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Japanese destroyer Murakumo (1898)

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For other ships with the same name, see Japanese destroyer Murakumo.
History
Empire of Japan
NameMurakumo
Namesake叢雲 ("Gathering Clouds")
Ordered1896
BuilderJohn I. Thornycroft & Company, Chiswick, England
Yard numberTorpedo Boat Destroyer No. 4
Laid down1 October 1897
Launched16 November 1898
Completed29 December 1898
Commissioned29 December 1898
Reclassified
Identification
Stricken1 April 1919
RenamedMurakumo Maru 1 April 1919
ReclassifiedMiscellaneous vessel (submarine tender/minesweeper) 1 April 1919
RenamedMurakumo 1 July 1920
ReclassifiedSpecial-duty vessel (second-class minesweeper) 1 July 1920
ReclassifiedUtility vessel (target ship) 1 April 1922
FateSunk as target 4 June 1925
General characteristics
TypeMurakumo-class destroyer
Displacement
  • 275 long tons (279 t) normal
  • 360.5 long tons (366.3 t) full load
Length
  • 208 ft (63 m) waterline,
  • 210 ft (64 m) overall[2]
Beam19 ft 6 in (5.94 m)
Draught6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
Depth13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)
PropulsionReciprocating engine, 3 boilers, 5,800 ihp (4,300 kW), 2 shafts
Speed30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Complement50
Armament
Service record
Operations:

Murakumo (叢雲, "Gathering Clouds") was the lead ship of six Murakumo-class destroyers, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the late 1890s. Murakumo took part in the Japanese response to the Boxer Rebellion (1900), saw action in several major engagements during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), and served during World War I (1914–1918).

Construction and commissioning

[edit]

Authorized under the 1896 naval program,[3] Murakumo was laid down on 1 October 1897 by John I. Thornycroft & Company at Chiswick, England, as Torpedo Boat Destroyer No. 4.[3][4] On 16 March 1898, she was named Murakumo.[5] When the Imperial Japanese Navy established its Naval Warship and Torpedo Boat Classification Standards on 21 March 1898,[6] she was classified as a torpedo boat destroyer.[7] Launched on 16 November 1898,[3][8] she was completed on 29 December 1898[3] and commissioned the same day.[3]

Service history

[edit]

Murakumo completed her delivery voyage from England to Japan on 23 April 1899 with her arrival at Yokosuka.[3][9] On 30 April 1900 she participated in a large naval review held off Kobe, Japan, where she was placed in the fourth row. On 22 June 1900, the Imperial Japanese Navy established its Naval Vessel Classification Standard, abolishing the classification of "torpedo boat destroyer" and establishing the classification of "destroyer" as a type of warship,[10] and under the new classification scheme Murakumo was classified as a destroyer.[11] Also as of 22 June 1900, she was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District[12] and incorporated into the Standing Fleet.[13] During 1900, she took part in the Japanese intervention in the Boxer Rebellion in China.[3] On 10 April 1903, she participated in a large naval review held off Kobe and was placed in the third row.[14]

When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in February 1904, Murakumo was part of the 5th Destroyer Division of the 2nd Fleet.[15] During the war, she took part in the Battle of Port Arthur in February 1904, the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904, and the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905.[3][15] During the Battle of Tsushima, Murakumo could not get into position for a torpedo attack against the Russian fleet during the night of 27–28 May 1905, but while steaming to a rendezvous on the morning of 28 May she came across the Japanese protected cruisers Niitaka and Otowa as they pursued the damaged Imperial Russian Navy protected cruiser Svetlana, which was attempting to escape northward under escort by the destroyer Buistri after the fleet action of the previous day.[16] Keeping ahead of the Japanese cruisers, Murakumo kept Buistri from interfering with them until Svetlana ceased fire and went dead in the water after suffering additional damage.[17] While Otowa finished off Svetlana,[18] Buistri fled with Murakumo and Niitaka in hot pursuit.[17] The chase culminated late in the morning in Buistri′s crew running her aground on the coast of the Korean Peninsula, partially blowing her up, and then surrendering to local authorities.[19] Murakumo also took part in the Japanese invasion of Sakhalin in July 1905.[3][15] After the war, she participated in a triumphant naval review held off Yokohama, Japan, on 23 October 1905 and was placed in the fourth row.[20]

