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Timothy Snyder

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For the American mathematician and academic administrator, see Timothy Law Snyder.

Timothy Snyder
Snyder in 2016
Born
Timothy David Snyder

(1969-08-18) August 18, 1969 (age 54)
Ohio, U.S.
Spouse
​
(m. 2005)​
Children2
AwardsAmerican Historical Association's George Louis Beer Award (2003),[1]
Hannah Arendt Prize (2013),
The VIZE 97 Prize (2015)
Academic background
Alma mater
Academic work
Sub-disciplineHistory of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust
Institutions

Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust. He is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna.[2][3]

He has written several books, including Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century, The Road to Unfreedom, and Our Malady. Several of them have been described as best-sellers.[4][5]

Snyder serves on the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Early life and education

[edit]

Snyder was born on August 18, 1969,[6] in the Dayton, Ohio, area, the son of Christine Hadley Snyder, a teacher, accountant, and homemaker, and Estel Eugene Snyder, a veterinarian.[7] Snyder's parents were married in a Quaker ceremony in 1963 in Ohio, and his mother was active in preserving her family farmstead as a Quaker historic site. Snyder attended Centerville High School. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science from Brown University and his doctor of philosophy degree in modern history in 1995 at the University of Oxford while under the supervision of Timothy Garton Ash and Jerzy Jedlicki. He was a Marshall Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1991 to 1994.[8]

Career

[edit]

Snyder held fellowships at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in Paris from 1994 to 1995, the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in Vienna in 1996, the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University in 1997, and was an Academy Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1998 to 2001.

He has been an instructor at the College of Europe Natolin Campus, the Baron Velge Chair at the Université libre de Bruxelles, the Cleveringa Chair at the Leiden University, Philippe Romain Chair at the London School of Economics, and the 2013 René Girard Lecturer at Stanford University.[9][10][11] Prior to assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University.

He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[12] On September 25, 2020, he was named as one of the 25 members of the "Real Facebook Oversight Board", an independent group monitoring Facebook.[13] He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Modern European History and East European Politics and Societies.[14]

For the academic year 2013–2014, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science.[15]

Works

[edit]

Snyder has written fifteen books and co-edited two. Snyder reads five European languages and speaks ten, enabling easier use of primary and archival sources in Germany and Central Europe during his research.[16] Snyder has stressed that knowing other languages is very important for his field, saying "If you don't know Russian, you don't really know what you're missing."[17]

Early works

[edit]

Snyder's first book was the 1998 Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz. It is a study in nationalism through the analysis of the life of Polish thinker Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz.[18]

In 2003, he published The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. It focuses on the last few hundred years of history of several Central and Eastern European countries.[19][20]

In 2005, he published Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. That book is a study on the interwar history of the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Ukraine through the prism of the life of Henryk Józewski.[21]

In 2008, he published The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. The book is an analysis of the life of Wilhelm von Habsburg.[22]

Bloodlands

[edit]

In 2010, Snyder published Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. It was a best seller[23] and has been translated into 30 languages.[24][14] In an interview with Slovene historian Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič in 2016, Snyder described the book as an attempt to overcome the limitations of national history in explaining the political crimes perpetrated in Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s:

The point of Bloodlands was that we hadn't noticed a major event in European history: the fact 13 million civilians were murdered for political reasons in a rather confined space over a short period of time. The question of the book was: 'How this could have happened?' We have some history of Soviet terror, of the Holocaust, of the Ukrainian famine, of the German reprisals against the civilians. But all of these crimes happened in the same places in a short time span, so why not treat them as a single event and see if they can be unified under a meaningful narrative.[25]

Bloodlands received reviews ranging from highly critical to "rapturous".[26][27] In assessing these reviews, Jacques Sémelin described it as one of those books that "change the way we look at a period in history".[27] Sémelin noted that some historians have criticized the chronological construction of events, the arbitrary geographical delimitation, Snyder's numbers on victims and violence, and a lack of focus on interactions between different actors.[27] Omer Bartov wrote that "the book presents no new evidence and makes no new arguments",[28] and in a highly critical review Richard Evans wrote that, because of its lack of causal argument, "Snyder's book is of no use", and that Snyder "hasn't really mastered the voluminous literature on Hitler's Germany", which "leads him into error in a number of places" regarding the politics of Nazi Germany.[29] On the other hand, Wendy Lower wrote that it was a "masterful synthesis",[30] John Connelly called it "morally informed scholarship of the highest calibre",[31] and Christopher Browning described it as "stunning".[26] The journal Contemporary European History published a special forum on the book in 2012, featuring reviews by Mark Mazower, Dan Diner, Thomas Kühne, and Jörg Baberowski, as well as an introduction and response by Snyder.[32]

