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Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

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Ferdinand III
Elector of Salzburg (1803–1805)
Elector of Würzburg (1805–1806)
Grand Duke of Würzburg (1806–1814)
Grand Duke Ferdinand sitting in his library, 1797, after Joseph Dorffmeister
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Reign22 July 1790 – 3 August 1801
PredecessorLeopold I
SuccessorLouis I
(as King of Etruria)
Reign27 April 1814 – 18 June 1824
PredecessorElisa Bonaparte
SuccessorLeopold II
Duke of Salzburg
Reign27 April 1803 — 26 December 1805
(Grand) Duke of Würzburg
Reign26 December 1805 – 3 June 1814
Born6 May 1769
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died18 June 1824(1824-06-18) (aged 55)
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1790; died 1802)​
​
​
(m. 1821)​
Issue
Detail
Names
Ferdinando Giuseppe Giovanni Battista
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine
FatherLeopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
MotherMaria Luisa of Spain
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureFerdinand III's signature

Ferdinand III[nb 1] (6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790 to 1801 and, after a period of disenfranchisement, again from 1814 to 1824. He was also the Prince-elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg (1803–1805) and Duke and Elector (to 1806, Grand Duke from 1806) of Würzburg (1805–1814).

Biography

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Ferdinand as a young boy

Ferdinand was born in Florence, Tuscany, into the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. He was the second son of Leopold, then Grand-Duke of Tuscany, and his wife, Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Being the Grand Duchy a secundogeniture, when his father was elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Ferdinand succeeded him as Grand Duke of Tuscany, officially taking the office on 22 July 1790.[1][2]

In 1792, during the French Revolution, Ferdinand became the first monarch to recognize the new French First Republic formally, and he attempted to work peacefully with it.[2] As the French Revolutionary Wars commenced, however, the rulers of Britain and Russia persuaded him to join their side in the War of the First Coalition. Ferdinand provided his allies with passive support but no enthusiasm, and after he witnessed a year of resounding victories by the French, he became the first member of the coalition to give up. In a proclamation dated 1 March 1795, he abandoned the alliance and declared Tuscany's neutrality in the war.[3]

Portrait of an aging Ferdinand

His normalization of relations with France helped stabilize his rule for several years but by 1799 he was compelled to flee to Vienna for protection when republicans established a new government in Florence. He was forced to renounce his throne by the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801): Napoleon brushed him aside to make way for the Kingdom of Etruria, created as compensation for the Bourbon Dukes of Parma, dispossessed by the Peace of Lunéville in that same year.[1][2]

Ferdinand was compensated with the Electorate of Salzburg, the secularized former territory of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg. He was also made a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire (a role which expired with the empire's dissolution in 1806), receiving the title and land on 26 December 1802.

On 25 December 1805, Ferdinand had to give up Salzburg as well, which by the Treaty of Pressburg was annexed by his older brother, Emperor Francis II. Ferdinand was then made duke of Würzburg, a new state created for him from the old Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, while remaining an elector. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, he took the new title of Grand Duke of Würzburg.

On 30 May 1814, after Napoleon's fall, Ferdinand was restored as grand duke of Tuscany.

Ferdinand died in 1824 in Florence and was succeeded by his son Leopold.

Family and children

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In Naples on 15 August 1790 by proxy and in Vienna on 19 September 1790 in person, Ferdinand married firstly his double first cousin, Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (1773–1802), daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria.

Their children were:

Their first two children, Carolina and Francis, died at very young ages (eight and five respectively) but the later three prospered under their father's care. Luisa died when they were all quite young, on 19 September 1802, together with a stillborn son who was unnamed. Two decades later, in Florence on 6 May 1821, Ferdinand married again, this time to the much younger Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony (1796–1865). She was the daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony, and his wife, Caroline of Parma; she was also his first cousin once removed, as well as the first cousin once removed of the dead Luisa, and the sister of his daughter-in-law Princess Maria Anna of Saxony. Though Ferdinand was likely hoping to produce another male heir, there were no children born of this second marriage.

Ancestry

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Notes

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  1. ^ (German: Ferdinand Josef Johann Baptist; Italian: Ferdinando Giuseppe Giovanni Battista; English: Ferdinand Joseph John Baptist.

References

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  1. ^ a b Gilman, Daniel Coit, ed. (1905). "Ferdinand III (1769–1824)". The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. 7. New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 539. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand III. of Austria" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–269.
  3. ^ Baines, Edward (1817). History of the Wars of the French Revolution. London: Longman, Hurst, et al. p. 136. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  4. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 109.
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Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 6 May 1769 Died: 18 June 1824
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Duke of Tuscany
1790–1801 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince-Elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg
1803–1805 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
part of Bavaria
 Grand Duke of Würzburg
1805–1814 		Succeeded by
part of Bavaria
Preceded by Grand Duke of Tuscany
1814–1824 		Succeeded by
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