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Warren, Michigan

Coordinates: 42°29′31″N 83°01′26″W / 42.49194°N 83.02389°W / 42.49194; -83.02389
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Not to be confused with Warren Township, Michigan.
Warren, Michigan
City
Warren Civic Center (2020)
Warren Civic Center (2020)
Official logo of Warren, Michigan
Motto(s): 
A Safe and Clean City
Location within Macomb County
Location within Macomb County
Warren is located in Michigan
Warren
Warren
Warren is located in the United States
Warren
Warren
Coordinates: 42°29′31″N 83°01′26″W / 42.49194°N 83.02389°W / 42.49194; -83.02389
Country United States
State Michigan
County Macomb
Settled1830
Incorporated1893 (village)
1957 (city)
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor
 • MayorLori Stone (D)[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total34.43 sq mi (89.18 km2)
 • Land34.38 sq mi (89.04 km2)
 • Water0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2)
Elevation
627 ft (191 m)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total139,387
 • Rank(US: 195th)
 • Density4,054.66/sq mi (1,565.52/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
48088, 48089, 48090, 48091, 48092, 48093, 48397
Area code586
FIPS code26-84000
GNIS feature ID1615781[4]
Websitecityofwarren.org

Warren is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Warren borders Detroit to the north, roughly 13 miles (20.9 km) north of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 139,387,[5] making Warren the largest community in Macomb County, the third-largest city in Michigan, and Detroit's largest suburb.

The city is home to a wide variety of businesses, including the General Motors Technical Center, the United States Army Detroit Arsenal, home of the United States Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command and the Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC),[6] and the headquarters of Asset Acceptance.

History

[edit]

Beebe's Corners, the original settlement in what would become the city of Warren, was founded in 1830 at the corner of Mound Road and Chicago Road; its first resident was Charles Groesbeck.[7] Beebe's Corners was a carriage stop between Detroit and Utica, and included a distillery, mill, tavern, and trading post.[7][8] It was not until 1837 that the now-defunct Warren Township was organized around the settlement, first under the name Hickory, then renamed Aba in April 1838, and finally renamed Warren shortly thereafter.[9] It was named for War of 1812 veteran, and frontier cleric, Rev. Abel Warren. However, when it was originally organized the township was named for Rev. Warren who was a Methodist Episcopal preacher who left his native New York in 1824 for Shelby Township. He went throughout the present-day Macomb, Lapeer, Oakland, and St. Clair Counties, baptizing, marrying, and burying pioneers of the area, as well as establishing congregations and preaching extensively.[10] He was the first licensed preacher in the State of Michigan.[11]

Another version of the source of the city's name claims it was "named for General Joseph Warren, who fell at the Battle of Bunker Hill."[12]

The settlement was formally incorporated as the Village of Warren from Warren Township on April 28, 1893, out of one square mile bound by 14 Mile Road and 13 Mile Road to the north and south, and in half-a-mile east and west of Mound Road.[7] The small village grew slowly, and had a population of 582 in 1940 and 727 in 1950, while the larger surrounding township grew at a much quicker pace.[13] Much of this growth was due to the construction of the Chrysler's Truck Assembly plant in 1938, the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant in 1940 to support the WW II effort, and the General Motors Technical Center between 1949 and 1956.

The Red Run and Bear Creek, just small creeks back in the 1800s, has blossomed into an open major inter-county stormdrain flowing through Warren, into the Clinton River, and onwards to Lake St. Clair.[14]

The Village of Warren and most of the surrounding Township of Warren, together with Van Dyke, incorporated as a city in 1957, less the city of Center Line, which had incorporated as a village from Warren Township in 1925 and as a city in 1936.[9] Between 1950 and 1960, Warren's population soared from 42,653 to 89,426. This population explosion was largely fueled by the post-WWII Baby Boom and later, by white flight from its southern neighbor of Detroit in that decade. This change in population continued into the next decade when the city's population doubled again, ultimately reaching a high of 179,000 in 1970.

Warren was a sundown town: an all-white municipality that outlawed the presence of people of color after sunset.[citation needed] Those who violated this social order were subjected to violence.[15] In 1970, Warren had a population of 180,000, with only 28 minority families, most of whom lived on a U.S. military base. As of 1974 African Americans were almost totally excluded from Warren,[16] In 2000 Warren had less than 3% Black population,[16] compared to 80% in adjacent Detroit.[17]

Mayors

[edit]

The following is a list of the previous mayors of the city. The current mayor is Lori Stone.[18] Mayoral elections are currently non-partisan.

