massachusetts 4 Samuel Hooper Republican 1861 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected after initial result overturned.
Democratic gain.
Massachusetts 5 Daniel W. Gooch Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Independent gain.
Massachusetts 6 Benjamin Butler Republican 1866 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Massachusetts 7 Ebenezer R. Hoar Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY John K. Tarbox (Democratic) 54.77%
  • ▌James C. Ayer (Republican) 45.23%
Massachusetts 8 John M. S. Williams Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Massachusetts 9 George F. Hoar Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10 Alvah Crocker Republican 1872 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Independent gain.
Massachusetts 11 Henry L. Dawes Republican 1856 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senate.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.

Michigan

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

Minnesota

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota

Mississippi

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 Lucius Q. C. Lamar Democratic 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi 2 Albert R. Howe Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Independent Republican gain.
Mississippi 3 Henry W. Barry Republican 1869 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 4 Jason Niles Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 5 George C. McKee Republican 1869 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 6 John R. Lynch Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.

Missouri

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Montana Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nebraska at-large Lorenzo Crounse Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Lorenzo Crounse (Republican) 62.70%
  • ▌James W. Savage (Democratic) 23.26%
  • ▌James W. Davis (Independent) 11.34%
  • ▌James G. Miller (Prohibition) 2.71%[13]

Nevada

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada

New Hampshire

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Jersey

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

New York

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New York

North Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

Ohio

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Oregon

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon

Pennsylvania

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

South Carolina

[edit]
Main article: 1874 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1 Joseph Rainey Republican 1870 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Joseph Rainey (Republican) 51.4%
  • ▌Samuel Lee (Ind. Republican) 48.6%
South Carolina 2 Alonzo J. Ransier Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Independent Republican gain.
Election was later successfully challenged, declared vacant, and a special election was then held.
South Carolina 3 Robert B. Elliott Republican 1870 Incumbent resigned November 1, 1874, to serve as sheriff.
new member elected.
Republican hold
South Carolina 4 Alexander S. Wallace Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 5 Richard H. Cain
Redistricted from the at-large seat 		Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Robert Smalls (Republican) 79.4%
  • ▌J. P. M. Epping (Ind. Republican) 19.9%
  • Others 0.7%

Tennessee

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Roderick R. Butler Republican 1867 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 2 Jacob M. Thornburgh Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 William Crutchfield Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 4 None (new district) New district.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 5 John M. Bright
Redistricted from the 4th district. 		Democratic 1870 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 6 Horace Harrison
Redistricted from the 5th district. 		Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 7 Washington C. Whitthorne
Redistricted from the 7th district. 		Democratic 1870 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Washington C. Whitthorne (Democratic) 78.13%
  • ▌Theodore H. Gibbs (Republican) 14.32%
  • ▌G. W. Blackburn (Independent Republican) 7.55%[20]
Tennessee 8 John D. C. Atkins
Redistricted from the 7th district. 		Democratic 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 9 David A. Nunn
Redistricted from the 8th district. 		Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 10 Barbour Lewis
Redistricted from the 9th district. 		Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.

Texas

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Utah Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Virginia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia

Washington Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
West Virginia 1 John J. Davis Independent
Democratic 		1870 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
West Virginia 2 John Hagans Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
West Virginia 3 Frank Hereford Democratic 1870 Incumbent re-elected.

Wisconsin

[edit]
Main article: 1874 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Wisconsin 1 Charles G. Williams Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 2 Gerry Whiting Hazelton Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 3 J. Allen Barber Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Henry S. Magoon (Republican) 52.7%
  • ▌Charles F. Thompson (Democratic) 47.3%
Wisconsin 4 Alexander Mitchell Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired.
new member elected.
Democratic hold.
Wisconsin 5 Charles A. Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Wisconsin 6 Philetus Sawyer Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
new member elected.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 7 Jeremiah McLain Rusk Republican 1870 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 8 Alexander S. McDill Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.

Wyoming Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

[edit]
See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives
District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large
Dakota Territory at-large Moses K. Armstrong Democratic 1870 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Colorado Territory at-large Jerome B. Chaffee Republican 1870 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Idaho Territory at-large John Hailey Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Independent gain.
Result successfully contested.
Democratic hold.
Montana Territory at-large Martin Maginnis Democratic 1872 Incumbent re-elected.
New Mexico Territory at-large
Utah Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large
Wyoming Territory at-large William R. Steele Democratic 1872 Incumbent re-elected.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The majority of states held their elections on this date. 13 other states held regular elections on different dates between June 1, 1874, and September 7, 1875.
  2. ^ a b Includes late elections.
  3. ^ Included 1 Independent Democrat.
  4. ^ a b Includes 3 Independent Republicans.
  5. ^ a b c Includes 1 Independent Democrat, William H. Felton, elected to Georgia's 7th congressional district.
  6. ^ There were 4 Independents, 3 Independent Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat.
  7. ^ a b c Elections held late.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elections held early.
  9. ^ a b c Includes 1 Independent Republican.
  10. ^ Thomas M. Gunter lost election in 1872 to William W. Wilshire, contested the election and was seated June 1874.
  11. ^ Died before term began.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Martis, pp. 128–129.
  2. ^ Barreyre, Nicolas (2011). "The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the realignment of American Politics". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 10 (4): 403–423. doi:10.1017/S1537781411000260.
  3. ^ Campbell, James E. (Fall 2006). "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868-2004". Social Science History. 30 (3): 359–386. doi:10.1017/S014555320001350X. S2CID 15075840.
  4. ^ Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1872-1877. The Macmillan company. p. 67.
  5. ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
  6. ^ a b c d Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1046. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  7. ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  8. ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  9. ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  10. ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  11. ^ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  12. ^ "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  13. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 13, 1874". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  14. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  15. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  16. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  17. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  18. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  19. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  20. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  21. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  22. ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  23. ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  24. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  25. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  26. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  27. ^ "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  28. ^ "Our Campaigns - CO Territorial Delegate - Final Election Race - Nov 03, 1874". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  29. ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  30. ^ "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  31. ^ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

Bibliography

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[edit]
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