Jump to content

List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This article is a list of tornadoes that have impacted the central business district (downtown or city center) of a large city (that is, one having at least 50,000 people, not counting suburbs or outlying communities, at the time of the storm).

It is a common myth that tornadoes do not strike downtown areas. The odds are much lower due to the small areas covered, but paths can go anywhere, including over downtown areas. St. Louis, Missouri has taken a direct hit four times in less than a century.[1] Many of the tornadoes listed were extremely destructive or caused numerous casualties, and the occurrence of a catastrophic event somewhere is inevitable.[2]

This list is not exhaustive (listing every single tornado that has struck a downtown area or central business district of any city), as it may never be known if a tornado struck a downtown area, or if it was just a microburst (powerful downward and outward gush of wind, which cause damage from straight-line winds), particularly for older events or from areas with limited information. Downbursts often accompany intense tornadoes, extending damage across a wider area than the tornado path. When a tornado strikes a city, it is occasionally very difficult to determine whether it was a tornadic event at all or if the affected area was indeed the "downtown", "city center", or "central business district" consisting of very high population density and mid to high-rises, as opposed to other heavily urbanized/built-up parts of the city or suburbs. It is sometimes also difficult to determine tornadoes that strike urban cores before 1950, when tornado records (particularly in the US) started to be consistently logged with detail. Before this, lack of details on information from the events, as well as that most cities were far smaller in area and population complicate the record.

For the list of cities that are not listed here for certain reasons, see below.

North America

[edit]

Note: The F-Scale was superseded by the EF scale in the U.S. on February 1, 2007, and in Canada on April 1, 2013
For tornadoes and cities in: United States, Canada, Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Central America, and The Caribbean. Ratings for tornadoes in the United States prior to 1950 are not official and instead estimates made by tornado expert Tom Grazulis.

List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities
F#/EF# Location Date Deaths Summary
F3 St. Louis, Missouri March 8, 1871 9 1871 St. Louis tornado[1][3]
F3 Chicago, Illinois May 6, 1876 2 [4]
F2 Kansas City, Missouri May 13, 1883 3 [1][5]
F2 Washington, D.C. September 16, 1888 0 [1][6][7][8][9]
F4 Louisville, Kentucky March 27, 1890 76 March 1890 middle Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak[1]
F2 Dallas, Texas January 20, 1894 1 [1]
F4 St. Louis, Missouri May 27, 1896 255 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado[1]
F3 Indianapolis, Indiana May 18, 1927 2 [1]
F3 St. Louis, Missouri September 29, 1927 72–79+ 1927 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado[citation needed]
F3 Nashville, Tennessee March 14, 1933 15 March 1933 Nashville tornado outbreak[1][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
F2 Charleston, South Carolina September 29, 1938 27 [1][18]
F5 Waco, Texas May 11, 1953 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak[1]
F4 St. Louis, Missouri February 10, 1959 21 St. Louis tornado outbreak of February 1959[1]
F3 Galveston, Texas September 21, 1961 0 Hurricane Carla tornado outbreak — Shortly after a comparable F4 tornado killed 8, an F3 tornado damaged commercial buildings in Galveston.[19]
F5 Topeka, Kansas June 8, 1966 17 1966 Topeka tornado[20]
F5 Lubbock, Texas May 11, 1970 28 1970 Lubbock tornado[1][21]
F2 Shreveport, Louisiana April 17, 1978 0 [1]
F4 Shreveport/Bossier City, Louisiana December 3, 1978 2 1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak[1]
F3 Kalamazoo, Michigan May 13, 1980 5 (79 injured) 1980 Kalamazoo tornado[22]
F0 South Bend, Indiana May 31, 1991 0 A brief tornado touched down in the bounds of downtown South Bend, producing no damage.[23]
F1 Houston, Texas November 16, 1993 0 (26 injured) [1][24]
F3 Fort Smith, Arkansas April 21, 1996 2 (≥40 injured) Tornado outbreak sequence of April 1996#April 21 - An F3 tornado caused significant damage across Fort Smith's downtown, industrial, and residential areas.[25]
F1 Miami, Florida May 12, 1997 0 1997 Miami tornado[1][26][27]
F3 Nashville, Tennessee April 16, 1998 1 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak[1][28][29]
F3 Little Rock, Arkansas January 21, 1999 2 January 21–23, 1999 tornado outbreak § Little Rock, Arkansas tornadoes[1][30]
F1 Hull, Quebec May 8, 1999 0 (6 injured) List of 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak tornadoes[31]
F2 Salt Lake City, Utah August 11, 1999 1 1999 Salt Lake City tornado[1][32][33]
F1 Shreveport / Bossier City, Louisiana April 23, 2000 0 (6 injured) A tornado damaged windows, trees, and bus stops in downtown Shreveport and Bossier City. Damage estimated at 10 million dollars.[34]
F3 Fort Worth, Texas March 28, 2000 2 2000 Fort Worth tornado[1][35][36][37][38][39][40]
F2 Guelph, Ontario July 17, 2000 0 [41]
F1 Springfield, Illinois April 2, 2006 0 Damaged the office of the Illinois Department of Transportation.[42]
F2 Iowa City, Iowa April 13, 2006 0 (30 injured) A high-end F2 damaged 1016 residential and 35 commercial buildings across Iowa City and the University of Iowa. Damage totals estimated at near 15 million dollars.[43]
EF1 Des Moines, Iowa October 2, 2007 0 Tornadoes of 2007 § October 2[1]
EF2 Atlanta, Georgia March 14, 2008 1 2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak[1][44]
EF2 Shreveport, Louisiana April 9, 2009 0 April 2009 tornado outbreak – A strong tornado damaged businesses, power lines, and trees in Shreveport, as well as causing significant damage to Barksdale Air Force Base.[1][45][46][47]
EF2 Shreveport, Louisiana October 29, 2009 0 (1 injured) The second EF2 tornado to strike Shreveport in 2009 caused an estimated 1 million dollars in damage to downtown Shreveport and threw the steeple of the First United Methodist Church onto an occupied car, injuring the person inside.[48]
EF0 Minneapolis, Minnesota August 19, 2009 0 [1][49]
EF2 Huntsville, Alabama January 21, 2010 0 [1][50]
EF3 Raleigh, North Carolina April 16, 2011 6 Tornado outbreak of April 14–16, 2011[1][51]
EF3 Springfield, Massachusetts June 1, 2011 3 (200 injured) 2011 New England tornado outbreak[1][52]
EF0 Tampa, Florida February 26, 2013 0 [1][53]
EF1 Davenport, Iowa October 6, 2016 0 An EF1 tornado caused damage to the roofs of a homeless shelter and Scott County Jail, as well as widespread tree damage.[54]
EF1 Shreveport / Bossier City, Louisiana April 14, 2018 0 Tornado outbreak and blizzard of April 13–15, 2018 – An EF1 tornado caused an estimated 4 million dollars in damage across downtown Shreveport and Bossier City.[55]
EF3 Gatineau, Quebec September 21, 2018 0 (25 injured) 2018 Dunrobin-Gatineau EF3 - An intense, high-end EF3 tornado tracked through the National Capital Region of Canada, inflicting major damage to the town of Dunrobin, Ontario before crossing the Ottawa River into Quebec. There, at mid-EF3 intensity, it struck the heavily populated downtown area of Gatineau, ripping the roofs, walls, and top floors off of apartment buildings, as well as damaging several car dealerships.
EF4 Havana, Cuba January 27, 2019 8 See article on this tornado - An intense tornado produced during the passage of a cold front produced a damage path about 18 km long through central Havana. The tornado caused 8 deaths and 190+ injuries along its path. The tornado was a strong EF4 with winds estimated at 185 mph.
EF2 San Angelo, Texas May 18, 2019 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019 § May 18–19[56][57]
EF3 Nashville, Tennessee March 3, 2020 5 See the article on this tornado – An intense tornado, 0.9 mi (1.4 km) wide at one point, caused severe damage to numerous structures along its path, particularly in eastern sections of Nashville. Numerous homes and large warehouse buildings were completely demolished, consistent with a high-end EF3 rating. Along its 60.13 mi (96.77 km) path, 5 people were killed and 220 others were injured. The tornado was spawned during an overnight outbreak across Middle Tennessee which collectively killed 24 people, injured 307 others, and resulted in $1.6 billion in damage.[1][58][59]
EF0 Orlando, Florida June 6, 2020 0 [60]
EF1 Suffolk, Virginia August 4, 2020 0 See the article on this tornado – An EF1 tornado, part of a larger tornado outbreak spawned by Hurricane Isaias, caused significant damage to at least eight buildings in downtown Suffolk. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted along the path.[61]
EF0 New Orleans, Louisiana May 12, 2021 0 A weak tornado occurred in the Uptown area of New Orleans. It peeled back the roof of a large metal building before crossing the Mississippi River into Algiers. There, a few homes and businesses sustained minor roof damage. Trees and power lines were downed along the entire path of the tornado.[62]
EF1 Arlington, Virginia/Washington, D.C. July 1, 2021 0 (1 injured) An EF1 tornado began in Arlington, snapping and uprooting numerous trees, including one that had its bark removed. Homes sustained exterior damage. The tornado crossed the Potomac River into the District of Columbia, causing tree damage at the National Mall and across Constitution Gardens. It mangled temporary fencing for an Independence Day celebration at The Mall before lifting.[63][64] A second, brief tornado touched down east of the National Mall, causing additional damage to trees, some of which fell on cars.[65]
EF1 Sarasota, Florida March 16, 2022 0 The roof of an industrial building sustained significant damage.[66]
EF1 Jackson, Mississippi March 30, 2022 0 (1 injured) See the article on this tornado – Homes sustained largely minor structural damage, except when downed trees inflicted additional damage.[67]
EF1 Rockford, Illinois March 31, 2023 0 See the article on this tornado – An EF1 tornado caused widespread damage to trees and intermittent damage to roofs as it moved through Rockford.[68]
EF2 Hendersonville, Tennessee December 9, 2023 3 (22 injuries) See the article on this tornado – A strong tornado damaged over 200 buildings in Hendersonville alone. No fatalities were reported from Sumner County.[69]
EF0 Fort Lauderdale, Florida January 6, 2024 0 A brief tornado caused minor damage in Fort Lauderdale.[70]
EF2 Tallahassee, Florida May 10, 2024 0 See the article on this tornado – The northernmost of three tornadoes in Leon County, Florida, the tornado destroyed warehouses and caused significant tree damage across its 27.22 mi (43.81 km) path, being accompanied by significant straight-line winds to 100 mph (160 km/h), reaching a width of 0.5 mi (0.80 km) as it impacted downtown Tallahassee.[71][72]
EF1 Lake Charles, Louisiana May 13, 2024 0 A tornado caused minor damage to trees, power lines, and a business in downtown Lake Charles.[73][74][75]
EF1 Chicago, Illinois July 15, 2024 0 July 2024 Midwest derecho – A supercell embedded in a powerful derecho dropped a weak tornado in downtown Chicago.[76]