Mayor Start of Term End of Term
Arthur Miller (D) 1957 1961
Louis Kelsey (D) 1961 1961
Bill Shaw (D) 1961 1967
Ted Bates (D) 1967 1981
James Randlett (D) 1981 1985
Ronald Bonkowski (D) 1985 1995
Mark Steenbergh (D) 1995 2007
James Fouts (D) 2007-2015 (I) 2015 2007 2023
Lori Stone (D) 2023 Current

Geography

[edit]

Warren is a core city of Metro Detroit. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.46 square miles (89.25 km2), of which 34.38 square miles (89.04 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km2) is water.[19] The city covers a 6-by-6-mile (9.7 by 9.7 km) square (from 8 Mile Road to 14 Mile Road, south to north) in the southwest corner of Macomb County (minus the city of Center Line, which is a small city totally enclosed within Warren). Warren shares its entire southern border with the northern border of the Detroit city limits. Other cities bordering Warren are Hazel Park and Madison Heights to the west, Sterling Heights to the north, and Fraser, Roseville, and Eastpointe to the east.

Climate

[edit]

Warren features a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa). Summers are somewhat hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on average 8.6 days. Winters are cold, with temperatures not rising above freezing on 39.1 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on average 1.2 days a year.

Climate data for Warren, Michigan (Eastpointe station)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.8
(0.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		44.7
(7.1) 		58.3
(14.6) 		69.7
(20.9) 		80.0
(26.7) 		84.2
(29.0) 		81.7
(27.6) 		74.8
(23.8) 		62.3
(16.8) 		49.0
(9.4) 		36.5
(2.5) 		59.1
(15.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.5
(−3.6) 		27.3
(−2.6) 		35.0
(1.7) 		47.2
(8.4) 		58.6
(14.8) 		68.9
(20.5) 		73.3
(22.9) 		71.3
(21.8) 		63.9
(17.7) 		52.1
(11.2) 		40.8
(4.9) 		29.7
(−1.3) 		49.5
(9.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.2
(−7.7) 		18.8
(−7.3) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		36.0
(2.2) 		47.5
(8.6) 		57.7
(14.3) 		62.3
(16.8) 		60.8
(16.0) 		52.9
(11.6) 		41.9
(5.5) 		32.5
(0.3) 		22.9
(−5.1) 		39.7
(4.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.86
(47) 		1.82
(46) 		2.27
(58) 		3.07
(78) 		3.23
(82) 		3.38
(86) 		3.22
(82) 		3.38
(86) 		3.45
(88) 		2.75
(70) 		3.05
(77) 		2.49
(63) 		33.97
(863)
Source: NOAA (normals 1981–2010)

Major highways

[edit]
  • I-696 (Walter P. Reuther Freeway) cuts east and west through the city.
  • M-53 (Van Dyke Avenue), which is also known as the Earle Memorial Highway, runs north and south and (roughly) bisects the city.
  • M-97 (Groesbeck Highway) is located in southeast Warren. It comes north from Detroit, and is a fast and wide diagonal connector to northern Macomb County.
  • M-102 (8 Mile Road), also known as Base Line Road, is the city's southern border and the Macomb-Wayne county line.

Unnumbered roads

[edit]

Mound Road is an important north–south artery in the city. East-west travel is mainly on the mile roads. Most notable are 8 Mile Road, which is on the southern border of Warren with Detroit; 11 Mile Road, which serves as a service drive for I-696, and 14 Mile Road, which is on the northern border of Warren with Sterling Heights.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900890—
19102,346163.6%
19206,780189.0%
193024,024254.3%
194023,658−1.5%
195042,65380.3%
196089,246109.2%
1970179,260100.9%
1980161,134−10.1%
1990144,864−10.1%
2000138,247−4.6%
2010134,056−3.0%
2020139,3874.0%
U.S. Decennial Census
2018 Estimate[20]

The remaining figures are from the 2000 census except when otherwise stated. The top six reported ancestries (people were allowed to report up to two ancestries, thus the figures will generally add to more than 100%) in Warren in 2000 were Polish (21.0%), German (20.4%), Irish (11.5%), Italian (10.6%), English (7.3%), and French (5.3%).[21]

In 2000 there were 55,551 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.05.

The city's age distribution was 22.9% under 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,626, and the median income for a family was $52,444. Males had a median income of $41,454 versus $28,368 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,407. 7.4% of the population and 5.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.5% were under the age of 18 and 5.8% were 65 or older.