On 18 November 1908, Murakumo participated as a ship in the sixth row of a large-scale naval review off Kobe.[21] On 28 August 1912, the Imperial Japanese Navy revised its ship classification standards. It established three categories of destroyers, with those of 1,000 displacement tons or more defined as first-class destroyers, those of 600 to 999 displacement tons as second-class destroyers, and those of 599 or fewer displacement tons as third-class destroyers.[22] Under this classification scheme, Murakumo became a third-class destroyer.[23]

After Japan entered World War I in August 1914, Murakumo operated off Tsingtao, China, in support of the Siege of Tsingtao.[24] Later that year, she took part[citation needed] in the Japanese seizure of the German Empire′s colonial possessions in the Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands.[25]

Murakumo was stricken from the navy list on 1 April 1919,[26] designated as a "miscellaneous vessel" for use as a submarine tender and minesweeper, and renamed Murakumo Maru.[27] On 1 July 1920, she was reclassified as a "special duty vessel" for use as a second-class minesweeper and renamed Murakumo.[28] On 1 April 1922, she was reclassified as a "utility vessel" for use as a target ship.[29][30] An inspection conducted on 30 January 1925 revealed that her hull and other parts of the ship had deteriorated.[31][32] On 4 June 1925, she was sunk as a live-fire target in the Pacific Ocean off the Sunosaki Lighthouse in Chiba Prefecture.[3]

Commanding officers

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SOURCE:[33]

  • Lieutenant Commander Shushiro Fujimoto 29 March 1898 (pre-commissioning)
  • Lieutenant Commander Shuzo Matsuoka, 22 June 1900 – 11 September 1904
  • Lieutenant Kanta Shimauchi, 11 September 1904 – 12 December 1905
  • Lieutenant Commander Kanta Shimanouchi, 12 December 12, 1905 – 8 February 1906
  • Lieutenant Koichi Masuda: 8 February 1906 – 10 May 1906
  • Commander Kiyoshi Tsukiyama, 10 May 1906 – 4 October 1906
  • Lieutenant Commander Tsuruhiko Horie, 4 October 1906 – 17 May 1907
  • Lieutenant Noda Tameyoshi, 17 May 1907 – 16 May 1908
  • Lieutenant Eijiro Tanabe, 16 May 1908 – 28 May 1908
  • Lieutenant Captain Naonobu Hirata, 28 May 1908 – 25 September 1908
  • Lieutenant Yoshikazu Maekawa, 25 September 1908 – 11 March 1909
  • Lieutenant Kotaro Fujita, 11 March 1909 – 23 May 1911
  • Lieutenant Keiji Yamazaki, 23 May 1911 – 20 December 1912
  • Lieutenant Commander Sohei Horiuchi, 20 December 1912 – 29 May 1914
  • Lieutenant Commander Kazuo Kawakita, 29 May 1914 – unknown
  • Lieutenant Commander Shuzo Adachi: unknown – 13 December 1915
  • Lieutenant Commander Kunitaro Kamimoto, 13 December 1915 – 12 September 1916
  • Lieutenant Noboru Wakayama, 12 September 1916 – 1 December 1916
  • Lieutenant Shuji Ehara, 1 December 1916 – 10 September 1918[34]
  • Lieutenant Genzo Honda, 10 September 1918[34] – unknown

