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Fever (Little Willie John song)

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"Fever"
Label of US 78 RPM release
Single by Little Willie John
from the album Fever
B-side"Letter from My Darling"
ReleasedMay 1956
GenreRhythm and blues
Length2:40
LabelKing 4935
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Henry Glover
Little Willie John singles chronology
"Need Your Love So Bad"
(1955) 		"Fever"
(1956) 		"Do Something for Me"
(1956)

"Fever" is a song written by Eddie Cooley and Otis Blackwell, who used the pseudonym "John Davenport". It was originally recorded by American R&B singer Little Willie John for his debut album, Fever (1956), and released as a single in April of the same year. The song topped the Billboard R&B Best Sellers in the US and peaked at number 24 on the Billboard pop chart.[1] It was received positively by music critics and included on several lists of the best songs when it was released.

It has been covered by several artists from diverse genres. Peggy Lee's 1958 rendition became the best known version and her signature song. Lee's version contained rewritten lyrics and an altered music arrangement. It was a top-five hit in the UK and Australia in addition to making the top ten in the US and the Netherlands. "Fever" was nominated in three categories at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

Other versions of "Fever" were recorded by Elvis Presley, Boney M., Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Michael Bublé, Sylvester, the McCoys, La Lupe and Beyoncé.

Madonna released it as a single from her fifth studio album, Erotica (1992), in March 1993 through Warner Bros. It topped the charts in Finland and the Hot Dance Club Songs in the US in addition to charting in the top 50 in many other countries. Madonna filmed and released a music video directed by Stéphane Sednaoui and performed the song on several television shows as well as her 1993 The Girlie Show World Tour. "Fever" has featured in many films, plays and television shows.

Background and reception

[edit]

The idea for "Fever" was presented to Otis Blackwell by an old friend, Eddie Cooley, who in 1956 had a hit song called "Priscilla".[2] Blackwell said: "Eddie Cooley was a friend of mine from New York and he called me up and said 'Man, I got an idea for a song called 'Fever', but I can't finish it.' I had to write it under another name because, at that time, I was still under contract to Joe Davis." John Davenport, the name he used, was the name of Blackwell's stepfather.[3] Little Willie John reportedly disliked the song, but was persuaded to record it, on March 1, 1956, by King Records owner Syd Nathan and arranger and producer Henry Glover.[4] It became the title track for his debut album, Fever, released in 1956.[5] "Fever" is a soul and rhythm and blues minor key opus with an arrangement consisting of low saxophones played by Ray Felder and Rufus "Nose" Gore and guitar by Bill Jennings. The vocal style of Willie John is similar to moaning and he is backed by finger snaps. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic noted a contrast between the song's "ominous" arrangement and the vocals along with the finger snapping which "marginally lightened the mood".[2]

"Fever" was released as a single in April 1956[6] and became a double-sided hit along with the top-ten R&B song "Letter from My Darling". "Fever" reached number one for three weeks on the Billboard R&B Best Sellers chart in the United States, peaking at the top on July 21, 1956.[7] It also made the pop charts, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Best Sellers in Stores.[7][8] The single sold one million copies in the US.[6] The song won the BMI Award for Best R&B song.[9]

The song was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981).[10] He later described it as a very "fervid" song.[11] Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic credited "Fever" for winning the "boisterous teen an across-the-board audience" for Willie John.[2] The writer further opined that the singer's "sweaty case of love-rooted 'Fever' was seemingly grave, judging from his riveting intensity, yet he doesn't sound like he minds at all".[2] NME magazine listed "Fever" as the 96th best song of the 1950s.[6] In his The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made list published in 1989, critic Dave Marsh ranked "Fever" at the position of 109.[12] The song was included on the greatest hits albums Fever: The Best of Little Willie John (1993) and The Very Best of Little Willie John (2001).[13][14]

Charts

[edit]
Chart (1956) Peak
position
US Billboard The Top 100[15] 27
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[16] 24
US R&B Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[17] 1
US Most Played R&B by Jockeys (Billboard)[17] 1
US R&B Most Played in Juke Boxes (Billboard)[18] 1

Peggy Lee version

[edit]
"Fever"
One of US vinyl singles
Single by Peggy Lee
B-side"You Don't Know"
ReleasedJune 1958
RecordedMay 19, 1958[19]
StudioCapitol Records (Hollywood, California)[19]
Genre
Length3:21
LabelCapitol
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Eddie Cooley
  • John Davenport
Peggy Lee singles chronology
"Joey, Joey, Joey"
(1956) 		"Fever"
(1958) 		"Light of Love"
(1958)
Peggy Lee, who recorded a version of "Fever" with altered lyrics
Peggy Lee, who recorded a version of "Fever" with altered lyrics