There are a number of distinguishing characteristics about Warren which render it unique among American cities of its relative size. Warren was one of the fastest-growing municipalities in the country between 1940 and 1970, roughly doubling its population every 10 years. In 1940 the official population of Warren Township was 22,146; in 1950, it was 42,653; in 1960, after Warren Township had become the City of Warren, population had risen to 89,240; and by 1970 it had grown to 179,260.

In the late 20th century, Warren was one of the fastest-declining cities in population in the country. After peaking in 1970, the city’s population declined by 10% during each of the next two decades (1980: 161,060; 1990: 144,864), then dropped by 4.6% between 1990 and 2000.

In 1970, whites made up 99.5% of the city's total population of 179,270; only 838 non-whites lived within the city limits. In the ensuing two decades the white portion of the city dropped gradually to 98.2% in 1980 and 97.3% as of 1990. The white population declined to 91.3% in 2000 and reached 78.4% as of the 2010 census.[22]

In 2000, the non-Hispanic white population of Warren was 90.4% of the total population. African-American were 2.7% of the population (which is the same as the total non-white population in 1990), Asians were 3.1% of the population, Native Americans 0.4%, other groups 0.3% and those reporting two or more races were 2.2% of the population. Hispanics or Latinos or any race were 1.4% of the population.[23]

Warren's 2000 population was one of the oldest among large cities in the United States. 16.1% of Warren's population was 65 or older at the last census, tied for fifth with Hollywood, Florida among cities with 100,000+ population, and in fact the highest-ranking city by this measure outside of Florida or Hawaii.[24] Warren is ranked 1st in the nation for longevity of residence. Residents of Warren on average have lived in that community 35.5 years, compared to the national average of eight years for communities of 100,000+ population.[25] Warren remains a population center for people of Polish, Lebanese, Ukrainian, Albanian, Scots-Irish, Filipino, Maltese and Assyrian/Chaldean descent.

In 2000 there were 1,026 Filipinos in Warren as well as 1,145 Asian Indians in the city, and 1,559 American Indians. Many of the American Indians in Warren originated in the Southern United States with 429 Cherokee and 66 Lumbee. The Lumbee were the third largest American Indian "tribe" in the city, with only the 193 Chippewa outnumbering them.[23]

2020 census

[edit]
Warren city, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[26] Pop 2010[27] Pop 2020[28] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 124,936 103,308 85,868 90.37% 77.06% 61.60%
Black or African American alone (NH) 3,676 17,978 28,179 2.66% 13.41% 20.22%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 466 524 344 0.34% 0.39% 0.25%
Asian alone (NH) 4,240 6,170 14,303 3.07% 4.60% 10.26%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 28 18 26 0.02% 0.01% 0.02%
Other race alone (NH) 168 140 629 0.12% 0.10% 0.45%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 2,865 3,160 6,475 2.07% 2.36% 4.65%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,868 2,758 3,563 1.35% 2.06% 2.56%
Total 138,247 134,056 139,387 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[29] of 2010, there were 134,056 people, 53,442 households, and 34,185 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,899.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,505.5/km2). There were 57,938 housing units at an average density of 1,685.2 per square mile (650.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 13.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 53,442 households, of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.0% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

Between 2000 and 2010, the Asian population in Warren increased by 46%, to almost 6,200.[30] This was nevertheless a slower growth rate than that of the African-American population, which grew from 3,700 to over 18,000, or a more than 300% increase.

Mid-2010s estimates

[edit]

The 2014 census estimate placed Warren's population at 134,398, of which the non-Hispanic white population was estimated to be 74.4%. The corresponding 2014 percentages for African-Americans and Asian-Americans was 15% and 6%, respectively. Latinos, Native Americans, Pacific islanders, those reporting two or more races and those reporting some other race were not noticeably changed from the 2010 percentages.[23]

The 2015 census estimate placed Warren's population at 135,358.[23]

Economy

[edit]
The General Motors Technical Center

Top employers

[edit]

According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[31] the top five employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 General Motors 23,823
2 Government of the United States 7,800
3 Stellantis 5,523
4 Ascension Health 2,407
5 Lipari Foods 1,300

Government and infrastructure

[edit]

Municipal government

[edit]

The Warren municipal government is composed of a Mayor, City Council, Clerk, and different boards and commissions. Boards include the Zoning Board of Appeals, Board of Review, Employee Retirement Board of Trustees, and Construction Board of Appeals. Commissions include Animal Welfare, Beautification, Compensation, Crime, Cultural, Disabilities, Historical, Housing, Library, Planning, Police & Fire, and Village Historic District Commissions.[32]

First Amendment lawsuit

[edit]