Later works

[edit]

Snyder's 2012 book Thinking the Twentieth Century was co-authored with Tony Judt while Judt was in the late stages of ALS disease. The book is based primarily on material by Judt, edited by Snyder. It presents Judt's view on the history of the twentieth century.[33][34]

Snyder published Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning in 2015. The book, offering a "radically new explanation" of the Holocaust,[35] received mixed reviews.[26]

In 2017, he published On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century, a short book about how to prevent a democracy from becoming a tyranny, with a focus on modern United States politics and on what he called "America's turn towards authoritarianism".[36][37] The book topped The New York Times Best Seller list for paperback nonfiction in 2017 [23] and remained on bestseller lists as late as 2021.[38][39] On Tyranny has been featured in a rap song [40] and in poster exhibitions.[41][42]

In 2018, he published The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. That book explores Russian attempts to influence Western democracies and the influence of philosopher Ivan Ilyin on Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian Federation in general.[43][44][45]

In 2020, he published a book on the American health care system, Our Malady.[46]

Snyder has published essays in publications such as the International Herald Tribune, The Nation, Foreign Affairs,[47] New York Review of Books,[48] The New York Times,[49] The Times Literary Supplement, The New Republic, Eurozine, Tygodnik Powszechny, the Chicago Tribune, and The Christian Science Monitor.

Views

[edit]

Although primarily a scholar of twentieth century Eastern European history, in the mid-2010s Snyder became interested in U.S. history, contemporary politics, international relations, digital politics, health, and education. He has said that the defunding of departments of history and the humanities since the supposed post-Soviet end of history have led to a society without the "concepts and references" or structural tools to discuss eroding factors such as modern forms of populism.[50] In interviews with The Guardian for the article "Putin, Trump, Ukraine: how Timothy Snyder became the leading interpreter of our dark times",[37] Snyder described history as "a constant, exciting discovery of things that actually happened, which weren't anticipated and which were probably considered wildly improbable at the time. (…) And once you know that, then you can have the intuition that, well, maybe in this moment right now there's something happening which people aren't seeing." Drawing on the lessons of European history, Snyder brought into American political discussion the terms big lie, in reference to Donald Trump's claim that he won the 2020 election,[51][52][53] and memory laws, to describe Republican state legislators' bills designed to guide and control American understanding of the past, in some cases affirming free speech while banning divisive speech.[54][55]

Views on Putin's Russia

[edit]
External videos
video icon Ukraine: From Propaganda to Reality, Chicago Humanities Festival, 57:35, November 14, 2014

Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, and the bombing of its energy infrastructure, Snyder has spoken and written widely on the history of Ukraine and its worldwide importance for democracy, on the disastrous geopolitical effects of the invasion, and on the need for other nations and individuals to stand for the protection of territory belonging to that state. Snyder has said "The fact that we have democracies at all is kind of remarkable", that democracy means that "the people have to rule, and they have to want to rule", warning against reliance on larger historical forces to bring democracy about.[56]

Snyder in Lviv, Ukraine, September 2014

Snyder launched a $1.25m crowdfunding to upgrade Ukraine's air defense.[57][58] According to Snyder, the only way to end the war is for Putin's Russia to "win by losing", because only if Ukraine wins will it be possible for the dictator to leave the scene, and for the country to start a democratic process that will benefit Russia itself. Snyder is on the list of 200 Americans barred from entering Russian territory, under sanctions announced by the Russian government in November 2022.[59]

In 2015, Snyder delivered a series of lectures in Kyiv, Dnipro, and Kharkiv. The lectures, which were delivered in Ukrainian, were open to the public and focused on Snyder's historical research as well as the contemporary political situation in Ukraine.[60]

In The Road to Unfreedom, Snyder argues that Vladimir Putin's government in Russia is authoritarian, and that it uses fascist ideas in its rhetoric.[61] In December 2018, during a discussion with a fellow historian of Eastern Europe, John Connelly, Snyder referred to this as schizo-fascism:

fascist ideas have come to Russia at a historical moment, three generations after the Second World War, when it's impossible for Russians to think of themselves as fascist. The entire meaning of the war in Soviet education was as an anti-fascist struggle, where the Russians are on the side of the good and the fascists are the enemy. So there's this odd business, which I call in the book "schizo-fascism", where people who are themselves unambiguously fascists refer to others as fascists.[62]

On June 20, 2017, a discussion on Germany's historical responsibility toward Ukraine was held in the German Parliament.