Background and composition

[edit]

In May 1958, Peggy Lee recorded a cover version of "Fever" in Hollywood, which featured significantly rewritten lyrics composed by Lee herself without credit.[21][22] The song was not included on Lee's album, Things Are Swingin', when it was first released in 1959; however it was listed as a bonus track on its 2004 reissue release.[21] The uncopyrighted lyrics by Lee featured historical invocations (including the verses beginning "Romeo loved Juliet," and "Captain Smith and Pocahontas") and are now generally thought of as a standard part of the song; they have been included in most subsequent covers of "Fever".[2]

Lee's cover, arranged by the singer herself with arranger/conductor Jack Marshall, was a slower-tempo version than the original; it was described as being in "torchy lounge" mode, accompanied only by bass (played by Joe Mondragon) and a very limited drum set (played in part with fingers by Shelly Manne), while the finger snaps were provided either by the singer herself, by Howard Roberts, the guitarist for the date, who set aside his guitar for this number, or possibly even by the producer, Dave Cavanaugh.[23] Lee's rendition was further described as "smooth, sultry".[24] It is written in the key of A Minor in a medium swing tempo with 135 beats per minute; Lee's vocals span from the musical note of G3 to B4.[25]

Reception and accolades

[edit]

A writer of the website NPR deemed "Fever" as Lee's "most memorable tune" and considered it to be "slinky and inimitable". He went on to note that it displayed characteristics which were most remembered about the singer – "her playful delivery, charisma and sexuality".[26] John Bush from the website AllMusic opined that the singer excelled in sounding "sizzling" in the song.[27] John Fordham writing for The Guardian felt that the "heated" atmosphere heard on Lee's version of "Fever", "has an underlying suggestion that the person raising the temperature for her right now doesn't have to be the one doing it next week".[28]

Lee's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US and spent a total of 12 weeks on that chart. It was her only top 10 hit on the Hot 100.[29] It reached a peak of number five on the UK Singles Chart, where it first appeared on August 15, 1958. A reissue of the single charted again in 1992, appearing at number 75 and staying for only one week.[30][31] Elsewhere in Europe, Lee's "Fever" peaked at number eight on January 3, 1959, on the Dutch Singles Chart in Netherlands for five consecutive weeks before falling off the chart.[32] The song also peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart compiled by Kent Music Report and emerged as the twentieth best-selling single of 1958 in that country.[33]

"Fever" was nominated in the categories for Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Female Vocal Performance at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards held in 1959.[34][35] The track became Lee's signature song and her best-known work in addition to becoming her most successful hit.[6][21][36] It was ranked at number 100 in the book and the accompanying list 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die by Robert Dimery.[37]

Charts

[edit]

Madonna version

[edit]
"Fever"
Artwork for all commercial non-US releases
Single by Madonna
from the album Erotica
ReleasedMarch 6, 1993
RecordedAugust 15, 1992
StudioSoundworks (New York)
Genre
Length5:00
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Madonna singles chronology
"Bad Girl"
(1993) 		"Fever"
(1993) 		"Rain"
(1993)
Music video
"Fever" on YouTube

Background and composition

[edit]

In 1992, American singer and songwriter Madonna recorded a cover version of "Fever" for her fifth studio album, Erotica (1992). It was released on 6 March 1993 by Maverick, Sire and Warner Bros.. Madonna served as a producer for the song along with Shep Pettibone. She was in the studio putting down tracks for the album and had just recorded a song called "Goodbye to Innocence".[42] She was going through the final stages of production on the song and suddenly started singing the lyrics to "Fever" over "Goodbye to Innocence". Madonna liked the way it sounded so much that she recorded it.[42] In September 2008, Madonna's version was used in television promos for the fifth season of Desperate Housewives.[43]

According to author Rikky Rooksby, Madonna changed the composition of the original version by adding drum rhythms, accompanied by a beatbox sound like snare drums. Removing the chord progression of the original, Madonna introduces original lyrics into the song. Instrumentation of the track includes strings, marimba and finger-pops at various intervals throughout. Rooksby noticed that Madonna sang with a distant and disembodied voice, and relegated it to the dance music accompanying the lyrics.[44]

Chart performance

[edit]