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ 明治31年4月15日『官報』第4434号。国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ1 「｜信號符字|艦艇名|GQKB|叢雲 Murakumo｜」 "(April 15, 1898 ′​​Kanpo′ No. 4434. National Diet Library Digital Collection Panel 1 ′Shingo Fuji/Ship Name/GQKB/Murakumo′") (in Japanese)
  2. ^ Lyon, The Thornycroft List
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 日本海軍史』第7巻 ("History of the Japanese Navy, Vol. 7") (in Japanese), pp. 285–286.
  4. ^ 幕末以降帝国軍艦写真と史実』 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ74 ("Imperial warship photos and historical facts after the end of the Edo period, Frame 74") (in Japanese), National Diet Library Digital Collection
  5. ^ 明治31年 達 完：3月(1)」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070040500 画像6「達第二十七號　英國ニ於テ製造中ノ水雷艇驅逐艇左ノ通命名ス　明治三十一年三月十六日 ("1898: March (1) "Center for Asian Historical Records Ref.C12070040500 Image 6 "Tatsu 27 Torpedo Boat Destroyer Under Production in England, Named 1898 March 16, 11 Minister of the Navy Marquis Saigō") (in Japanese)
  6. ^ 達明治31年3月(1) 画像14「達第三十四號　海軍大臣ニ於テ別表ノ標準ニ據リ軍艦及水雷艇ノ類別等級ヲ定メ若ハ其ノ變更ヲ行フコトヲ得セシメラル　明治三十一年三月二十一日　海軍大臣 侯爵西鄕從道 ("1898 March 31 (1) Image 14 "Minister of the Navy has determined the classification grades of warships and torpedo boats according to the standards in the attached table, subject to change. March 21, 1898, Minister of the Navy, Marquis Saigō Jūdō") (in Japanese)
  7. ^ 達明治31年3月(1) 画像16・17「達第三十五號　軍艦及水雷艇類別等級別紙ノ通定ム　明治三十一年三月二十一日　海軍大臣 侯爵西鄕從道　｜水雷艇|驅逐艇|東雲 叢雲 夕霧 不知火 雷 電 曙 漣｜ ("1898 March 31 (1) Image 16/17 "Tatsu 35 Warships and Torpedo Boats Classified Classifications Attached Sheet No. Mitsurumu March 21, 1898 Minister of Navy Marquis Saigō Jūdō: Torpedo boat destroyer Shinonome, Murakumo, Yugiri, Shiranui") (in Japanese)
  8. ^ 明治31年11月18日『官報』第4617号。国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ3 「○水雷艇進水 英國ニ於テ製造ノ水雷艇雷ハ本月十五日、同叢雲ハ同十六日孰モ滞ナク進水セリ(海軍省) "November 18, 1898, "Kanpo" No. 4617. National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 3 ``Torpedo boat launched in England on the 15th of this month, and Murakumo launched on the 16th of this month (Ministry of the Navy)) (in Japanese)
  9. ^ 明治32年4月25日『官報』第4717号。国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ7 「○軍艦發著 …水雷艇驅逐艇雷ハ同日新嘉坡ニ向ヒコロムボ拔錨、同夕霧ハ本月二十二日亞丁ニ向ヒポーㇽト、サイド拔錨、同叢雲ハ一昨二十三日橫須賀ヘ投錨セリ(海軍省) "April 25, 1899, "Kanpo" No. 4717. National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 7 "Warship Destruction ... Torpedo boat and destroyer lightning launched Hikolumbo anchor for New Kapo on the same day. Murakumo dropped anchor at Yokosuka on the 23rd of last year (Ministry of the Navy)" (in Japanese).
  10. ^ 「明治33年 達 完：6月」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070044300 画像47「達第百二十一號　海軍大臣ニ於テ軍艦及水雷艇ノ類別等級ヲ定メ若ハ其ノ變更ヲ行フコトヲ得セシメラルヽ件ヲ廢セラン更ニ艦艇類別標準別表ノ通定メラル　明治三十三年六月二十二日 海軍大臣 山本權兵衞」 ("1900: June Asia Historical Records Center Ref.C12070044300 Image 47 'Date No. 121 The Minister of the Navy has decided on the classification of warships and torpedo boats and will change them. On June 22nd, 1900, Minister of the Navy Yamamoto Gonnohyōe'") (in Japanese)