South America

[edit]

South America has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita scale.

F# City Date Deaths Event
F3 Concepción, Chile May 27, 1934 27 (599 injured) A rare tornado razed downtown Concepción in 1934. Tornadoes in Chile are not common, and this is considered to be the deadliest on record.[77][78]
F1 Buenos Aires, Argentina[79] November 16, 1993 0 An F1 tornado hit the northern district of Villa Urquiza in north-eastern downtown Buenos Aires. Trees & a pavilion were damaged.
F2 Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina[80] January 7, 2006 1 (9 injured)
F1 São José dos Campos, Brazil[81] January 24, 2006 0 An F1 tornado destroyed hangars & damaged buildings.
F1 Paraná, Argentina[82] March 17, 2006 0 An F1 tornado caused material damage within the city.
F3 Barranquilla, Colombia[80] September 15, 2006 0 (13 injured) Damaging tornado that was followed by severe flash flooding.
F1 Bogotá, Colombia[83] November 6, 2007 (1 injured) Roofs were torn off buildings, including a car dealership. Windows were blown out and trees were uprooted.
FU Paraná, Argentina[84] February 15, 2010 0 A tornado was reported within the city, causing no known damage.
F1 Limeira, Brazil[85] March 3, 2013 0 A large F1 tornado caused serious damage within the city.
F0 Brasília[86] October 1, 2014 0 (0 injured) Brief landspout
F0 Asunción, Paraguay[87] December 26, 2015 0 A weak tornado downed some branches.
F2 Los Ángeles, Chile[88] May 30, 2019 0 (43 injured) Around 367 houses were damaged and a street pole was ripped out in this rare event.
F2 Concepción, Chile[89] May 31, 2019 1 (23 injured) Several homes were damaged and some cars and trucks dumped. One people died in the city of Talcahuano

Europe

[edit]

Note: The UK uses the TORRO scale. Tornadoes reported after August of 2023 will be listed on the IF scale since the ESSL implemented it into their database in August 2023 after its initial release on July 28, 2023[90]