In the United States, "Fever" was not released as a commercial single. It was released promotionally and became a dance hit, becoming Madonna's 15th song to hit number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. It topped the chart for the issue dated May 15, 1993, in its seventh week of ascending.[45] In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at its peak position of number six on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated April 3, 1993, and had sold 86,077 copies by August 2008.[46][47] It peaked at number one on the Finnish Singles Chart on April 15, 1993.[48] In Ireland it entered the top ten of the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at the position of six and charting for four weeks.[49] Elsewhere, it peaked at numbers 12 in Italy, 17 in New Zealand, 22 on the Ultratop chart of the Flanders region in Belgium, 31 in France and 51 in Australia.[50]

Critical reception

[edit]

The Baltimore Sun's J. D. Considine praised the song as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the original version. He noted that when Madonna and the team of producers that worked on the album "push beyond the expected... [it] really heats up, providing a sound that is body-conscious in the best sense of the term", exemplifying his statements with "Fever".[51] A writer from Billboard called the song a "house-inflected rendition" and noted it was single-worthy.[52] In August 2018, the magazine named it as the singer's 66th greatest single; "while most versions of this classic smolder, Madonna gets distant and detached, delivering an icy club banger that sounds less like a torch song from yesteryear and more like a soundtrack for anonymous encounters that would make Ms. Lee blush".[53] Hunter Hauk from the Dallas Observer deemed it "subtly soulful and custom made for Madonna's pre-vocal-lesson voice".[54] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly criticized Madonna's voice as "souless", "You and Shep sure do a bang-up job — pun intended — transforming 'Fever,' that old Peggy Lee hit, into a techno drone, but listen to the parched sound emitted from your throat on such tracks. It's cold, deadened, remote."[55] Jude Rogers from The Guardian called it an "unnecessary trance-era update of pop's most achingly simple song about sex"; nonetheless, she placed the song at number 72 on her ranking of Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday.[56]

In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that "her crown is intact."[57] Alan Jones from Music Week gave it four out of five and named it Pick of the Week, adding that "this is fairly tame in original album edit, but packs more punch and dancefloor possibilities in selection of Pettihone [sic]/Falcon/Gaeten mixes, and should maintain her now record sequence of consecutive Top 10 hits."[58] The New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that "the album's softer moments include a silky hip-hop arrangement of 'Fever'".[59] Author Rikky Rooksby, described it as "unsexy", and called it a "sterile track" which is "certainly misplaced as the second track of [Erotica]".[44] Slant Magazine' Sal Cinquemani opined that it's "Madonna's vocal performance that's the real star here [...] she may lack Peggy Lee's command, but she exudes a detached confidence and control that is the pitch-perfect embodiment of Erotica's main thesis: love hurts".[60] Alfred Soto of Stylus Magazine felt that this song has its unique, idiosyncratic energy which he compared with material by Joni Mitchell from her album Blue (1971).[61] The Washington Post's Richard Harrington deemed it a "cool mechanical recitation in which more attention is paid to the pulse of the music than that of the heart."[62]

Music video and live performances

[edit]

The accompanying music video for "Fever", directed by French director Stéphane Sednaoui, was shot on April 10–11, 1993 at Greenwich Studios in Miami, Florida,[63] and received its world premiere on May 11, 1993, on MTV. It has since been made commercially available on the DVD collection, The Video Collection 93:99.[64] The music video alternately features Madonna with a red wig and silver bodypaint in a variety of costumes dancing in front of funky, kaleidoscopic backgrounds. It showcases her posing like ancient goddesses. She is enveloped in a flame-like atmosphere and eventually burns up. According to Sednaoui, he wanted to portray the singer "like a provocative saint, somebody that speaks out and tells the truth, and is ready to burn for it"; he also recalled that the executives from Maverick wanted to do "something that's not the [Madonna] we know – more pop, more disco, more club [...] that's why she went all the way, like, 'OK, let's paint'".[65] Charles Aaron writing for Spin magazine classified the clip as "dub".[66] The music video for "Fever" was later made available on Madonna's official YouTube channel in February 2018. It was digitally remastered on November 22, 2022, and had generated more than 3.2 million views as of early 2024.[67]

To start the promotion for Erotica, Madonna performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on Saturday Night Live in January 1993.[68][69] During the 1000th The Arsenio Hall Show, Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette.[70] Madonna also performed "Fever" on the 1993 Girlie Show World Tour as the second song from the setlist. After "Erotica", the singer partially strips and proceeds to straddle and dances suggestively with two half-naked male dancers. At the end of the song, Madonna and the two backup dancers descend into a literal ring of fire.[71][72] On October 8, 2015, Madonna performed an a cappella version of "Fever" during the Saint Paul stop of her Rebel Heart Tour.[73] She later performed the song on her 2023-2024 Celebration Tour; it was also used on one of the interludes on the show.[74]

