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1846–47 United States House of Representatives elections

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1846–47 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1844 & 1845 August 2, 1846 – November 2, 1847[a] 1848 & 1849 →
All 230[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives
116 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Robert Winthrop Linn Boyd
Party Whig Democratic
Leader's seat Massachusetts 1st Kentucky 1st
Last election 79 seats 142 seats
Seats won 116 110[b][c]
Seat change Increase 37 Decrease 32
Popular vote 1,033,506 1,124,080
Percentage 44.52% 48.43%
Swing Decrease 0.27% Decrease 1.59%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Know Nothing Independent
Last election 6 seats 0 seats
Seats won 1 3[d]
Seat change Decrease 5 Increase 3
Popular vote 28,198 63,690
Percentage 1.21% 2.74%
Swing Decrease 0.88% Increase 1.49%
Results:
     Democratic hold      Democratic gain
     Whig hold      Whig gain
     Independent gain      Know Nothing hold
Speaker before election

John Davis
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Robert Winthrop
Whig

The 1846–47 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 2, 1846, and November 2, 1847. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 228 elected members representing 29 states took their seats when the first session of the 30th United States Congress convened December 6, 1847. The new states of Iowa and Texas elected their first representatives during this election cycle. These elections were held during President James K. Polk's term.

The Whigs gained 37 seats to win 116 and a change in partisan control, while the rival Democrats lost 30, falling to 112.[e] The Whigs gained seats in the Mid-Atlantic and the South. The nativist and anti-Catholic Native American Party, also known as the Know Nothings, was reduced to one seat. One Independent, Amos Tuck, was elected from New Hampshire.

The Mexican–American War, which the incumbent House had voted overwhelmingly to approve, was the main issue. The war had much stronger voter support in the West, South, and among Democrats than in the East, North, and among Whigs.

It was widely, accurately believed that war with Mexico would be won with large territorial gains. The Wilmot Proviso was the first congressional attempt to address slavery in these projected new territories, by proposing to ban it. Congress rejected the Wilmot Proviso, but not quickly or smoothly. Protracted debate aggravated sectional tensions. The repeated failure of Congress, and later also the President and Supreme Court, over the next decade to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories was a major cause of the Civil War.

This was the last time the Whig Party won a House majority, though candidates opposed to the Democratic Party would win a large majority in the realigning 1854 election. Notable freshmen included Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, elected as a Whig to his only term.

Election summaries

[edit]

The trend toward single-member districts culminated as no multi-member districts featured.

In 1845, partly motivated by the successful 1844 test of the electric telegraph between Washington and Baltimore, Congress established a uniform date for choosing Presidential electors. Gradually, states aligned nearly all elections with this date, though as of this election, only three states had done so.

Two seats were added for the new State of Wisconsin.[1] Wisconsin was unrepresented for most of the first session.

↓
110 2 116
Democratic [f] Whig
State Type Date Total
seats 		Democratic Whig Other
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Elections for new states (Not included in totals below)
Texas District March 30, 1846 2 2 Increase2 0 Steady 0 Steady
Iowa At-large October 26, 1846 2 2 Increase2 0 Steady 0 Steady
General elections
Missouri District[g] August 2, 1846 5 5 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Arkansas At-large August 3, 1846 1 1[h] Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois District August 3, 1846 7 6[i] Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Vermont District September 1, 1846 4 1 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Maine District September 14, 1846 7 6 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Florida At-large October 5, 1846 1 0 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
Georgia District October 5, 1846 8 4 Decrease1 4 Increase1 0 Steady
South Carolina District October 12–13, 1846 7 7 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Ohio District October 13, 1846 21 10 Decrease3 11 Increase3 0 Steady
Pennsylvania District October 13, 1846 24 7 Decrease5 16 Increase6 1[j] Decrease1
Texas District November 2, 1846 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Michigan District November 3, 1846
(Election Day) 		3 3 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
New Jersey District 5 1 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady
New York District 34 11[k] Decrease10 23 Increase14 0 Decrease4
Massachusetts District November 9, 1846 10 0 Steady 10 Steady 0 Steady
Delaware At-large November 10, 1846 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire District[g] March 9, 1847 4[l] 2 Decrease1 1 Increase1 1[m] Increase1
Connecticut District April 5, 1847 4 0 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady
Rhode Island District April 7, 1847 2 1 Increase1 1 Decrease1 0 Steady
Virginia District April 22, 1847 15 9 Decrease5 6 Increase5 0 Steady
Alabama District August 2, 1847 7 5 Decrease1 2 Increase1 0 Steady
Indiana District August 2, 1847 10 6 Decrease2 4 Increase2 0 Steady
Iowa District[g] August 2, 1847 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Kentucky District August 2, 1847 10 4 Increase1 6 Decrease1 0 Steady
Tennessee District August 2, 1847 11 6 Steady 5 Steady 0 Steady
North Carolina District August 5, 1847 9 3 Decrease3 6 Increase3 0 Steady
Maryland District October 6, 1847 6 2 Decrease2 4 Increase2 0 Steady
Mississippi District[g] November 1–2, 1847 4 3 Decrease1 1 Increase1 0 Steady
Louisiana District November 2, 1847 4 3 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Total[b] 228 110[e]
48.7% 		Decrease35 116
50.4% 		Increase38 2
0.9% 		Decrease4
Popular vote
Democratic
 