T#/F# City Date Deaths Event
T8/F4 London, England[91][92][93][94] October 23, 1091 2 fatalities, unknown amount of injuries London tornado of 1091, destroyed London Bridge
F4 Vyšehrad (now Prague), Bohemia[95][96] July 30, 1119 890 Vyšehrad tornado of 1119.
FU Prague, Bohemia[97][98] May 14, 1144 Unknown Prague tornado of 1144
F2 Kyiv, Ukraine[99] May 9, 1159 Unknown An F2 tornado touched down in Kyiv.
F1 Prague, Bohemia[95][98] April 8, 1255 Unknown Prague tornado of 1255
T7/F3 Valletta, Malta[92] September 23, 1551 (or 1556) 600 Valletta, Malta tornado
FU Augsburg, Germany[97][100] July 2, 1587
FU Rome, Italy[97] December 4, 1645
F3 Utrecht, Netherlands[101][102][103] August 1, 1674 Unknown Utrecht, Netherlands tornado, damaged Dom Tower and Cathedral of St. Martin
F3 Rome, Italy[97] June 12, 1749 2 Rome tornado of 1749
F3 Padua, Italy[104] August 17, 1756 Unknown Padua, 17th August Tornado; heavy damages to the city, the leaded roof of the Palazzo della Ragione was thrown nearly 30km away
T8/F4 Portsmouth, England[92] December 14, 1810 Unknown Portsmouth, United Kingdom tornado
T6/F3 Solingen, Germany[105] August 13, 1832 Unknown Low-end F3 tornado in Solingen
FU Cologne, Germany[106] March 8, 1858 Unknown A tornado struck cologne along a 2 kilometer long path. The tornado was never rated
F3 Frankfurt, Germany[107][108] Summer of 1860 Unknown Frankfurt tornado of 1860
FU Brno, Moravia[92][97][109] October 13, 1870 Brno, Czech tornado
T4/F2 Vienna, Austria[97] June 29, 1873 Unknown Tornado was observed in vienna. ESWD rated it F2. The severe storms also killed many chickens.
FU Berlin, Germany[110] November 3, 1876 Unknown A damaging tornado was observed in berlin. Windmills were picked up and thrown. Tornado was never rated
F3 Madrid, Spain[111] May 12, 1886 45 dead The most catastrophic and deadliest tornado in Spain in the past 200 years, but not the most powerful
F0 Berlin, Germany[112] April 13, 1892 0 A tornado was observed in Berlin. No damaged observed.
F2 Berlin, Germany[112] October 5, 1893 1 injured ESWD mentions that an F2 tornado hit berlin. 12-year-old boy injured. Planks carried about 50 meters. Roofs damaged or destroyed and trees were uprooted or snapped.
F2 Paris, France[113] September 10, 1896 5 dead Tornado touched down in the heart of downtown Paris.
F0 Munich, Germany[107] May 27, 1897 0 Munich tornado of 1897
F4 Cologne, Germany[107][114][115] August 7, 1898 3 Cologne tornado of 1898
FU Tambov, Russia[116] June 2, 1902 2 Tornado struck Tambov, causing 2 fatalities. Tornado was never rated
F4 Moscow, Russia[117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124] June 29, 1904 >100 1904 Moscow tornado. The destroyed areas are within the city limits today, but were suburbs in 1904
FU Cologne, Germany[125] August 14, 1906 Unknown A tornado struck Cologne. The tornado was never rated
FU Berlin, Germany[126] July 25, 1909 Unknown Berlin tornado of 1909
FU Nuremberg, Germany[127] July 22, 1910 Unknown A long-track tornado was observed in Nuremberg, tracking 35 kilometers. The tornado was never rated.
F3 Chemnitz, Germany[128][129] May 27, 1916 0 Chemnitz tornado of 1916
T5/F2 Düsseldorf, Germany[130][131][132] June 8, 1924 2 Düsseldorf tornado of 1924
F3 Nice, France[133] December 1, 1924 Unknown deaths, 30 injured Nice tornado of 1924
IF1 Copenhagen, Denmark[134] November 24, 1927 0, 1 injury A IF1.5 tornado took a 3.5 km long path through downtown copenhagen, causing moderate damage. Trees were snapped & uprooted, some of which were tossed. Buildings in downtown sustained heavy roof damage with one being partially destroyed, open windows were ripped out of homes & sheds were destroyed. As it hit a allotment area, a roof was torn off which injured 1 woman. It is noted that it may have reached IF2 intensity.
FU Berlin, Germany[135] July 4, 1928 0 A tornado struck berlin along a 6 km long path. Tornado was never rated
F2 Salzburg, Austria[136] June 4, 1929 1 Fatality A tornado struck Salzburg, resulting in 1 fatality, associated with a derecho. ESWD rated the tornado F2.
F3-F4 Lublin, Poland[109][137] July 20, 1931 3 dead (1 in Lublin, 2 behind Lublin), a dozen injured Lublin tornado of 1931
F4 Düsseldorf, Germany[138][139] January 10, 1936 2 Düsseldorf tornado of 1936
FU Nuremberg, Germany[140] September 18, 1939 Unknown A tornado was observed in Nuremberg. Tornado was never rated
FU Randers, Denmark[141] July 17, 1941 Unknown A tornado struck Randers. No damage known.
T1/F0 Randers, Denmark[142] May 15, 1945 0 A tornado struck the dock area of Randers, lifting circus tents & tossing around benches
F2 Hannover, Germany[143] September 15, 1950 0 Hannover tornado of 1950
T3/F1 Oldenburg, Germany[144] May 16, 1953 0 A high-end F1 tornado touched down in Oldenburg.
T2/F1 Slough, United Kingdom[145] September 17, 1953 0 A low-end F1 tornado touched down in Slough.
F3 Castelo Branco, Portugal[146][147] November 6, 1954 5 dead, 220 injured
F0 Magdeburg, Germany[143] July 25, 1955 0 Magdeburg tornado of 1955
F1 Düsseldorf, Germany[143] October 6, 1955 Unknown Düsseldorf tornado of 1955
F1 Szczecin, Poland[148] August 25, 1956 0 Szczecin tornado of 1956
F1 Perm, Russia[149] June 17, 1960 Unknown Perm tornado of 1960
F1 Voronezh, Russia[149] August 14, 1961 Unknown Voronezh tornado of 1961
FU Minsk, Belarus[150] May 18, 1963 Unknown Tornado reported in Minsk. The tornado was never rated
F2 Esbjerg, Denmark[141] August 1, 1966 Unknown ESWD mentions that a tornado destroyed roofs in esbjerg.
F4 Padua and Venice, Italy[151][152][153][154][155] September 11, 1970 36 Struck the area between the Province of Padua and Venice Lagoon.
F3 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia[156] July 3, 1974 Unknown Nizhny Novgorod tornado of 1974
F1 Sanremo, Italy[157] January 20, 1981 5 injured Tornado started as a waterspout, moving inland in sanremo. Houses and vehicles damaged and trees were uprooted. Rated F1 by ESWD.
T3/F1 Wallasey, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T2/F1 St Helens, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T3/F1 Warrington, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak. Tornado started over Croft, but then later hit Warrington. Traveled 6.8 miles.
T2/F1 Oldham, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak. Tornado started in Hollinwood and traveled 3.1 miles, impacting Oldham.
T2/F1 Dudley, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T1/F0 Luton, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T1/F0 Norwich, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T2/F1 Chelmsford, UK November 23, 1981 0 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak
T3/F1 Berlin, Germany[158] May 16, 1983 0 A high-end F1 tornado was observed in Berlin.
F4 Ivanovo/Yaroslavl/Perm/Tver/Kostroma[159][160][161][162][163] June 9, 1984 More than 400 deaths in the outbreak 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak
F2 Oulu, Finland[164] August 11, 1985 Unknown A waterspout made landfall in Oulu, causing F2 damage.
F2 Turku, Finland[165] July 21, 1988 Unknown A tornado struck Turku, causing F2 damage.
F1 Copenhagen, Denmark[166] June 30, 1997 0 A tornado hit Copenhagen across a 0.7 km long and 60 meter wide path. Rated F1 by ESWD.
F2 Moscow, Russia[167] June 21, 1998 11 deaths, 200 injuries An F2 tornado damaged over 2000 homes, damaged over 120 thousand trees, as well as damaging cranes and vehicles
F2 St Pölten, Austria[168] July 7, 1998 3 Injuries A tornado hit Pölten across a 5 km long and 250 meter wide path. ESWD gave the tornado an F2 rating.
FU Sochi, Russia[167] September 24, 1998 Unknown A tornado touched down in Sochi. The tornado was never rated
F1 Saransk, Russia[169] April 26, 1999 0 A tornado went through Saransk across a 0.5 km long and 10 meter wide path. Two cars were moved. ESWD rated it F1.
F2 Monza, Italy[170] 15 April 2000 Monza-Villasanta tornado of 2000.
F1 Copenhagen, Denmark[171] June 11, 2004 0 Tornado over Copenhagen, tracking 1 kilometer. Rated F1 by ESWD.
F1 Randers, Denmark[172] July 3, 2004 0 Tornado damaged homes across a 2 km long path in Randers. Rated F1 by ESWD.
F2 Duisburg, Oberhausen, Germany[173] July 18, 2004 6 injured
F1 Oslo, Norway[174] October 22, 2004 0 F1 Tornado hit The dock area of oslo, causing moderate damage. Trees were downed, cars were moved & a street sign were bent 35 degrees
FU Örebro, Sweden[175] July 15, 2005 Unknown A tornado hit Örebro along a 3 kilometer long path. The tornado was never rated.
FU Växjö, Sweden[175] July 15, 2005 Unknown A tornado hit Växjö. The tornado was never rated.
F1 Halmstad, Sweden[175] July 16, 2005 Unknown An F1 tornado hit Halmstad.
T4/F2 Birmingham, United Kingdom[176][177][178][179][180][181][182] July 28, 2005 0 killed, 30 injured Birmingham Tornado (UK)
FU Helsinki, Finland[183] August 28, 2005 0 killed, 7 injured A tornado hit Helsinki, causing 7 injuries. The tornado was never rated.
F2 Hamburg, Germany[184][185][186][187] March 27, 2006 2 killed, ≥2 injured A tornado hit Hamburg, killing 2 crane operators and injuring at least two people.
T4/F2 Nuremberg, Germany[188] August 28, 2006 0 A tornado was observed in Nuremberg, tracking 1.7 kilometers with a max width of 250 meters. Roofs and chimneys were damaged, some of which were severely damaged. 10 - 15 meter tall trees were snapped.
T4/F2 London, United Kingdom[189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197] December 7, 2006 0 London tornado of 2006
F2 Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany[198] June 25, 2007 Unknown Oberrad tornado of 2007
F1 Helsingborg, Sweden[199] August 16, 2007 Unknown An F1 tornado hit Helsingborg.
F2 Ålborg, Denmark[200] August 10, 2008 Unknown southern part of downtown Ålborg was hit by an F2/IF2 tornado that tracked 6.6 KM. Roofs sustained high-end F1/IF1 damage with some buildings being partly deroofed. Trees were uprooted or snapped, including A healthy hardwood tree that was snapped at F2/IF2 intensity.
T4/F2 Málaga, Spain[201][202][203] February 1, 2009 0 Málaga tornado of 2009
F1 Kolpino, Russia[204] July 9, 2010
F3 Blagoveshchensk, Russia[205][206] July 31, 2011 1 killed, 38 injured Blagoveshchensk tornado
T2/F1 Chorzów, Poland[207][208] August 21, 2016 0 Chorzów - Siemianowice Śląskie tornado
T2/F1 Amsterdam, Netherlands[209] August 9, 2019 0 A waterspout hit land and caused damage in Amsterdam's Centrum.
F2 Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine[210][211] October 17, 2020 3 injuries A tornado caused damage in Kropyvnytskyi. More than 100 roofs were damaged, lots of them badly, occasionally walls collapsed or were badly damaged, dozens of trees were snapped, debranched or uprooted. 3 people sustained injuries.
F1 Barking, UK[212] June 25, 2021 0 A tornado caused moderate damage in Barking.
F1 Kiel, Germany[213][214] September 29, 2021 7 Injuries A long track tornado hit Kiel. Started in Meimersdorf [de], moving through Kiel across a 14.5 km long & 70 meter wide path. It ended near Dorf (Kiel). Roofs were severely damaged by this tornado. A supercell waterspout was also spawned in parallel to the main tornado as it was crossing the rivers near Kiel's dock. The tornado remained on the ground for 31 minutes. Several people were injured when they were thrown into the water.
F1 Mechelen, Belgium[215] October 12, 2021 0 A brief F1 tornado partly blew off the roof of a garage & damaged another apartment.
F0 Anapa, Russia[216] January 29, 2022 0 ESWD mentions that a tornado started as a waterspout, moving inland in Anapa. Roofs were damaged.
T1/F0 Sandnes, Norway[217][218] February 6, 2022 0 A brief high-end F0/T1 tornado hit Sandnes. Roof tiles ripped off, sheds blown away, fencing downed & a tree was uprooted. The tornado tracked 0.1 km, reaching a max width of 30 meters.
F2 Lippstadt, Germany[219][220][221] May 20, 2022 0 A large wedge tornado hit Lippstadt, associated with a cyclic supercell that produced several tornadoes. Considerable damage occurred during this tornado's 13.4 km long path. Roofs were damaged or partly deroofed. Roof tiles were stripped off homes. One Farm sustained heavy deroofing. A church had its wooden tower demolished. trees lost large branches and were uprooted or snapped, some of which landed on vehicles. Some trees sustained debranching as well. No injuries were reported.
F2 Paderborn, Germany[219][222][223] May 20, 2022 43 Injuries A tornado, associated with a cyclic supercell that produced several tornadoes caused considerable damage to buildings, trees, and vehicles in Paderborn, leaving 43 injured along its 21.5 km long path. Roofs were severely damaged or destroyed, including a church that saw severe roof tile loss. A factory had its steel roof structure severely destroyed and peeled back. A building had its garage port blown in. Windows were broken and debris was impaled into buildings, vehicles, and objects, including a Ford Transit Connect van that saw significant damage to the trunk when it was impaled by debris. Trees lost large branches and were uprooted, snapped, or twisted, some landing on vehicles. Several cars, trucks & caravans were overturned, flipped, or destroyed.
FU Sergiyev Posad, Russia[224] July 18, 2023 0 A weak tornado hit Sergiyev Posad, but was never rated.
FU Mahilyow, Belarus[225] July 27, 2023 0 A tornado hit Mahilyow, but was never rated.
IFU Salerno, Italy[226] November 21, 2023 0 A waterspout made landfall in Salerno. The tornado was never rated.
IFU Genoa, Italy[226] November 29, 2023 0 A waterspout made landfall in the port area at downtown Genoa. The tornado was never rated.
IFU Rhodes, Greece[226][227] February 12, 2024 0 A waterspout made landfall in the port area at downtown Rhodes, causing damage to ships & downing trees. The tornado has not yet been rated