Formats and track listings

[edit]
  • Australian, European, and UK CD maxi-single
  1. "Fever" (Album Edit) – 4:30
  2. "Fever" (Hot Sweat 12-inch Mix) – 7:58
  3. "Fever" (Extended 12-inch Mix) – 6:07
  4. "Fever" (Shep's Remedy Dub) – 4:31
  5. "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
  6. "Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28
  • Digital single – "Bad Girl / Fever" (2022)[75]
  1. "Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:35
  2. "Bad Girl" (Extended Mix) – 6:29
  3. "Fever" (Album Edit) – 4:30
  4. "Fever" (Edit One) – 4:05
  5. "Fever" (Extended 12-inch Mix) – 6:07
  6. "Fever" (Hot Sweat 12-inch Mix) – 7:58
  7. "Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28
  8. "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
  9. "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Dub) – 7:12
  10. "Fever" (Radio Edit/Remix) – 5:09
  11. "Fever" (Shep's Remedy Dub) – 4:31
  12. "Fever" (Oscar G's Dope Mix) – 4:55

Charts

[edit]

Beyoncé version

[edit]
"Fever"
Promotional single by Beyoncé
from the album Heat
ReleasedFebruary 8, 2010
Recorded2010
Genre
Length3:32
LabelColumbia
Songwriter(s)
  • John Davenport
  • Eddie Cooley
  • Peggy Lee (uncredited)
Producer(s)
  • Chink Santana
  • Beyoncé Knowles

Background and release

[edit]

American singer Beyoncé included her version of "Fever" on multiple releases. Her original recording of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the 2003 American musical dramedy film, The Fighting Temptations, in which she also had a leading role.[91][92] The song was also featured in the film itself, during a scene in which the character Beyoncé portrayed, named Lilly, sang the song in a nightclub while her eventual love interest Darrin (played by Cuba Gooding, Jr.) watches her.[93][94] Beyoncé's version was produced by Damon Elliott and was recorded by her while she was still working on the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember. Elliott suggested to the singer to record "Fever" as it was one of his favorite songs. When she got a role in The Fighting Temptations, the song seemed "perfect" for it as stated by Elliot.[95] Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine provided a positive review for the cover, saying: "The seductive iciness of Peggy Lee's 'Fever' is successfully transplanted with a gumbo sound and sexy Southern comfort."[96]

Beyoncé appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on September 17, 2003, to promote The Fighting Temptations with a live performance of "Fever".[97] In November 2003, the song was included in the set list of the singer's first headlining solo Dangerously in Love Tour. Beyoncé was backed by four male dancers dressed in white, performing a choreography with her. In a review of the show, Dave Simpson from The Guardian felt that the performance of "Fever" was "a note perfect if pointless version" of the original.[98] In 2004, the song was included on the live album Live at Wembley which was filmed during a London concert as part of the tour.[99] Beyoncé's original recording was additionally included on the track-listing of her first mixtape Speak My Mind released in 2005.[100]

After releasing her first fragrance Heat, Beyoncé re-recorded her version of "Fever" as promotion for the fragrance, using the song in its advertisements.[101] The re-recorded 2010 version of the song was produced by Chink Santana and Beyoncé herself. It was released for digital download on the iTunes Store in the US on February 8, 2010.[102][103] The next day, it was released in the United Kingdom.[104] In February the following year, "Fever" was included on the track-listing of the extended play (EP) Heat, a limited CD released with the perfume.[105]

Usage in media

[edit]

As promotion for the fragrance, a TV commercial for Heat was directed by Jake Nava, who had previously worked with Beyoncé on various of her music videos.[106][107] The commercial features Beyoncé in a red satin dress sweating in a steamy room while the 2010 cover version of "Fever" plays in the background.[108] Throughout the clip, she is seen lying naked in the middle of a room, touching her body, dancing and leaving a trail of fire as she touches a wall. The commercial concludes with Beyoncé walking away from the camera and melting the floor with her footprints. During the end, she turns and says "Catch the fever", the tagline of the fragrance.[109]