Snyder has drawn the parallel between Hitler's rationale for territorial expansion and that of Putin. He predicted Russia's invasion of Crimea, outlining specific threats of an invasion in the New York Times op-ed "Don't Let Putin Grab Ukraine" on February 3, 2014, and said that Putin's rhetoric resembles Hitler's to the point of plagiarism: both claimed that a neighboring democracy was somehow tyrannical, both appealed to imaginary violations of minority rights as a reason to invade, both argued that a neighboring nation did not really exist and that its state was illegitimate.[63]

Marlène Laruelle commented [26] that "Contrary to [Snyder's] claims, the Kremlin does not live in an ideological world inspired by Nazi Germany, but in one in which the Yalta decades, the Gorbachev-Yeltsin years, and the collapse of the Soviet Union still constitute the main historical referents and traumas."[64]

On March 14, 2023, Snyder briefed the United Nations Security Council in a meeting called by Russia to address Russophobia. Snyder said that the term "Russophobia" was used by Russia to justify its war crimes in Ukraine, and that harm done to Russians and Russian culture is primarily due to Moscow's own policies and actions, which resulted in driving Russian emigration following the invasion, suppression of independent media, attacks on cultural assets and landmarks, and mass killings of Russian speakers and citizens. After he was challenged by the Russian representative, Vasily Nebenzya, for sources, Snyder referred to Putin's statements denying the existence of Ukraine.[65]

Views on Ukraine

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Snyder has written six books on Ukraine [66] and in 2022, to explain the origins and course of the Russo-Ukrainian war, he made his Yale lecture series The Making of Modern Ukraine available to the general public on YouTube [67] and as a podcast series [68] along with the syllabus and reading list.[69] The course had been viewed by millions by November 2022.[70] He has spoken[71] and written about the war in the press and he publishes history and commentary on his Substack platform as "Thinking About…"[72]

Olena Zelenska, First Lady of Ukraine, met with Snyder to discuss the mental health and resilience of Ukrainians at the Yalta European Strategy Annual Meeting in September 2023.[73]

Views on the Trump presidency

[edit]

Asked in early 2017 how the agenda of the Trump administration compared with Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Snyder said that history "does not repeat. But it does offer us examples and patterns, and thereby enlarges our imaginations and creates more possibilities for anticipation and resistance".[74] Elaborating in 2021 on the resonance of Nazi history within Donald Trump's claim to a landslide victory, Snyder recalled the German Reich's "stab in the back" lie that its army did not really lose the First World War, but rather, Jews and left-wingers betrayed "true Germans" on the home front, leading to defeat. This lie, when repeated and expanded by Hitler to a claim that Jews were responsible for everything that is wrong, fueled anti-Semitism and led to the Holocaust.[75] Trump's "big lie" tears the very fabric of factuality, said Snyder, echoing Hannah Arendt, by denying verifiable reality and forcing believers to accept an illogical premise that Democrats rigged the 2020 election only for the presidency and not for members of Congress. It requires adoption of a conspiracy theory in which everyone is against the believer, and the high stakes of the lie demand action including violence.[76]

In a May 2017 interview with Salon, he warned that the Trump administration would attempt to subvert democracy by declaring a state of emergency and take full control of the government, similar to Hitler's Reichstag fire: "it's pretty much inevitable that they will try".[77] He repeated the warning in Commonweal on November 2, 2020: "The plan is not to win the popular (or even the electoral) vote, but rather to stay in power some other way."[78] According to Snyder, "Trump's campaign for president of the United States was basically a Russian operation."[79] Snyder also warned that Trump's lies would lead to tyranny, as democracy is impossible in a society divided between true believers and everyone else, asserting that the only cure is truth.[79][80]

In January 2021 Snyder published an essay in The New York Times on the future of the GOP in response to the siege of the United States Capitol, blaming Trump and his "enablers", Senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley, for the insurrection fueled by their claims of election fraud, writing that "the breakers have an even stronger reason to see Trump disappear: It is impossible to inherit from someone who is still around. Seizing Trump's big lie might appear to be a gesture of support. In fact, he observed, a big lie can survive the liar, and in the case of Cruz and Hawley, it expresses a wish for Trump's political death."[81][82]

Views on threats to democracy and pursuit of freedom

[edit]