The City of Warren established a Christian prayer station at city hall that is operated by the Pentecostal Tabernacle Church of Warren. Douglas Marshall requested establishing a reason station. Mayor James R. Fouts personally refused to grant Marshall's request in a letter based, in part, on the claim that the station would disrupt those using the prayer station. The American Civil Liberties Union, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and Freedom from Religion Foundation jointly filed a complaint against the city. In 2015 there was a $100,000 judgment against the city government and mayor James R. Fouts for denying Marshall the right to establish his atheist station.[33][34][35]

Federal representation

[edit]

The United States Postal Service operates the Warren Post Office.[36]

Neighborhoods

[edit]

Southeast Warren (48089)

[edit]

Southeast Warren consists of the Belangers Garden, Berkshire Manor, Piper Van Dyke, Warrendale, and the southern portion of Warren Woods. The neighborhood population in 2009 was 33,031. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 70.14% White, 15.50% African-American, 2.27% Asian, 0.38% Native American, and 6.80% of other races. 1.84% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The neighborhood's median household income in 2009 was $35,136. The per capita income was $15,301.[37]

Much of Southeast Warren's residential architecture is based on the Bungalows built immediately after World War II. To the north of Stephens Road, many homes were built after 1960 in the brick ranch style. Besides the residential areas, Southeast Warren is also occupied by multiple industrial parks.

Shaw Park, located in Southwest Warren

Southwest Warren (48091)

[edit]

Southwest Warren consists of the Beierman Farms and Fitzgerald neighborhoods. The neighborhood population in 2009 was 30,876. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 81.98% White, 7.9% African-American, 4.98% Asian, 0.48% Native American, and 4.23% of other races. 1.64% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The neighborhood's median household income in 2009 was $40,311. The per capita income was $19,787.[38]

Northeast Warren (48090, 48093, 48088)

[edit]

Northeast Warren consists of the Bear Creek, Bella Vista Estates, Downtown, Fairlane Estates, Lorraine, Northampton Square, the northern portion of Warren Woods, and the eastern portion of Warren Con neighborhoods. The neighborhood population in 2009 was 45,492. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 92.47% White, 2.93% African American, 2.78% Asian, 0.5% Native American and 3.75% of other races. 1.36% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The neighborhood's median household income in 2009 was $48,806. The per capita income was $27,914.[39][40]

Northwest Warren/Warren Con. (48092)

[edit]

Northwest Warren consists of the western portion of the Warren Con neighborhood. The neighborhood population in 2009 was 24,997. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 85.50% White, 4.58% African American, 6.57% Asian, 0.19% Native American and 3.50% of other races. 1.32% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The median household income in 2009 was $55,102. The per capita income was $25,334.[41]

Education

[edit]

Public schools

[edit]
Warren Mott High School

Warren is served by six public school districts, including:[42]

The Macomb Intermediate School District oversees the individual school districts.

Secondary schools serving Warren include:

Charter schools:

Private schools

[edit]

Postsecondary institutions

[edit]

Public libraries

[edit]

Warren Public Library consists of one main library and three branches. The Civic Center Library is located on the ground floor of the city hall. The Arthur Miller Branch is inside the Warren Community Center. The other two branches are the Maybelle Burnette Branch and the Dorothy Busch Branch.[44]

On July 1, 2010, the three branch libraries were closed. On August 3, the Library Millage was approved; as such, these branch libraries reopened later that August.[45]

Health care

[edit]

The headquarters of the St. John Providence Health System are in the St. John Providence Health Corporate Services Building in Warren.[46]

Religion

[edit]
St. Martin de Porres Church in Warren

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit operates Catholic Churches.

Our Lady of Grace Vietnamese Parish (Vietnamese: Gx Đức Mẹ Ban Ơn Lành) is in Warren.[47] Our Lady of Grace was previously in Eastpointe, but moved to Warren in 2011 when it merged with St. Cletus Church. St. Cletus had a predominately native-born population and had a declining parishioner base, and it could not find enough priests to staff the facility; meanwhile Our Lady of Grace had an increasing parishioner base and was asking for a larger facility.[48]

Other parishes include: St. Faustina Parish,[49] St. Louise de Marillac Parish,[50] St. Mark Parish,[51] St. Martin de Porres Parish,[52] and St. Mary-Our Lady Queen of Families Parish (St. Dorothy Site).[53] St. Mark's first building opened in 1943.[54]

St. Mary, Our Lady Queen of Families was formed by the 2007 merger of Ascension Parish, St. Clement Parish, St. Leonard of Port Maurice Parish, and St. Teresa of Avila Parish. St. Faustina Church formed in 2013 through the merger of St. Edmund Church and St. Sylvester Church.[55]

Culture and recreation

[edit]

The City of Warren has a Department of Parks and Recreation which oversees the Aquatic, Community, and Fitness Centers along with a system of 24 parks. The Warren Symphony Orchestra gives several concerts per season and changed its name to the Warren Symphony Orchestra in 2016[56][57] In 2003 the city built a brand new Community Center where the old Warren High School was.[58]

There is also a nine-member Cultural Commission.[59]

Universal Mall, an enclosed shopping mall, was built in the city in 1965. In 2009, it was demolished for a new outdoor shopping center.