In an interview with Women's Wear Daily, the singer described the sexual tone of the video stating: "My sexiest moments are when I'm just getting out of the tub or the shower and I'm clean, so I wanted to incorporate that in the ads. The dress was this liquid-y satin. The song Fever I did years ago and always loved it. [For the commercial] I got to sing it a bit more whispery, more natural."[106] The silky red dress she wears in the video has been noted for exposing partial cleavage.[106] The commercial for the fragrance found controversy in the United Kingdom with the Advertising Standards Authority where it was banned from daytime TV rotation for its "sexy imagery".[110][111]

Other notable versions

[edit]

In other media

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Little Willie John, "Fever" chart positions. Retrieved June 20, 2015
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Dahl, Bill. "Fever - Little Willie John". AllMusic. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
  3. ^ "EDDIE COOLEY". Rockabilly.nl. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  4. ^ "Peggy Lee - Research About The Song Fever". Peggyleediscography.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  5. ^ "Little Willie John > Fever". AllMusic. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d "100 Best Songs of the 1950s - #96 Little Willie John, 'Fever'". NME. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Little Willie John - Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
  8. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 301.
  9. ^ "BMI Best Songs" (PDF). Billboard. December 22, 1956. p. 34.
  10. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "A Basic Record Library: The Fifties and Sixties". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0899190251. Retrieved March 16, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
  11. ^ "Consumer Guide Reviews: Little Willie John". Robert Christgau. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
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  13. ^ Wynn, Ron. "Fever: The Best of Little Willie John - Little Willie John". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  14. ^ Phares, Heather. "The Very Best of Little Willie John - Little Willie John". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  15. ^ "The Billboard Popularity Charts... Pop Records" (PDF). Billboard. August 4, 1956. p. 70.
  16. ^ "The Billboard Music Popularity Charts...Pop Records & Sheet Music" (PDF). Billboard. August 18, 1956. p. 56.
  17. ^ a b "The Billboard Popularity Charts... Rhythm & Blues Records" (PDF). Billboard. July 21, 1956. p. 49.
  18. ^ "Most Played R&B in Juke Boxes" (PDF). Billboard. September 1, 1956. p. 51.
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  33. ^ a b c Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940 - 1969. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
  34. ^ "GRAMMY Rewind: 1st Annual Grammy Awards". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. January 4, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
  35. ^ "The Grammys - Peggy Lee". Peggylee.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  36. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (January 22, 2002). "Singer Peggy Lee, Who Gave The World 'Fever,' Dies At 81". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
  37. ^ Dimery, Robert; Visconti, Tony (2010). 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die. United Kingdom: Quintessence Editions. ISBN 978-0789320896.
  38. ^ "CHUM Hit Parade - August 25, 1958".
  39. ^ "Peggy Lee > Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
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  42. ^ a b Pettibone, Shep. "Erotica Diaries - Written by Shep Pettibone". ShepPettibone.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  43. ^ "Sounds and Visions". Billboard. Vol. 120, no. 47. November 22, 2008. p. 31. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  44. ^ a b Rooksby 2004, pp. 39–40
  45. ^ "Dance Club Songs : May 15, 1993". Billboard. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  46. ^ Jones, Alan (August 19, 2008). "The immaculate guide to 50 years of Madonna". Music Week. Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
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  48. ^ a b Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
  49. ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Fever". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  50. ^ a b Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
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  52. ^ "Madonna - Erotica". Billboard. Vol. 103, no. 41. October 24, 1992. p. 62. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  53. ^ "The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs: Critics' Picks". Billboard. August 15, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  54. ^ Huk, Haunter (February 3, 2012). "The 20 Best Madonna Songs You Won't Hear at the Super Bowl". Dallas Observer. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
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  56. ^ Rogers, Jude (August 16, 2018). "Every one of Madonna's 78 singles – ranked!". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  57. ^ Masterton, James (March 28, 1993). "Week Ending April 3rd 1993". Chart Watch UK. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  58. ^ Jones, Alan (March 27, 1993). "Market Preview: Mainstream - Singles - Pick of the Week" (PDF). Music Week. p. 30. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  59. ^ Holden, Stephen (October 18, 1992). "Recordings View; Selling Sex and (Oh, Yes) a Record". The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  60. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (August 1, 2018). "The Beat Goes On: Every Madonna Single Ranked". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  61. ^ Soto, Alfred (January 17, 2006). "Madonna - Erotica - On Second Thought". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  62. ^ Harrington, Richard (October 21, 1992). "The Madonna Pornucopia". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  63. ^ "Madonna.com > News > Madonna's Fever" video is filmed by Stephane Sednaoui in Miami". Madonna.com. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
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