Snyder likened NBC's pre-2024 election hiring of former Republican National Committee chair Ronna McDaniel to the anticipatory obedience he described in his book On Tyranny: "Most of the power of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these, individuals think ahead about what a more repressive government will want, and then offer themselves without being asked." In an interview with NBC's sister station MSNBC, he cited McDaniel's role in trying to disassemble our democracy and said: “What NBC is doing is saying, ‘Well, [it] could be that in ’24 our entire system will break down. Could be we’ll have an authoritarian leader. Oh, but look, we’ve made this adjustment in advance because we’ve brought into the middle of NBC somebody who has already taken part in an attempt to take our system down,’" adding, "If you are going to be on American media, you should be somebody who believes there is something called truth, there are things called facts and you can pursue them."[83]

On April 10, 2024, Snyder joined with over 35 musicians, actors, thinkers, historians, entrepreneurs, and diplomats in an appeal[84] to Congress for aid to Ukraine in defense of democracy and in the fight “for our safety and for everyone’s freedom.” The open letter states that Ukrainian resistance to Russian dictatorship protects the international order, makes other wars in Europe impossible, and supports American interests, deterring China without provoking Beijing.

In response to a request from the United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Timothy Snyder provided written and oral testimony[85][86] for the April 17, 2024 session: “Defending America from the Chinese Communist Party’s Political Warfare, Part I.” Snyder urged Congress to understand political warfare as "someone else trying to get you to do something you ought not to." He emphasized the role Americans play in the efforts of hostile foreign powers to exploit domestic weaknesses using divisive propaganda intended to show that democracy is impotent, hypocritical, and not worth defending. These messages are successful only when echoed by politicians, billionaires and other citizens, some unknowingly, but against their own self-interest. Financial vulnerability of politicians is an opening for psychological operations by hostile actors as it renders targets susceptible to manipulation by their foreign patrons. Political warfare conducted by authoritarian regimes where corruption is normal promotes messages that aim to normalize corruption externally in America and elsewhere.

Snyder asserted the centrality of the war in Ukraine to the general problem of political warfare. In this war, international order, the reputation of democracy and alliance structures are all at stake. While Americans may not see the connections, Beijing and Taiwan are clear that Ukraine’s self-defense deters Chinese aggression in the Pacific. He described the increasing conformity of Chinese propaganda methods and themes with those used by Russian disinformation campaigns designed to promote American inaction and interfere with elections, backing candidates most likely to support authoritarian regimes. Common tropes are: Ukrainians are Nazis, the Ukraine war is all about NATO enlargement, Ukraine is corrupt, democracy is powerless to do anything about Ukraine, Americans should pay attention to the border and not do anything about Ukraine, and Joseph Biden has accepted bribes.

In written testimony and during the oral hearings, Snyder and members of Congress gave examples of Marjorie Taylor Greene, J.D. Vance, and Donald Trump publicly promoting foreign propaganda tropes. Snyder responded directly to Greene’s oral testimony suggesting significant Nazi influence in Ukraine with the fact that no far-right party in Ukraine has ever gotten more than 3% of a national vote. Anyone sincerely looking for fascism should note openly Nazi formations in the Russian military, Russia’s explicit policy of destroying the Ukrainian state, deportation of tens of thousands of children, and mass torture.

Snyder explained that availability of propaganda memes and messages from outlets like X (Twitter) obviates the need for direct contact between the Americans who spread them and the foreign actors and their media outlets who source them originally. When government or self-policing of hostile foreign propaganda by social media has been attempted, it is successful, but X (Twitter), notably, has refused to self-regulate.

Personal life

[edit]

In 1994, Snyder married fellow academic Milada Vachudova, with whom he also collaborated on scholarly work.[87][88] Snyder's second marriage was in 2005 to Marci Shore, a professor of European cultural and intellectual history at Yale University. The couple have two children together and reside in New Haven, Connecticut.[89][90]

In December 2019, Snyder fell seriously ill following a series of medical misdiagnoses. While recuperating through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote Our Malady: Lessons in Liberty from a Hospital Diary, about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the USA, and the coronavirus response so far.[52][91]

Charity

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On November 2, 2022, Timothy Snyder became the tenth ambassador of UNITED24.[92] He has set up a fundraiser to collect donations for a system to counter Russian unmanned aerial vehicles in Ukraine, and thereby to protect Ukraine's critical infrastructure.[37][93] He also launched the "Documenting Ukraine" project to support journalists, scholars, artists, public intellectuals, and archivists based in Ukraine in their efforts to create a factual record of the war.[94]