  11. ^ 明治33年達完6月 画像48「｜軍艦|驅逐艦|東雲、叢雲、夕霧、不知火、陽炎、薄雲、… ("1900 June Image 48 "Warship: Destroyer: Shinonome, Murakumo, Yugiri, Shiranui, Kagero, Usugumo, ... ") (in Japanese)
  12. ^ 海軍内令 明治33年：内令第55号 明治33年6月1日～内令第97号 明治33年8月1日 画像19・20「內令第七十二號　驅逐艦 東雲　驅逐艦 叢雲　驅逐艦 夕霧　驅逐艦 不知火　驅逐艦 陽炎　驅逐艦 薄雲　右本籍ヲ佐世保鎭守府所管ト定メラル　…　明治三十三年六月二十二日 海軍大臣 山本權兵衞」 ("Navy Internal Order 1908: Internal Order No. 55 June 1, 1900 to Internal Order No. 97 August 1, 1900 Image 19/20 "Internal Order No. 72 Shinonome Destroyer Murakumo Destroyer Yugiri, destroyer Shiranui, destroyer Kagero, destroyer Usugumo, right, registered under the jurisdiction of the Sasebo Defense Office...June 22, 1900, Minister of the Navy Yamamoto Gonnohyōe") (in Japanese)
  13. ^ 海軍内令 明治33年：内令第55号 明治33年6月1日～内令第97号 明治33年8月1日 画像20「內令第七十三號　佐世保鎭守府　驅逐艦 東雲　驅逐艦 叢雲　驅逐艦 夕霧　驅逐艦 陽炎　驅逐艦 薄雲　右常備艦隊ニ編入セラル　佐世保鎭守府　驅逐艦 不知火　右豫備艦ト定メラル　明治三十三年六月二十二日 海軍大臣 山本權兵衞」 ("Navy Internal Order 1908: Internal Order No. 55 June 1, 1900 - Internal Order No. 97 August 1, 1900 Image 20 'Internal Order No. 73 Sasebo Shogunate Destroyer Shinonome Destroyer Murakumo Destroyer Yugiri Destroyer Kagero Destroyer Usugumo, Right, Standing Fleet Second Transfer Seral Sasebo Shogunate Destroyer Shiranui, Right, Armored Cruiser Asama June 22, 1900 Minister of the Navy Yamamoto Gonnohyōe'"
  14. ^ 「極秘 明治37.8年海戦史 第11部 戦局日誌 巻1」/第1編 開戦前誌（明治36年4月8日より37年2月5日に至る）」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C05110200200 画像3（p.5）『第三列、高雄、平遠、筑紫、濟遠、電、曙、雷、朧、叢雲、陽炎、不知火、薄雲、曉、霞、白雲、朝潮、漣 "Top Secret History of the 37.8th Naval Battle Part 11 Battle Diary Volume 1" / Part 1 Pre-War Magazine (From to February 5, 1904, to April 8, 1904) Asian Historical Records Center, Ref.C05110200200 Image 3 (p.5) 'Third row, Kaohsiung, Pingyuan, Tsukushi, Zhiyuan, Inazuma, Akebono, Ikazuchi, Oboro, Murakumo, Kagero, Shiranui, Usugumo, Akatsuki, Kasumi, Shirakumo, Asashio, Sazanami′") (in Japanese)
  15. ^ a b c 聯合艦隊軍艦銘銘伝』普及版、268頁 ("United Fleet Gunkan Meiden popular version page 268") (in Japanese).
  16. ^ Corbett, Vol. II, pp. 322–323.
  17. ^ a b Corbett, Vol. II, p. 323.
  18. ^ Corbett, Vol. II, pp. 323–324.
  19. ^ Corbett, Vol. II, p. 324.
  20. ^ 明治三十七・八年海戦史. 下巻 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ370 ("History of naval battles in 1904 and 1905. Volume 2 National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 370") (in Japanese)
  21. ^ 帝国及列国海軍』国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ253 ("′Imperial and Imperial Navy′ National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 253") (in Japanese)
  22. ^ 「大正1年 達 完：8月」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070064400 画像33『達第十一號　艦艇類別等級別表ノ通改正セラル　大正元年八月二十八日 海軍大臣 男爵斎藤實　（別表）｜驅逐艦|一等|千暾以上|二等|千暾未満六百暾以上|三等|六百暾未満｜』 ("1912: August Asia Historical Records Center Ref.C12070064400 Image 33 ′Tatsu No. 11 Ship Classification Classification Table Revised Serral August 28, 1912 Minister of Navy Baron Minoru Saito (Appendix ): Destroyer, First class, 1,000 tons or more; Second class; Less than 1,000 tons, 600 tons or more; Third class′") (in Japanese)