Africa

[edit]

Africa has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.

F# City Date Deaths Event
F4 Roodepoort, South Africa[228] November 26, 1948 4[a] The parent cell produced 15 known tornadoes, wrecked 700 homes, and caused an estimated R150,000,000 in damage.
F? Albertynesville, South Africa[229] November 30, 1952 20 Albertynesville, South Africa Tornado
F2 Paynesville, South Africa[230] December 2, 1952 11 Paynesville, South Africa Tornado
F3 Mtata, South Africa[231] December 15, 1998 15 Mtata, South Africa Tornado
F3 Klerksdorp, South Africa[232] March 3, 2007 1 Klerksdorp, South Africa Tornado
F4 Duduza/East Rand, South Africa[233] October 2, 2011 2 East Rand – Duduza, South Africa Tornado

Asia

[edit]

Most of Asia has no default tornado strength measurement system (though Japan has been known to use the Fujita Scale in the past), so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.[234]

F#/EF# City Date Deaths Event
F? Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan[234] September 26, 1881 16 Miyazaki Tornado of 1881
F? Dhaka, Bangladesh[235] April 7, 1888 184 dead, 1200 injured
F? Yodobashi City, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan[234] September 23, 1903 10, 14 injured
F? Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[234] November 28, 1941 12 dead, 177 injured, 347 homes destroyed
F4 Shanghai, China[236] September 24, 1956 68 deaths, hundreds injured A typhoon-related event
F? Tomiye City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan[234] November 10, 1957 8
F? Tokyo, Japan[234] May 24, 1964 480 homes damaged
F4 Yancheng, China[237] March 3, 1966 87 deaths, 1246 injured Lifted a transfomer of tons to the other side of a big river and severely damaged a concrete factory
F3+ Bazhou and Tianjin, China[238] August 29, 1969 >94 deaths, hundreds injured This tornado first caused high casualties in several villages before entering downtown Tianjin with near peak intensity. Concrete factories were severely damaged and some leveled.
F3+ Hulan, China[citation needed] July 3, 1987 1 dead, 161 injured Hulan, Heilongjiang Tornado
F? New Delhi, India[239] March 17–18, 1978 28 dead, 700 injured New Delhi Tornado
F3 Dalatpur Upazila, Manikganj/Saturia, Bangladesh[citation needed] April 26, 1989 1300+ Daulatpur-Saturia Tornado
F3 Mobara, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan[240] December 11, 1990 0, 78 injured, 1000 homes damaged Mobara Tornado
F? Shanghai, People's Republic of China[241] August 11, 1995 4
F? Dhaka Division, Bangladesh[242] May 13, 1996 700+
F3 Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[243] September 24, 1999 4 Toyohashi City, Japan Tornadoes
F? Tokyo, Japan[234] September 12, 2000 0, several homes damaged
F3 Nobeoka, Miyazaki Prefecture on Kyūshū, Japan[244] September 18, 2006 3 Nobeoka, Miyazaki Tornado
EF3 Longgang, China[245] August 18, 2007 11 dead, 60+ injured Related to Typhoon Sepat
EF3+ Lingbi County, Anhui, People's Republic of China[246] June 20, 2008 1 Lingbi, Anhui Tornado
EF1 New Taipei, Taiwan[247] May 12, 2011 0 known, some light damage Xindian District, New Taipei city Tornado
F? New Manila, Quezon City, Philippines[248] June 24, 2011 at least 1 injured, more than 30 homes damaged New Manila Tornado
F3 Tsukuba&Jōsō, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan[249] May 6, 2012 1 dead, 30 injured, 345 homes damaged Tsukuba & Jōsō, Ibaraki Tornado
F2 Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan[250] September 2, 2013 63 injured,89 homes damaged Koshigaya, Saitama Tornado
F? Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines[251] November 4, 2013 13 injured, more than 20 homes damaged Tropical Depression Wilma
F? Cebu City, Philippines[252] April 8, 2014 1 injured, more than 20 homes damaged Cebu City Tornado
EF4+ Yancheng, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China[253] June 23, 2016 99 dead, 846 injured Jiangsu tornado
F? Manila, Philippines[254] August 14, 2016 1 injured Manila tornado
F? Marikina, Philippines[255] September 14, 2018 2 injured Typhoon Mangkhut
EF4 Kaiyuan, China[256] July 3, 2019 7 deaths, 190 injured Kaiyuan, Liaoning Tornado
EF1 Yingkou, China[257] August 16, 2019 Yingkou, Liaoning Tornado
EF2 Danzhou, China[258] August 29, 2019 8 dead, 8 injured Related to Tropical Storm Podul
EF2 Guangzhou, China June 16, 2022 0 Tornadoes of 2022#June 16 (China)

Notable absences

[edit]

The 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak that spawned the deadly F5 tornado which struck Oklahoma City and some of its suburbs, including Moore and Midwest City, is not listed because it did not reach the downtown core of Oklahoma City. The 2013 Moore tornado is also not included for the same reason.

The downtown areas of two then-small towns (now large cities) in North Carolina were struck during the 1884 Enigma outbreak: Concord and Cary. Downtown Concord was struck a second time by a tornado in May 1936.[259][260][261]

The 1987 Edmonton Tornado is not listed because it struck industrial parks, trailer parks, and suburban areas, and was far away from Edmonton's downtown core. The "Oak Lawn tornado" of April 21, 1967 which killed 33 people, mostly those in rush hour traffic at a busy intersection, and moved across southern Chicago onto Lake Michigan is not included because it missed the downtown core. Most recently, the 2008 Memphis tornado on February 5, 2008, also missed the downtown area (by a significant distance).

The Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence in 1953 produced several tornadoes that struck metropolitan areas. However, none of the tornadoes hit downtown areas, moving through areas just north or west of the city cores. Therefore, these twisters are not included.[262]

Tornado-warned supercells have moved into cities, including Toronto in August 2005[263] and Chicago in July 2023,[264] however only storms that produced confirmed tornadoes in downtown city centers are included.

The devastating and violent EF5 tornado that hit Joplin, Missouri in 2011 is not listed as the tornado did not impact downtown, instead impacting residential areas in the south of the city. The F3 tornado that affected Joplin on May 5, 1971 is not included as the population was below 50,000.[265]

Another notable absence is the July 7, 1915 storm that struck Cincinnati, killing 38 people. This was determined to be most likely a windstorm causing downbursts or even a series of microbursts (with much of the damage coming from the straight-line winds), and not a tornado.[266][267]

European tornadoes that are listed before 1950 are for cities that had at least 50,000 people in them at the time. Tornadoes dating back to 1054 are confirmed, due to extensive record-keeping for many weather events and other until-then unexplained weather occurrences.

On September 8, 2010, Tropical Storm Hermine went over the state of Texas and produced a few tornadoes in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. One notable tornado was located in an industrialized area west of downtown Dallas before it lifted up over Interstate 35E just south of Dallas Love Field. However, the EF2 tornado was about 3–4 mi (4.8–6.4 km) away and did not strike the immediate downtown Dallas area. Similarly, the 1957 Dallas tornado hit areas northwest and north and downtown, missing the core of the city. The May 26, 1976 and October 20, 2019, Dallas tornadoes were also not listed for the same reasons (striking the northern Dallas neighborhoods in an almost identical track between each other).

The city of Auckland in New Zealand has experienced multiple fatal tornadoes in its history, including one in 2012 which killed 3 people.[268] However, none of these tornadoes have reached the downtown district of the city.

The July 2024 Midwest derecho produced multiple tornadoes impacting large cities, including Des Moines, Iowa,[269] Davenport, Iowa,[270] Peoria, Illinois,[271] Joliet, Illinois,[272] and Chicago, Illinois; only the tornado in Chicago reached a downtown area.