Starting in November 2023, Snyder will lead 90 scholars in the "Ukrainian History Global Initiative" to study Ukraine and its history. The initiative is a charitable foundation that will include disciplines beyond history and sponsor three major academic conferences, various publications, and archaeological excavations.[95][96]

Awards

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State Decorations and Orders

Honorary Doctorates

Selected works

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ George Louis Beer Prize Archived September 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine American Historical Association (homepage), Retrieved November 30, 2012
  2. ^ "Timothy Snyder | Department of History". history.yale.edu. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  3. ^ Ian Kershaw and Timothy Snyder to be honoured with Leipzig Book Prize for European Understanding 2012 Leipzig.de, January 16, 2012 Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Gonzales, Susan (October 21, 2017). "One Yale historian, two NYT bestsellers". Yale News. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  5. ^ "Timothy Snyder Books". timothysnyder.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  6. ^ "Library of Congress Authorities". LCNAF Cataloging in Publication data – LC Control Number: no 98080445. LOC. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  7. ^ Estel Eugene Snyder and Christine Hadley Snyder. Crown. September 8, 2015. ISBN 978-1-101-90346-9. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2017 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ "Timothy Snyder Receives 2011 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award" Archived December 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, December 5, 2011
  9. ^ "Professor Timothy Snyder". Yale University. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  10. ^ "Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands, to speak at Stanford on March 13". Stanford University. March 6, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  11. ^ "Timothy Snyder". London School of Economics. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  12. ^ "Department of History – Timothy Snyder". Yale University. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  13. ^ "The Citizens". September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  14. ^ a b "Best-selling author, historian Timothy Snyder to deliver W. Bruce Lincoln lecture Sept. 19" Archived January 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Northern Illinois University; retrieved October 3, 2012
  15. ^ "Timothy Snyder – Individual Bios – People – IDEAS – Home". Lse.ac.uk. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  16. ^ "A review of 'On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century'". Daily Kos. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  17. ^ "Timothy Snyder, interviewed by 'Prospero' Archived January 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The Economist (Books), June 2011
  18. ^ Blejwas, Stanislaus A. (1998). "Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1872–1905). By Timothy Snyder. Harvard Papers in Ukrainian Studies. Cambridge: Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, 1997. Dist. Harvard University Press, xxv, 321 pp. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Photographs. Maps. $18.00, paper". Slavic Review. 57 (4): 892–893. doi:10.2307/2501061. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2501061.
  19. ^ Porter, Brian (2005). "The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. By Timothy Snyder. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. xvi, 367 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Figures. Tables. Maps. $35.00, hard bound". Slavic Review. 64 (1): 166–167. doi:10.2307/3650072. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 3650072. S2CID 164557521.
  20. ^ Himka, John-Paul (February 2004). "Reviews of Books:The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 Timothy Snyder". The American Historical Review. 109 (1): 280. doi:10.1086/530310. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 10.1086/530310.
  21. ^ Brown, Kate (December 1, 2006). "Timothy Snyder. Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2005. Pp. xxiii, 347. $35.00Reviews of BooksEurope: Early Modern and Modern". The American Historical Review. 111 (5): 1629–1630. doi:10.1086/ahr.111.5.1629. ISSN 0002-8762.
  22. ^ Wandycz, Piotr S. (May 13, 2009). "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke (review)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 11 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.117. ISSN 1531-3298. S2CID 57560470.
  23. ^ a b Gonzales, Susan (October 21, 2017). "One Yale historian, two NYT bestsellers". Yale News. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  24. ^ "Bloodlands Editions". goodreads. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  25. ^ "Beware the destruction of the State. An Interview with Timothy Snyder". Eurozine. September 9, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d "The Bleak Prophecy of Timothy Snyder". The Chronicle of Higher Education. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  27. ^ a b c Sémelin, Jacques (February 14, 2013). "Timothy Snyder and his Critics". Books & Ideas. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  28. ^ Bartov, Omer (2010). "Review of "Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin"" (PDF). Slavic Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  29. ^ Evans, Richard J. (November 4, 2010). "Who Remembers the Poles?". London Review of Books. 32 (21). Archived from the original on July 26, 2020.
  30. ^ Lower, Wendy (May 9, 2011). "Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin". Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (1–2): 165–167. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.561952. S2CID 30363015.
  31. ^ Connely, John (September 26, 2011). "Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin". Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (3): 313–352. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.606703. S2CID 72891599.