The Italian American Cultural Society (IACS) had been located in Warren for a 20-year period. In 2004 it moved to its current location in Clinton Township. Its previous location was sold to a charter school in July 2004.[60]

Crime

[edit]
Warren
Crime rates* (2019)
Violent crimes
Homicide5.94
Rape66.1
Robbery61.64
Aggravated assault347.56
Total violent crime481.24
Property crimes
Burglary422.57
Larceny-theft1,143.68
Arson12.63
Total property crime1,830.63
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.


Source: 2019 FBI Report of Offenses Known to Law Enforcement

The Warren Police Department serves as the main law enforcement agency in the city.

Warren's crime rate for 2018 was 509.03 per 100,000 population, a 1.14% increase from 2017.[61]

Historical markers

[edit]

There are nine recognized Michigan historical markers in the city.[62] They are:

The tenth and eleventh markers are technically in Center Line, Michigan but are included because of their proximity (both in distance and in history) to Warren:

Additionally, about two dozen markers have been placed around designated sites in the city by the Warren Historical and Genealogical Society.[65]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hall, Christina (November 7, 2023). "Warren voters elect state Rep. Lori Stone as mayor, per unofficial city results". Detroit Free Press.
  2. ^ "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  3. ^ "P1. Race – Warren city, Michigan: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  4. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  5. ^ US Census Bureau. "QuickFacts".
  6. ^ Dasch, Jean M.; Gorsich, D.J. (2012). The TARDEC Story. Sixty-five Years of Innovation 1946-2010. US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center.
  7. ^ a b c A Guide to Warren's History Archived 2010-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Warren Historical Commission (with assistance from the Warren Historical Society), accessed February 04, 2011
  8. ^ "Census of Population: 1050. Vol 1: Number of Inhabitants (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1052) p. 22-30
  9. ^ a b City of Center Line, City History Archived 2012-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, accessed February 04, 2011
  10. ^ Russel, John. The Funeral Discourse and Obituary of the Late Rev. Abel Warren. Romeo, MI: Akin & Mussey, 1863 at Google books.
  11. ^ Wesley Arnold. "Abel and Sarah Warren Pioneers".
  12. ^ Romig, Walter (1986). Michigan Place Names. Walter Romig. p. 582.
  13. ^ 1950 US Census. Vol 1. p. 22-24
  14. ^ A storm drain runs through it, C & G News, October 26, 2011
  15. ^ "City of Warren's Proposed "Rental Ban" Reeks of Racism | News". The Michigan Chronicle. September 18, 2019. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  16. ^ a b Sundown Towns: A hidden dimension of American racism, James W. (2018). Loewen (2018 ed.). New York, London: The New Press. pp. 4, 430. ISBN 9781620974346.
  17. ^ "Detroit in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000".
  18. ^ City of Warren Mayor's Office, retrieved 2013-04-04
  19. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  20. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  21. ^ "2006 American Community Survey (ACS)". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  22. ^ "Warren (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  23. ^ a b c d Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  24. ^ Metzger, Kurt R. "The Elderly Aren't Just in Florida Anymore" (PDF). Center for Urban Studies, Director, Michigan Metropolitan Information Center (MIMIC). Wayne State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  25. ^ "Water Damage Restoration, Cleanup and Repairs Warren MI".
  26. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Warren city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  27. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Warren city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  28. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Warren city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  29. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  30. ^ Steele, Micki. "Asian-Americans settle in Metro Detroit enclaves Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine." The Detroit News. April 19, 2011. Retrieved on September 9, 2013.
  31. ^ "City of Dixon ACFR" (PDF). Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  32. ^ "Boards and Commissions".
  33. ^ Burns, Gus. "Warren must pay $100,000 for denying atheist 'reason station' next to Christian 'prayer station' in City Hall" (Archive). MLive. March 5, 2015. Updated March 6, 2015. Retrieved on July 13, 2015.
  34. ^ "Federal Lawsuit Challenges Michigan City's Rejection of Atheist Display" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. July 23, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
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