 48.43%
Independent
 
 2.74%
Know Nothing
 
 1.21%
Whig
 
 44.52%
Others
 
 3.10%
House seats
Democratic
 
 47.81%
Independent
 
 0.88%
Know Nothing
 
 0.44%
Whig
 
 50.88%
Shaded according to winners share of vote

Special elections

[edit]
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia 3 Washington Poe Democratic 1844 Member-elect declined the seat.
New member elected January 5, 1846.
Democratic hold.
Missouri at-large Sterling Price Democratic 1844 Incumbent resigned August 12, 1846 to serve in the Mexican–American War.
New member elected October 31, 1846 and seated December 7, 1846.
Democratic hold.
Successor had not been elected to the next term; see below.
Florida at-large None (New state) Member-elect elected to the Senate.
New member elected October 6, 1845.
Whig gain.
Recount places newly elected member in second place.
Member removed from the seat, and the true victor is seated.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas at-large Archibald Yell Democratic 1836
1840 (retired)
1844 		Incumbent resigned July 1, 1846 to serve in the United States Volunteers.
New member elected December 14, 1846.
Whig gain.
Successor seated February 6, 1847.
Successor had not been elected to the next term; see below.
Illinois 7 Edward D. Baker Whig 1844 Incumbent resigned January 15, 1847 to join the Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
New member elected January 20, 1847 to finish the term.
Whig hold.
Successor had not been a candidate to the next term; see below.
Michigan 2 Edward Bradley Democratic 1846 Incumbent died August 5, 1847.
New member elected November 2, 1847.
Democratic hold.
Louisiana 1
Mississippi 1

Alabama

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Elections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Alabama 1
Alabama 2
Alabama 3
Alabama 4
Alabama 5
Alabama 6
Alabama 7

Arkansas

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

Arkansas elected its sole member August 3, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas at-large Archibald Yell Democratic 1836
1840 (retired)
1844 		Incumbent resigned July 1, 1846 to serve in the United States Volunteers.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Winner was not elected to finish the current term.

Connecticut

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Elections were held April 5, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut 1
Connecticut 2
Connecticut 3
Connecticut 4

Delaware

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

The election was held November 10, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Delaware at-large

Florida

[edit]
Main article: 1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

The election was held October 5, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large William H. Brockenbrough Democratic 1845 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig gain.

Georgia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Elections were held October 5, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia 1
Georgia 2
Georgia 3
Georgia 4
Georgia 5
Georgia 6
Georgia 7
Georgia 8

Illinois

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Elections were held August 3, 1846.

1846 Illinois US House District 7 results by county
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois 1
Illinois 2
Illinois 3
Illinois 4
Illinois 5
Illinois 6
Illinois 7 Edward D. Baker Whig 1844 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig hold.
Incumbent then resigned early, leading to a special election.

Indiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Elections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Indiana 4
Indiana 5
Indiana 6
Indiana 7
Indiana 8
Indiana 9
Indiana 10

Iowa

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa

Elections to the 29th Congress

[edit]

Elections for the new state were held October 26, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa at-large
(2 seats) 		New state New seat.
New member elected October 26, 1846.
Democratic gain.
Winner (Leffler) was later elected in the 2nd district to the next term, see below. 		(Elected on a general ticket)
New state New seat.
New member elected October 26, 1846.
Democratic gain.
Winner (Hastings) would not be a candidate for the next term, see below.

Elections to the 30th Congress

[edit]

Elections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa 1 New seat New district.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Iowa 2 Shepherd Leffler
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected.
S. Clinton Hastings
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1846 Incumbent retired.
Democratic loss.