  23. ^ ("1912 August Image 34 ′Tatsu 12th Revision of Ship Classification Classification Table No. August 28, 1912, Minister of Navy Baron Minoru Saito (separate table): Destroyer, Third class: Shinonome, Murakumo, Yugiri, Shiranui, Kagero, Usugumo, …′") (in Japanese)
  24. ^ Halpern.
  25. ^ Gilbert, p. 329.
  26. ^ #海軍制度沿革巻8 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ58 「大正八年四月一日(達四四)　艦艇類別等級別表中軍艦ノ欄內「嚴島、」ヲ、驅逐艦ノ欄內「叢雲、夕霧、」ヲ、水雷艇ノ欄內「隼、鵲、眞鶴、千鳥、」ヲ削ル」 ("Navy system history volume 8 National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 58 Yugiri, 'Deleted torpedo boats, Hayabusa, Kasasagi, Manzuru, Chidori,′") (in Japanese)
  27. ^ 大正8年 海軍公報(部内限)：大正8年4月」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070267900 画像1「海軍公報第千九百六十四號附錄 大正八年四月一日(火) 海軍大臣官房　○令達　…叢雲丸 舊驅逐艦 叢雲　右各頭書ノ通命名シ雜役船(潜水艦母船兼掃海船)ニ編入ノ上橫須賀防備隊附屬ト定ム　… ("1919 Navy Gazette (departmental limit): April 1918 Asian Historical Records Center Ref.C12070267900 Image 1 ′Navy Gazette No. 1964, April 1, 1919 (Tuesday), Navy Minister's Secretariat Order: Murakumo Maru Destroyer Murakumo Named under the headings of the right-hand column′") (in Japanese)
  28. ^ 大正9年 達 完：7月」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070077300 画像15「達第百五號ノ二　大正九年七月一日 海軍大臣 加藤友三郎　特務艇竝雜役船船名ヲ左記ノ通改定ス　｜船種|船名及公稱番號|新名稱｜…｜潜水艦母船兼掃海船|叢雲丸|掃海艇 叢雲 (1920: July "Center for Asian Historical Records Ref.C12070077300 Image 15 ′Tatsu No. 105 No. 2 July 1, 1919, Minister of the Navy, Tomosaburo Kato Special duty boat ship name listed on the: Ship type/Ship name and official number/New name … Submarine mothership and minesweeper/Murakumo Maru/Minesweeper Murakumo′″) (in Japanese)
  29. ^ 海軍制度沿革巻8 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション コマ73 「大正十一年四月一日(內令一一〇)　特務艇類別等級別表中左ノ通改正ス　掃海艇二等ノ欄內「叢雲」「夕霧」ヲ削リ「薄雲、」「不知火、」「朝潮、」「白雲、」「村雨、」「朝霧」ヲ加ヘ潜水艦母艇ノ欄內「椅子山」ヲ削リ「千代田、」「見島」ヲ加フ」("Naval System History Volume 8 National Diet Library Digital Collection Frame 73 ′April 1, 1922 (National Ordinance 110) Special Service Boat Classification Classification Table Left No. Revision Minesweeper Second Class Column: Murakumo Delete Yugiri and add Usugumo, Shiranui, Asashio, Shirakumo, Murasame, and Asagiri. Chiyoda, Add Mishima") (in Japanese)
  30. ^ 「大正11年 海軍公報(部内限)：大正11年4月」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C12070284800 画像1「海軍公報(部內限)第六百十號 大正十一年四月一日(土) 海軍大臣官房　○令達　官房第一一七五號　舊軍艦周防、津輕、沖島、橋立、舊驅逐艦陽炎、舊水雷艇燕、雁、蒼鷹、鴿、第六十七號、第六十八號、第七十號、第七十一號各水雷艇及舊特務艇叢雲、夕霧ハ之ヲ雜役船ニ編入シ其ノ種類、船名、公稱番號及所屬等ヲ左ノ通定ム　大正十一年四月一日　海軍大臣 男爵加藤友三郎　｜種類|船名(公稱番號)|所屬｜…｜標的船|叢雲(舊特務艇叢雲)|海軍水雷學校｜」("1922 Naval Gazette (Internal Limit): April 1922 Asian Historical Records Center Ref.C12070284800 Image 1 ′Navy Gazette (Internal Limit) No. 610 April 1, 1912 (Saturday) Navy Minister's Secretariat; Orders Cabinet No. 1175 Old warships Suo, Tsugo, Okishima, Hashidate, former destroyer Kagero, old torpedo boats Tsubame, Kari, Sotaka, Koro, No. 67, No. 68, No. 70, and No. 71, and the former special-duty boats Murakumo and Yugiri are designated service ships, and their types, ship names, designations, etc., are stipulated. April 1, 1926, Minister of the Navy Baron Yuzaburo Kato: Type/Ship name (public name)/Location") (in Japanese)