  32. ^ "Forum: Timothy Snyder's Bloodlands". Contemporary European History. May 2012.
  33. ^ "The Liveliest Mind in New York". New York. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  34. ^ Ascherson, Neal (February 2, 2012). "Thinking the Twentieth Century by Tony Judt – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  35. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (September 7, 2015). "Timothy Snyder's 'Black Earth' Puts Holocaust, and Himself, in Spotlight". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  36. ^ Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (October 2, 2019). "'A presidency of one': Key federal agencies increasingly compelled to benefit Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  37. ^ a b c Baird, Robert P (March 30, 2023). "Putin, Trump, Ukraine: how Timothy Snyder became the leading interpreter of our dark times". The Guardian. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  38. ^ Juris, Carolyn (January 22, 2021). "This Week's Bestsellers: January 25, 2021". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  39. ^ "Washington Post paperback bestsellers". The Washington Post. February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  40. ^ donGURALesko (May 18, 2019). "LATAJĄCE RYBY". YouTube. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  41. ^ Stav Ziv (April 20, 2017). "Inside one historian's attempt to prevent tyranny in America". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  42. ^ "Smith Gallery to open two new exhibits September 1". App State College of Fine and Applied Arts. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  43. ^ Lucas, Edward (March 24, 2018). "Review: The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America by Timothy Snyder — why the West is losing to Putin". The Times. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  44. ^ "Understand Putin by understanding his favourite thinkers". The Economist. April 5, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  45. ^ Adams, Tim (April 15, 2018). "The Road to Unfreedom by Timothy Snyder review – chilling and unignorable". The Guardian. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  46. ^ "Review | Arguing for a right to life, liberty, happiness, and health care". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  47. ^ Timothy Snyder (September 6, 2022). "Ukraine Holds the Future – The War Between Democracy and Nihilism". No. September/October 2022. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023.
  48. ^ "List of articles by Snyder in The New York Review of Books". Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  49. ^ Timothy Snyder (May 19, 2022). "We should say it. Russia is fascist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  50. ^ "Has the threat of Trump really gone? – Timothy Snyder". Channel 4 News, January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021
  51. ^ Timothy Snyder (January 9, 2021). "The American Abyss". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  52. ^ a b Timothy Snyder (November 11, 2020). "Trump's big election lie pushes America toward autocracy". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  53. ^ MSNBC, Rachel Maddow (January 7, 2022). "'Lies lead to violence': Snyder on the Big Lie's toxic cycle". Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  54. ^ Charles Pierce (July 9, 2021). "Timothy Snyder Is Exactly Right: American Conservatives Are Seeking Their Own 'Memory Laws'". Esquire. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  55. ^ Timothy Snyder (June 29, 2021). "The War on History Is a War on Democracy". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  56. ^ Sean Illing (June 21, 2022). "Ukraine and the problem of "futurelessness". Historian Timothy Snyder on the war in Ukraine and the future of democracy". Vox Conversatons. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  57. ^ "A fundraiser that will make history". u24.gov.ua. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  58. ^ "American historian Timothy Snyder becomes an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform, launching the 'Shahed Hunter' fundraiser". President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  59. ^ Rankin, Jennifer (November 28, 2022). "'Russia wins by losing': Timothy Snyder on raising funds for Ukrainian drone defence". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
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  73. ^ @olena_zelenska (September 10, 2023). "Olena Zalenska on Healing Ukraine: Rehabilitation and Mental Health at YES 2023" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  74. ^ Snyder, Timothy (February 7, 2017). "We have at most a year to defend American democracy, perhaps less" (Interview). Matthias Kolb. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  75. ^ Zakaria, Fareed (January 16, 2021). "What "big lies" lead to". CNN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
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  78. ^ Timothy Snyder. "Not a Normal Election". Commonweal. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
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  84. ^ "Opinion: Congress must let Ukraine win, say Barbra Streisand, Sean Penn, Imagine Dragons, Timothy Snyder and other luminaries". CNN. April 10, 2024. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  85. ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Testimony to Oversight Committee "Defending America from the Chinese Communist Party's Political Warfare, Part I"" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2024.
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  87. ^ "Marriages/Unions" (PDF). Friends Journal. Vol. 41, no. 3. March 1995. p. 38. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2023.
  88. ^ Vachudová, Milada Anna; Snyder, Tim (1996). "Are Transitions Transitory? Two Types of Political Change in Eastern Europe Since 1989". East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures. 11 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1177/0888325497011001001. ISSN 0888-3254.
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