Kentucky

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Elections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10

Louisiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Elections were held November 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3
Louisiana 4

Maine

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Elections were held September 14, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7

Maryland

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Elections were held October 6, 1847 elections were after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Massachusetts

[edit]
For the elections held in the last cycle that stretched into 1846, see 1844–1846 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts.
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Elections were held November 9, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7 Julius Rockwell Whig 1844 (late) Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8 John Quincy Adams Whig 1830 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 9
Massachusetts 10

Michigan

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

Elections were held November 3, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan 1 Robert McClelland Democratic 1843 Incumbent re-elected.
Michigan 2 John S. Chipman Democratic 1844 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Michigan 3 James B. Hunt Democratic 1843 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Kinsley S. Bingham (Democratic) 49.0%
  • ▌George W. Wisner (Whig) 43.6%
  • ▌William Caulfield (Liberty) 7.4%[15]

Mississippi

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

Elections were held November 1–2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 Jacob Thompson Democratic 1839 Incumbent redistricted from the at-large district.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Jacob Thompson (Democratic) 54.38%
  • ▌Robert Josselyn (Independent Democratic) 45.62%[16]
Mississippi 2 None (new district) New district.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 3 Robert W. Roberts Democratic 1843 Incumbent redistricted from the at-large district.
New member elected.
Whig gain.
Mississippi 4 None (new district) New district.
Democratic gain.

Missouri

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Elections were held August 2, 1846. All five seats remained Democratic. Three of the members retired.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri 1 James B. Bowlin
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected.
Missouri 2 William McDaniel
Redistricted from the at-large district[n] 		Democratic 1846 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
James Hugh Relfe
Redistricted from the at-large district[n] 		Democratic 1842 Incumbent retired.
Democratic loss.
Missouri 3 New district New district.
Democratic gain.
Missouri 4 New district New district.
Democratic gain.
Missouri 5 John S. Phelps
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1844 Incumbent re-elected.
Leonard H. Sims
Redistricted from the at-large district[n] 		Democratic 1844 Incumbent retired.
Democratic loss.

New Hampshire

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

Elections were held March 9, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847. Two of the districts had run-off elections in July 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire 1 Vacant seat due to the failure to elect. New member elected on the second ballot.
Independent gain. 		First ballot (March 9, 1847):

Second ballot (July 8, 1847):
New Hampshire 2 Moses Norris Jr.
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1843 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
New Hampshire 3 Mace Moulton
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1845 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected on the second ballot.
Democratic hold. 		First ballot (March 9, 1847):

Second ballot (July 8, 1847):
New Hampshire 4 James Hutchins Johnson
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Democratic 1845 Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

Elections were held November 3, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Jersey 1
New Jersey 2
New Jersey 3
New Jersey 4
New Jersey 5

New York

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New York

Elections were held November 3, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33
New York 34

North Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

Elections were held August 5, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8
North Carolina 9

Ohio

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Elections were held October 13, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 1
Ohio 2
Ohio 3
Ohio 4
Ohio 5
Ohio 6
Ohio 7
Ohio 8
Ohio 9
Ohio 10
Ohio 11
Ohio 12
Ohio 13
Ohio 14
Ohio 15
Ohio 16
Ohio 17
Ohio 18
Ohio 19
Ohio 20
Ohio 21

Pennsylvania

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Elections were held October 13, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Pennsylvania 1
Pennsylvania 2
Pennsylvania 3
Pennsylvania 4
Pennsylvania 5
Pennsylvania 6
Pennsylvania 7
Pennsylvania 8
Pennsylvania 9
Pennsylvania 10
Pennsylvania 11
Pennsylvania 12
Pennsylvania 13
Pennsylvania 14
Pennsylvania 15
Pennsylvania 16
Pennsylvania 17
Pennsylvania 18
Pennsylvania 19
Pennsylvania 20
Pennsylvania 21
Pennsylvania 22
Pennsylvania 23
Pennsylvania 24

Rhode Island

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

Elections were held April 7, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island 1
Rhode Island 2

South Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

Elections were held October 12–13, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1
South Carolina 2
South Carolina 3
South Carolina 4
South Carolina 5
South Carolina 6
South Carolina 7

Tennessee

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Elections were held August 2, 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Andrew Johnson Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 William M. Cocke Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 John H. Crozier Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4 Alvan Cullom Democratic 1842 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Tennessee 5 George W. Jones Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 6 Barclay Martin Democratic 1845 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Tennessee 7 Meredith P. Gentry Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 Edwin H. Ewing Whig 1845 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig hold.
Tennessee 9 Lucien B. Chase Democratic 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 10 Frederick P. Stanton Democratic 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 11 Milton Brown Whig 1841 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig hold.

