Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
| Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening | |
|---|---|
| by Robert Lee Frost | |
| Written | June 1922 |
| First published in | New Hampshire |
| Meter | iambic tetrameter |
| Rhyme scheme | AABA BBCB CCDC DDDD |
| Publication date | 1923 |
| Full text | |
 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening at Wikisource | |
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.[1]
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" is a poem by Robert Frost, written in 1922, and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume. Imagery, personification, and repetition are prominent in the work. In a letter to Louis Untermeyer, Frost called it "my best bid for remembrance".[2]
Background
[edit]Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He had been up the entire night writing the long poem "New Hampshire" from the poetry collection of the same name, and had finally finished when he realized morning had come. He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening".[2] He wrote the new poem "about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I'd had a hallucination" in just "a few minutes without strain."[3]
Analysis
[edit]The text of the poem reflects the thoughts of a lone wagon driver (the narrator), pausing at dusk in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods. It ends with him reminding himself that, despite the loveliness of the view, "I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep."
Structure and style
[edit]The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward FitzGerald, who adopted the style from Hakim Omar Khayyam, the 12th-century Persian poet and mathematician. Each verse (save the last) follows an AABA rhyming scheme, with the following verse's A line rhyming with that verse's B line, which is a chain rhyme (another example is the terza rima used in Dante's Inferno). Overall, the rhyme scheme is AABA BBCB CCDC DDDD.[4]
The poem begins with a moment of quiet introspection, which is reflected in the soft sounds of w's and th's, as well as double ll's. In the second stanza, harder sounds — like k and qu — begin to break the whisper. As the narrator's thought is disrupted by the horse in the third stanza, a hard g is used.[5]
Oxford comma
[edit]An oft-repeated story holds that Frost wrote the first line of the last stanza without an Oxford comma: "The woods are lovely, dark and deep" and an editor or typesetter added a comma: "The woods are lovely, dark, and deep". As can be seen (and as is pointed out by English literature teachers), the presence of the comma makes a significant change in the meaning of the line: "the woods are lovely because they are dark and deep" becomes "the woods are lovely, and dark, and deep". Frost is said to have ordered that it be removed.[6] After his death, another editor (re)inserted it.[7][better source needed]
Usage
[edit]In politics
[edit]In the early morning of November 23, 1963, Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy's casket at the White House. Since Frost was one of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off.[8][9]
At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau, on October 3, 2000, his eldest son, Justin, rephrased the last stanza of this poem in his eulogy: "The woods are lovely, dark and deep. He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."[10]
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, towards his later years, kept a book of Robert Frost close to him, even at his bedside table as he lay dying. One page of the book featured the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", and the last four lines were underlined.[11]
Frost's poem, and specifically its last stanza, was featured prominently in US President Joe Biden's 2008 autobiography Promises to Keep, the name of which is derived from the poem's third-to-last line.[clarification needed][12]
In media
[edit]The poem was featured in the 1977 movie Telefon starring Charles Bronson and Lee Remick, and based off the 1975 novel of the same name by Walter Wager. It was used as a plot device involving a group of Soviet sleeper agents in various places in the United States, thoroughly brainwashed into functioning undercover as American citizens, and being "activated" by a code phrase; the last verse of the poem followed by the agent's real name.
Part of it appears in the TV serie Elementary, season 1 end of episode 20, in a frame Joan Watson gifts Sherlock Holmes for his first year of sobriety.
Adaptations
[edit]The poem was set to music by Randall Thompson as part of Frostiana.[citation needed][clarification needed]
References
[edit]- ^ "Robert Frost: "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"". Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
- ^ a b Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing. p. 347. ISBN 0-313-29464-X. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
- ^ Frost, Carol. "Sincerity and Inventions: On Robert Frost". Academy of American Poets. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
- ^ Poirier, Richard (1977). Robert Frost: The Work of Knowing. London: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-19-502216-5. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
In fact, the woods are not, as the Lathem edition would have it (with its obtuse emendation of a comma after the second adjective in line 13), merely 'lovely, dark, and deep.' Rather, as Frost in all the editions he supervised intended, they are 'lovely, [i.e.] dark and deep'; the loveliness thereby partakes of the depth and darkness which make the woods so ominous.
- ^ Oliver, Mary (1994). A Poetry Handbook. San Diego: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-672400-5. OCLC 29635959. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
- ^ Rasley, Alicia, "The Oxford Comma, Robert Frost, and Comma Suicide", The Story Journey. Retrieved May 19, 2020. Archived May 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Nancy Tuten, "Oxford (or Serial) Commas: Using a Comma before AND in a List" Archived May 26, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Get It Write, revised Aug. 6, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2022. See also Donald Hall, "Robert Frost Corrupted" in Breakfast Served Any Time All Day, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2003, pp. 81–99.
- ^ "My Brush with History - "We Heard the Shots …": Aboard the Press Bus in Dallas 40 Years Ago" (PDF). med.navy.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
- ^ Davis, Sid; Bennett, Susan; Trost, Catherine ‘Cathy’; Rather, Daniel ‘Dan’ Irvin Jr (2004). "Return To The White House". President Kennedy Has Been Shot: Experience The Moment-to-Moment Account of The Four Days That Changed America. Newseum (illustrated ed.). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks. p. 173. ISBN 1-4022-0317-9. Retrieved December 10, 2011 – via Google Books.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Justin Trudeau's eulogy". On This Day. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CBC Radio. October 3, 2000. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
- ^ Jain, Anurag (October 9, 2011). "And miles to go before I sleep". Footwa. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ Dakss, Brian (August 1, 2007). "Joe Biden's 'Promises To Keep'". CBS News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
External links
[edit]
The full text of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening at Wikisource- Frost, Robert, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Representative poetry (online ed.), University of Toronto. Text of the poem, along with the rhyming pattern.
- Frost, Poets, UIUC. Discussion and analysis of the poem.