  31. ^ 「大正14年 公文備考 巻25 艦船：雑役船廃船､公用財産中用途廃止(2)」 アジア歴史資料センター Ref.C08051372800 画像33「標的船(舊叢雲) 檢査報告 橫須賀海軍工廠長 正木義太　大正十四年一月三十日調　｜所見|一、船体其他全般ニ亘リ船底浸水個所ハ應急的處置ヲ施シアル狀況ニシテ多額ノ費用ヲ投シ修理スル價値無ク廢船可然モノト認ム｜」 ("1925 Kumon Remarks Volume 25 Ships: Discarded miscellaneous ships, abolition of use in public property (2); Asian Historical Records Center Ref.C08051372800 Image 33 'Target Ship (Murakumo Kase) Research Report Yoshita Masaki, Chief of Yokosuka Naval Arsenal Investigation of January 30, 1924: Observation 1. It is recognized that the hull and other parts of the hull in general are not worth the cost of repairing the flooded bottom of the hull, and it is not worth spending a lot of money to repair it.′") (in Japanese)
  32. ^ 雑役船廃船 画像29「大正十四年三月十二日 大臣　二月十六日附横鎭第一五九號ノ二上申雜役船廢船ニ關スル件認許ス」 ("Miscellaneous Ship: Stricken Ship Image 29 ′March 12th, 1924, Minister, February 16th, Yokozane No. 159 No. 2, Approval of the issue of the ship's wreckage′") (in Japanese)
  33. ^ 日本海軍史』第9巻・第10巻の「将官履歴」及び『官報』に基づく ("Based on History of General Officers and Official Gazette in Volumes 9 and 10 of History of the Japanese Navy) (in Japanese)
  34. ^ a b 『官報』第1833号、大正7年9月11日 ("Official Gazette No. 1833, September 11, 1917") (in Japanese)

Bibliography

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  • Cocker, Maurice (1983). Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893-1981. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1075-7.
  • Corbett, Julian S. (1994). Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905, Volume II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-129-7.
  • Evans, David (1979). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
  • Gilbert, Martin (1995). First World War. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780006376668. OCLC 1244719073.
  • Halpern, Paul G (1994). A Naval History of World War I. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-498-4.
  • Howarth, Stephen (1983). The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895-1945. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11402-8.
  • Jane, Fred T. (1904). The Imperial Japanese Navy. Thacker, Spink & Co. ASIN: B00085LCZ4.
  • Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Lyon, David (1981). The Thornycroft List. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum.
  • Nelson, Andrew N. (1967). Japanese–English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. ISBN 0-8048-0408-7.
  • Stille, Mark (2016). The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1119-6.
  • Watts, Anthony John (1971). The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-356-03045-8.

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