Tornadoes that have struck cities that fell short of 50,000 at their previous census include Hattiesburg, Mississippi's 2013 EF4,[273] Fort Smith, Arkansas's 1898 F4,[274] Portage, Michigan's 2024 EF2,[275] Newnan, Georgia's 2021 EF4,[276] and Barrie, Ontario's 1985 F4.[277]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Death toll related to the parent supercell.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Edwards, Roger; J. Schaefer. "Downtown Tornadoes". Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2006-02-15. Retrieved 2006-03-28.
  2. ^ Wurman, Joshua; C. Alexander; P. Robinson; Y. Richardson (January 2007). "Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 88 (1). American Meteorological Society: 31–46. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31.
  3. ^ Tornado Climatology NWS St. Louis, Missouri
  4. ^ "Ask Tom: Is there a reason why tornadoes don't hit the Loop?". Chicago Tribune. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  5. ^ "Missouri Valley Special Collections : Search Results". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  6. ^ Watson, Barbara M. (1999-12-02). "D.C. Listing of Tornadoes". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Baltimore/Washington. Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  7. ^ Ludlam, pg. 46
  8. ^ Grazulis, pg. 555
  9. ^ Samuels, L. T. (May 1927). "Washington, D. C., Tornado of May 14, 1927" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. p. 227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  10. ^ [1][dead link]
  11. ^ [2] Archived May 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ [3] Archived May 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "NewsChannel 5.com – Nashville, Tennessee – Similarities and Differences Between 1933 and 1998 Nashville Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08.
  14. ^ "The Nashville Tornado of March 14, 1933". Archived from the original on 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  15. ^ "NCDC: Event Details". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  16. ^ "NCDC: Event Details". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  17. ^ "US F4, F5 TORNADOES". Castorweather.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  18. ^ "NWS Charleston, SC – 1938 Charleston Area Tornadoes". Erh.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  19. ^ "8 of the most destructive storms in Houston's history". KPRC-TV. 20 September 2019.
  20. ^ "June 8th 1966 Topeka Tornado". National Weather Service Topeka, Kansas. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  21. ^ James, Jody. "National Weather Service Forecast Office – Lubbock, Texas". Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  22. ^ "Tracing the Path: The 1980 Kalamazoo Tornado". Tracing the Path: The 1980 Kalamazoo Tornado. Kalamazoo Valley Museum. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  23. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Climatic Data Center.
  24. ^ "NWS Houston/Galveston Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Ft. Smith and Van Buren, Arkansas, Tornado of April 21, 1996" (PDF). National Weather Service. December 1996.
  26. ^ "Miami Florida F1 tornado May 12, 1997". YouTube. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  27. ^ [4] Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Middle Tennessee Tornadoes Archived 2009-05-24 at the Wayback Machine. Visited April 11, 2006.
  29. ^ "Tornadoes rip through heart of Nashville Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine" from CNN.com Archived 2001-09-11 at the Wayback Machine. Visited August 12, 2004.
  30. ^ "NCDC: Event Details". Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  31. ^ "Six injured in Hull tornado". CBC News. May 8, 1999. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
  32. ^ Brough, Clayton; Brown, Dan; James, David; Pope, Dan; Summy, Steve (2007-06-26). "Utah's Tornadoes & Waterspouts – 1847 to the present". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  33. ^ "National Weather Service – NWS Salt Lake City". Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  34. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  35. ^ Preliminary Information on Fort Worth Tornado Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (National Weather Service at Fort Worth)
  36. ^ Satellite imagery Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
  37. ^ "Damage Survey and Assessment of Fort Worth Tornado, 28 March 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008.
  38. ^ News Report Archived 2010-01-16 at the Wayback Machine (USA Today)
  39. ^ March 2000 Storm Data report Archived 2008-10-07 at the Wayback Machine(National Weather Service at Ft. Worth)
  40. ^ Final Storm Data report Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine (National Climatic Data Center)
  41. ^ "July 17th". Archived from the original on 2007-09-13.
  42. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  43. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  44. ^ Dewan, Shaila; Goodman, Brenda (March 16, 2008). "Tornadoes Tear Through Downtown Atlanta". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  45. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  46. ^ "Public Information Statement". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  47. ^ "Shreveport area still recovering from tornado". The Town Talk. Retrieved 6 October 2014.[permanent dead link]
  48. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  49. ^ "August 19, 2009: Multiple Tornadoes Across the Area, Including in Minneapolis". Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  50. ^ "January 21, 2010 Severe Weather Event – Pictures/Videos". Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  51. ^ "Tornadoes, storms pummel NC". WRAL-TV. April 17, 2011. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  52. ^ Finucane, Martin; Andersen, Travis; Slack, Donovan; Johnson, Glen; Duncan, Jenna (June 1, 2011). "Four fatalities confirmed as tornadoes rip through Mass". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 18, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  53. ^ "Tampa Bay tornado damages downtown Tampa". Tampa Bay Times. February 26, 2013. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  54. ^ "Tornadoes Hit the Quad Cities - Event Summary: October 6, 2016". National Weather Service Davenport, Iowa. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  55. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  56. ^ Herzmann, Daryl. "IEM :: PNS from NWS SJT". mesonet.agron.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  57. ^ "NWS Reports Tornadoes Struck Abilene, Ballinger, San Angelo". CBS News. 2019-05-19. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  58. ^ National Weather Service in Nashville, Tennessee (2020). [Tennessee Event Report: EF3 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  59. ^ National Weather Service in Nashville, Tennessee (2020). [Tennessee Event Report: EF3 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  60. ^ "Central Florida assesses the damage after tornado moves through". WESH. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  61. ^ National Weather Service in Wakefield, Virginia (2020). [Virginia Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  62. ^ National Weather Service in New Orleans, Louisiana (2021). [Louisiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  63. ^ National Weather Service in Baltimore/Washington, DC (2021). [Virginia Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  64. ^ National Weather Service in Baltimore/Washington, DC (2021). [District of Columbia Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  65. ^ National Weather Service in Baltimore/Washington, DC (2021). [District of Columbia Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  66. ^ National Weather Service in Tampa, Florida (2022). [Florida Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  67. ^ National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi (2022). [Mississippi Event Report: EF1 Tornado] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  68. ^ "March 31, 2023: Regional Severe Weather Outbreak Produces Numerous Tornadoes (Updated 430 AM 4/6)". National Weather Service. National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois. April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  69. ^ "Hendersonville businesses ready to rebuild after tornado but how long will they have to wait?". The Tennessean. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  70. ^ "Possible severe storms to return to South Florida after Saturday's tornado in Fort Lauderdale". CBS. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  71. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
  72. ^ National Weather Service in Tallahassee, Florida (May 12, 2024). NWS Damage Survey for the May 10, 2024 Tornado Event (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  73. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
  74. ^ "NWS: Sulphur tornado rated EF-2; Westlake, Lake Charles tornado rated EF-1". KPLC. May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  75. ^ National Weather Service in Lake Charles, Louisiana (May 14, 2024). NWS Damage Survey for 05/13/24 Tornado Event (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  76. ^ "At least eight tornadoes touched down across the Midwest — one in downtown Chicago". NBC News. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  77. ^ "Archivo Fotográfico: Tornado en Concepción, 1934". Plataforma Urbana (in Spanish). 15 August 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  78. ^ Servicio Meteorológico de la Armada de Chile, tornados en el país