Texas

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

29th Congress

[edit]

Elections for the 29th Congress were held in March 1846.[41]

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Texas 1 New state New district.
Democratic gain.
Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.
Texas 2 New state New district.
Democratic gain.
Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.

30th Congress

[edit]

Elections for the 30th United States Congress were held November 2, 1846.[42]

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Texas 1 David S. Kaufman Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected.
Texas 2 Timothy Pilsbury Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected.

Vermont

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Elections were held September 1, 1846.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Vermont 1
Vermont 2
Vermont 3
Vermont 4

Virginia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia

Elections were held April 22, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1
Virginia 2
Virginia 3
Virginia 4
Virginia 5
Virginia 6
Virginia 7
Virginia 8
Virginia 9
Virginia 10
Virginia 11
Virginia 12
Virginia 13
Virginia 14
Virginia 15

Wisconsin Territory

[edit]

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

[edit]
See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives
District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Wisconsin Territory Morgan Lewis Martin Democratic 1844 or 1845[43] Incumbent was not renominated.
New member elected.
Whig gain.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Excludes states admitted during the 30th Congress.
  2. ^ a b c Includes late elections
  3. ^ Includes two congressmen elected as "Locofoco Democrat": Robert W. Johnson from Arkansas's at-large congressional district and William Collins from the 18th District of New York.
  4. ^ Includes two Independent Democrats.
  5. ^ a b Includes 2 Independent Democrats elected to Illinois's 1st congressional district and New York's 17th congressional district – see: Martis, p. 100–101.
  6. ^ There was 1 Know Nothing and 1 Independent.
  7. ^ a b c d Changed from at-large
  8. ^ Robert W. Johnson was elected to AR-AL as a Locofoco Democrat.
  9. ^ Includes Robert Smith, who was elected to IL-01 as an Independent Democrat.
  10. ^ 1 Know Nothing
  11. ^ Includes George Petrie, who was elected to NY-17 as an Independent Democrat.
  12. ^ One seat had been vacant during the entire 29th Congress.
  13. ^ Amos Tuck was elected to NH-01 as an Independent.
  14. ^ a b c Redistricting location speculative[speculation?]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 9 Stat. 58
  2. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Special Election Race - Jan 05, 1846".
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - AR At-Large Race - Dec 14, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - IL District 7-Special Race - Jan 20, 1847".
  5. ^ "MI - District 02 Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1847". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  6. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1006. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  7. ^ "Our Campaigns - IL District 7 Race - Nov 02, 1846".
  8. ^ "Our Campaigns - IA - At Large Race - Oct 26, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  9. ^ "Our Campaigns - IA - District 01 Race - Aug 02, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  10. ^ "Our Campaigns - IA - District 02 Race - Aug 02, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  11. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 Race - Nov 09, 1846". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  12. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 8 Race - Nov 09, 1849". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  13. ^ "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 03, 1846". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  14. ^ "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 03, 1846". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  15. ^ "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 03, 1846". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  16. ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  17. ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  18. ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  19. ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  20. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 1 Race - Aug 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  21. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 2 Race - Aug 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  22. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 3 Race - Aug 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  23. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 4 Race - Aug 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  24. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 5 Race - Aug 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  25. ^ "Our Campaigns - NH District 1 Race - Mar 09, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  26. ^ "Our Campaigns - NH District 1 - Runoff Race - Jul 08, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  27. ^ "Our Campaigns - NH District 2 Race - Mar 09, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  28. ^ "Our Campaigns - NH District 3 Race - Mar 09, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  29. ^ "Our Campaigns - NH District 3 - Runoff Race - Jul 08, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  30. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  31. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  32. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  33. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  34. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  35. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  36. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  37. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  38. ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  39. ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  40. ^ "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  41. ^ Dubin, Michael J. (1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. Publishers. pp. 142–144. ISBN 0-7864-0283-0.
  42. ^ Dubin, Michael J. (1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. Publishers. pp. 147–150. ISBN 0-7864-0283-0.
  43. ^ "Our Campaigns - WI Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 05, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  44. ^ "Our Campaigns - WI Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 05, 1847". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

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