  79. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  80. ^ a b "F3 Tornado in Barranquilla". Planet-Love.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  81. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  82. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  83. ^ "Rare tornado hits Bogota, Colombia (0:45)". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  84. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  85. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  86. ^ "Tornado atinge Brasília pela primeira vez na história e assusta moradores". Bom Dia Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-10-02. Archived from the original on 2014-10-05. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  87. ^ "Pasillo de los Tornados - Pasado y presente".
  88. ^ ""Tornado" causa estragos en la comuna de Los Ángeles". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  89. ^ ""Tornado" causa estragos en la comuna de Los Ángeles". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  90. ^ "International Fujita (IF) Scale | European Severe Storms Laboratory".
  91. ^ Rowe, M. W. (1976). "Tornadoes in medieval Britain". Journal of Meteorology. 1 (7): 219–222.
  92. ^ a b c d "TORRO: Research: Tornado Extremes". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  93. ^ 23 October by modern reckoning, adjusted for the difference between the Julian calendar then in use and the Gregorian Calendar.
  94. ^ "NOVA – Official Website | Tornado Country". Pbs.org. 1989-04-26. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  95. ^ a b "Middle Ages". Phenomena.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  96. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-05-01.
  97. ^ a b c d e f http://www.theworldsprophecy.com/tornadoes-in-the-u-k-whats-the-shift/. Retrieved 2011-05-30. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  98. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-05-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  99. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  100. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013.
  101. ^ "Domtower (translated from Dutch)". hccnet.nl. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  102. ^ "Domtoren/RonDom". UtrechtYourWay. Archived from the original on 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  103. ^ "Province Utrecht". Holland.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.[permanent dead link]
  104. ^ "clima – eventi". Bpa.pd.it. Archived from the original on 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  105. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  106. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  107. ^ a b c "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  108. ^ "Tornado in Frankfurt am 06.07.1862". Tornadoliste.de. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  109. ^ a b "STORM2K • View topic - Possible F5 tornadoes around the world". Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  110. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  111. ^ Gayà, Miquel (2007). "The 1886 tornado of Madrid". Atmospheric Research. 83 (2–4): 201–210. Bibcode:2007AtmRe..83..201G. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.017.
  112. ^ a b "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  113. ^ Mahieu, Pierre; Wesolek, Emmanuel. "Consequences of Tornadic Storms in Urban Areas: Case Study of the Paris Tornado (France) in September 10, 1896" (PDF). Keraunos.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  114. ^ "Tornado in Köln am 07. August 1898". Tornadoliste.de. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  115. ^ [5][dead link]
  116. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  117. ^ "ПОГОДА И КЛИМАТ В РОССИИ В XX ВЕКЕ" (PDF). Rus-stat.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  118. ^ "Б. И. Есин. Репортажи Гиляровского(21)". Booksite.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  119. ^ "(18)". Booksite.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  120. ^ "СМЕРЧИ И ТОРНАДО | Энциклопедия Кругосвет". Krugosvet.ru. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  121. ^ "Смерч 1904 года". Nikant.narod.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  122. ^ "03062009". YouTube. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  123. ^ "Я в шоке!: mutterdu". Mutterdu.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  124. ^ "Смерч в Подмосковье – Thumbs up". 4annel.livejournal.com. 2009-06-04. Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  125. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  126. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  127. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  128. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  129. ^ "Tornado in Chemnitz am 27.05.1916". Tornadoliste.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  130. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  131. ^ "Tornado in Düsseldorf am 08.06.1924". Tornadoliste.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  132. ^ "Wochenmarkt Kirchplatz in Düsseldorf-Bilk – Zeittafel – 1920–1929". Bilker-markthalle.de. 2007-04-14. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  133. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  134. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-09-08.
  135. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  136. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  137. ^ "20lecie: Trąba powietrzna w Lublinie". 20lecie.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  138. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  139. ^ "Tornado in Düsseldorf am 10.01.1936". Tornadoliste.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  140. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  141. ^ a b "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  142. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-08-14.
  143. ^ a b c "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Archived from the original on 2013-02-12.
  144. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  145. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  146. ^ [6] Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  147. ^ "Violent and severely strong (F3, F4, F5) Tornadoes in Europe – Offizielles Forum von Skywarn Deutschland e.V". Skywarn.de. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  148. ^ "Polscy Łowcy Burz • Zobacz wątek - Tornado - 25.08.1956 - okolice Szczecina". Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
  149. ^ a b "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  150. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  151. ^ "September 11 (Venice) 1970 | Venice". 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2013-03-28. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  152. ^ "Veniceblog: A Tornado in Venice". Veniceblog.typepad.com. 1970-09-11. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  153. ^ "11th September 1970: a tornado brings death and destruction to Venice". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
  154. ^ "Super-tornadoes in Italy". 3BMeteo – Previsioni Meteo. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  155. ^ "Venice tornado of 10th June 2012 and historical cases on Lower Veneto". meteolive.leonardo.it. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  156. ^ "I Tornado più rilevanti in Russia, dal 1815 al 1998". Worldwildweather.altervista.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  157. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  158. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  159. ^ "Ivanovo Tornado Outbreak 6/9/1984". Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  160. ^ "Tornado pictures". STORM2K. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  161. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-06-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  162. ^ "Ivanovo Tornado Outbreak 6/9/1984 - Stormtrack". Archived from the original on 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  163. ^ "For Strong Winds: Tornadoes of Europe". Islandnet.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  164. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  165. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  166. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  167. ^ a b "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  168. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  169. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  170. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  171. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  172. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  173. ^ "Tornado Duisburg bis Essen am 18. Juli 2004". Naturgewalten.de. 2004-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  174. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-08-14.
  175. ^ a b c "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  176. ^ "After the tornado: 'market forces' force demolition of Sparkbrook Church – UK Indymedia". Indymedia.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  177. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  178. ^ "Birmingham – Features – Tornado hits Birmingham". BBC. Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  179. ^ "Birmingham – News – Tornado in pictures". BBC. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  180. ^ "Birmingham Tornado - Birmingham City Council". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  181. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-06-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  182. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  183. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  184. ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". Tornadoliste.de. 2017-01-13. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  185. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-05-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  186. ^ "Tornado kills two in Hamburg, Germany". USA Today. March 28, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010. }
  187. ^ "Living in Germany for expats, by expats – Expatica Germany". expatica.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  188. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  189. ^ Barr, Robert (December 8, 2006). "Tornado hits London; at least six injured, homes damaged". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  190. ^ "Battered homes to be demolished". BBC News. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  191. ^ Knightley, Paul (2006-12-07). "Tornadoes in the British Isles". www.meteogroup.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  192. ^ "Tornado homes escape demolition". BBC News. December 9, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  193. ^ "UK | England | London | Six hurt as tornado hits London". BBC News. 2006-12-07. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  194. ^ [7][dead link]
  195. ^ "The Times & The Sunday Times". Timesonline.co.uk. 1917-02-24. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  196. ^ [8][dead link]
  197. ^ "News, sport and opinion from the Guardian's UK edition". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  198. ^ "Tornado in Frankfurt | the World According to Nils". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
  199. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  200. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-05-01.
  201. ^ "25 injured as tornado hits Málaga". thinkSPAIN. 2009-02-02. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  202. ^ "More than 200 homes were damaged by Málaga tornado on Sunday night". Typically Spanish. 2009-02-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  203. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Weather Database. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  204. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  205. ^ "Tornado in large Russian city 'first ever' – expert". RIA Novosti. August 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  206. ^ "Weather: News". Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  207. ^ "Chorzów: Trąba powietrzna zniszczyła cmentarz i auta, wyrwała drzewa [NOWE ZDJĘCIA, WIDEO]". Chorzów Nasze Miasto. August 2016.
  208. ^ "Tornado Archive Data Explorer – Tornado Archive".
  209. ^ "Shocking video shows 93mph tornado rip through Amsterdam as it leaves trail of destruction". 10 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  210. ^ "В Кропивницком бушевала буря, есть пострадавшие". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  211. ^ "Завтра в Кропивницькому збирають небайдужих, аби допомогти постраждалим внаслідок буревію". Dostyp.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2021-11-06. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  212. ^ "Barking severe weather: Lightning and torrential rain hit capital". BBC News. 26 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  213. ^ "[F1-Tornado] Stadt Kiel (SH), 29.09.2021". 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  214. ^ "Meimersdorf (Schleswig-Holstein), Kiel (Kiel), Pries (Pries), 29.09.2021". Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  215. ^ "Windhoos richt aanzienlijke schade aan in Mechelen: "De brokstukken vlogen door de ruit"". 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  216. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-05-01.
  217. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2022-12-06.
  218. ^ "Skypumpe raserte nabolag i Sandnes". 6 February 2022.
  219. ^ a b "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.
  220. ^ "[F2] Lippstadt, NW".
  221. ^ "Benninghausen (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Lippstadt (Lippstadt), Esbeck (Esbeck), 20.05.2022".
  222. ^ "Paderborn (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Altenbeken (Altenbeken), 20.05.2022".
  223. ^ "Tornado verwüstet Paderborn: 43 Verletzte – ein Opfer schwebt in Lebensgefahr".
  224. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-09-08.
  225. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2023-09-08.
  226. ^ a b c "European Severe Weather Database". Archived from the original on 2024-01-05.
  227. ^ "404_error". {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  228. ^ [9] Archived June 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  229. ^ "Interesting Facts & Information: tourism, travel, culture, language, business, people. » Blog Archive » Tornadoes in South Africa Causes". 2010-03-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  230. ^ T. P. Grazulis (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-8061-3258-7.
  231. ^ [10] Archived November 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  232. ^ "IOL: Tornado rips through Klerksdorp suburbs".
  233. ^ "Duduza tornado". News24. 2012-07-13. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  234. ^ a b c d e f g "Japanese Tornadoes Not As Uncommon as Believed – OhmyNews International". ohmynews.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  235. ^ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  236. ^ "统一身份认证". ids6.usst.edu.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  237. ^ https://wxn.qq.com/cmsid/NEW2016062405307301. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  238. ^ Zhiyong Meng; et al. (2018). "The Deadliest Tornado (EF4) in the Past 40 Years in China" (PDF). Weather and Forecasting. 33 (3): 693–713. Bibcode:2018WtFor..33..693M. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-17-0085.1.
  239. ^ "Tornadoes in India". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  240. ^ "AMS Journals Online – Tornadoes in Chiba Prefecture on 11 December 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 121. Journals.ametsoc.org: 3001. 1993. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<3001:TICPOD>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  241. ^ "Tornadoes in China". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  242. ^ "Bangladesh and East India Tornado Prediction Site". Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  243. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  244. ^ "For Strong Winds: Tornadoes of Asia". Islandnet.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  245. ^ 郑, 峰 (2009). "温州"07818"龙港致灾强龙卷风调查". 中国农学通报. 25 (12): 283–286.
  246. ^ "f4 tornado in china 2008". YouTube. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
  247. ^ "Tornado rips through Sindian, overturns SUV". 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  248. ^ Corpuz, Niña (2011-06-24). "Tornado stuns Quezon City residents". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  249. ^ "Tsukuba & Jōsō, Ibaraki Tornado". YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  250. ^ "Koshigaya, Saitama Tornado". YouTube. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
  251. ^ Mosqueda, Mars Jr. (2013-11-05). "Tornado wreaks Havoc in Cebu". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  252. ^ Indino, Phoebe Jen (2014-04-08). "Tornado hits Cebu". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  253. ^ "98 dead, 846 injured in Jiangsu tornado". YouTube. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
  254. ^ Popioco, Makoi (15 August 2016). "Tornado damages houses, downs power lines in Manila". CNNPhilippines. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  255. ^ "'Ompong' leaves 1 dead, spawns twister in Metro Manila". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  256. ^ "[中国财经报道] 辽宁开原龙卷风 龙卷风已造成6人死亡 190人受伤 | CCTV财经". 3 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via www.youtube.com.
  257. ^ "辽宁营口遭遇龙卷风 暴雨冰雹雷电大风预警齐发_哔哩哔哩_bilibili". Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  258. ^ "海南儋州遭遇龙卷风袭击造成8人死亡-新华网". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-05. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  259. ^ New York Times, New York. February 21, 1884
  260. ^ Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, Fort Wayne, Indiana. February 22, 1884
  261. ^ Finley, John P. Tornadoes: What They Are and How To Observe Them; With Practical Suggestions For The Protection of Life and Property, pages 98–103. The Insurance Monitor, New York, NY, 1887
  262. ^ "Tornado History Project: The Flint - Worcester Outbreak". Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  263. ^ Meteorological Service of Canada (November 27, 2009). "Ontario's Most Expensive Weather Disaster". Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories For 2005. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  264. ^ "A look back at last week's historic tornado outbreak in Chicago". WFLD. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  265. ^ "The Joplin 1971 Tornado". Joplin Public Library. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  266. ^ "1915 Cincinnati Windstorm – Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
  267. ^ Schmidlin, Thomas W; Schmidlin, Jeanne A (1996). Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
  268. ^ "Auckland tornado kills 3, hits 150 homes". Stuff.co.nz. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  269. ^ "Derecho event spawned Des Moines metro tornado". WHO-DT. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  270. ^ "Derecho brings damaging winds, 5 tornadoes in Quad Cities confirmed by US National Weather Service". KWQC-TV. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  271. ^ "July 15, 2024 - Derecho Brings Widespread Wind Damage & Tornadoes". National Weather Service Lincoln, Illinois. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  272. ^ "12th tornado confirmed from Monday night storms in Chicago area". WGN-TV. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  273. ^ "A Few Words From Hattiesburg, Mississippi". American Red Cross. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  274. ^ "Photographic Views of the Great Cyclone at Fort Smith". Fort Smith Historical Society. July 2007.
  275. ^ Booth-Singleton, Dejanay (8 May 2024). "National Weather Service confirms EF-2 tornado hit Portage, Michigan, on Tuesday". CBS.
  276. ^ "Heard, Coweta, and Fayette County Tornado (Newnan EF-4)". National Weather Service Peachtree City, Georgia. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  277. ^ "Barrie residents recount devastating 1985 tornado which left 8 dead". Global News. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tornadoes_striking_downtown_areas_of_large_cities&oldid=1237987548"