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Cuban crocodile

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Cuban crocodile
Temporal range: Pleistocene–Present, 2.6–0 Ma[1]
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At Zapata Swamp, Matanzas Province, Cuba
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Crocodylidae
Genus: Crocodylus
Species:
C. rhombifer
Binomial name
Crocodylus rhombifer
Cuvier, 1807
Cuban crocodile range
Synonyms
  • Crocodylus pristinus Leidy
  • Crocodylus antillensis Varona

The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) is a small-medium species of crocodile endemic to Cuba. Typical length is 2.1–2.3 m (6.9–7.5 ft) and typical weight 70–80 kg (150–180 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh more than 215 kg (474 lb). Despite its smaller size, it is a highly aggressive animal (one of the most territorial of all crocodilians), and potentially dangerous to humans.

The Cuban crocodile is of interest to biologists for its unique physical and behavioral traits. Long- and strong-legged, it is the most terrestrial of extant crocodiles. Its preferred habitat comprises freshwater and brackish water environments, such as mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, estuaries, marshes, floodplains, and river deltas. There, the adults feed on fish, turtles and small mammals, while the young eat invertebrates and smaller fish. Mating occurs between May and July. Captive animals have displayed cooperative hunting behavior, and can be taught tricks, suggesting intelligence.

The Cuban crocodile is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Once spread across the Caribbean, its range has dwindled to including only the Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud, due to hunting by humans. Captive breeding projects are in place to help the species recover. The species fossil record reveals it had at one point a greater range, with fossil remains being found in The Bahamas,[4] Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic), and the Cayman Islands.[5]

Taxonomy

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The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas,[6] although an Australasian origin has also been considered.[7] Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative (the extinct Voay of Madagascar) around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.[6]

Below is a cladogram utilizing data from a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates, simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data,[8] as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.[6]

Crocodylinae

Voay†

Crocodylus
Asia+Australia

Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile

Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile

Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile

Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile

Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile

Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile

Africa+New World

Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile

Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile

New World

Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile

Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile

Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile

Crocodylus acutus American crocodile

Characteristics

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Cuban crocodile

The Cuban crocodile has numerous characteristics that set it apart from other crocodilians, such as its brighter adult colors, rougher, more 'pebbled' scales, and long, strong legs. This is a small to mid-sized crocodilian. Typical adults were found to have measured 2.1 to 2.73 m (6 ft 11 in – 8 ft 11 in) in length and weighed 70 to 120 kg (150 to 260 lb).[9][10] Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh 215 kg (474 lb) or more.[11] Three individuals measuring 1.87 to 2.46 m (6 ft 2 in – 8 ft 1 in) and weighing 30–65 kg (66–143 lb) had a bite force of 1,392–3,127 N (313–703 lbf).[12]

Distribution and habitat

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Today, the Cuban crocodile can only be found in Cuba's Zapata Swamp and Isla de la Juventud, where it is highly endangered. It formerly ranged elsewhere in the Caribbean; fossils of this species have been found in the Cayman Islands,[13] The Bahamas[14][15] and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic).[16]

The Cuban crocodile appears to favor freshwater habitat such as swamps, marshes, and rivers and rarely swims in saltwater.[17]

Biology and behavior

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This species has been observed to display peculiar behavior not observed in other crocodilians. A colony of this species has exhibited what is strongly suspected to be pack-hunting behavior, which may explain the predation of prehistoric megafauna that coexisted with this species, such as giant Caribbean sloths and giant West Indian tortoises. The behavior has prompted much interest in the species, usually kept singly (especially so after such reports).[18] This species is also the most terrestrial of the crocodiles, with reduced webbing between digits on the hind feet and no webbing on the front feet. C. rhombifer exhibits highly intelligent behaviour unusual for crocodilians.[19]

Hunting and diet

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Small fish, arthropods, and crustaceans make up the diet of young Cuban crocodiles. Adults of the species feed mostly upon small mammals, fish, and turtles. They have blunt rear teeth, which aid in crushing the shells of their turtle prey. Cuban crocodiles also demonstrate the jumping feeding technique seen in other crocodilians, such as the American alligator. By thrusting with their powerful tails, they can leap from the water and snatch small animals from overhanging branches.[20] The Cuban crocodile, while not a particularly large species, is often regarded as the most aggressive New World crocodile[21] and is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile in areas where the two species coexist.[22] Data regarding attacks on humans are limited, but occurrences are likely rare given the species' very small distribution area and separation from human populations. Despite its reported aggression, there is only a single known fatal human attack by this species: an elderly man who was attacked and killed in 1995 while spearfishing in the Zapata Swamp.[23][24]

Specimen at Zoo Miami

Reproduction

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The mating season of the Cuban crocodile is between the months of May and July.[25] This is thought to be related to environmental changes, such as rainfall and temperature.[26] In the wild, crocodiles will nest in wet marshes; where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material.[26] In captivity, crocodiles will create mounds. During the nesting period, the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30–40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58–70 days.[25] Hatching can occur from late August to early September. Due to the predation of humans, raccoons, and other animals, many eggs will not hatch. At birth, hatchlings are approximately 2–3 inches in length, and are 1/4th of a pound in weight.[26] As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile's offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest. In conservation, the eggs are kept in incubators that provide a constant environment of 32 degrees Celsius in order to produce males.[26] Cuban crocodiles are an aggressive species and are known to have performed acts of cannibalism. This is a contributing cause for the majority of offspring not surviving to the juvenile stage. In 2012, two Cuban crocodile hatchlings were born in conservation at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.[27] This was the first time in 25 years that the Cuban crocodile had been successfully bred at this zoo.[27]

Conservation

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The Cuban crocodile is a critically endangered species, listed on CITES appendix 1. Its restricted habitat and range make it very vulnerable. Humans have hunted this species to near extinction. Much research remains to be done on the remaining wild populations. The species is represented in captivity in Europe, the United States,[28][29] and in at least one zoo in India,[30][31][32] where breeding projects are taking place.

Hybridization with the American crocodile also represents a significant threat to the Cuban crocodile. [20][33]The loss of the unique genetic and behavioral characteristics of this species is increasingly significant. Genetic analysis has found that a high percentage of wild Cuban crocodiles (49.1%) and captive Cuban crocodiles (16.1%) are hybrids with the more abundant American crocodile[34]

Two famous Cuban crocodiles reside in the Skansen Aquarium in Sweden. The crocodiles, named Castro and Hillary, were previously owned by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, before giving them away to the cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov in 1978. When Shatalov could no longer take care of the crocodiles, they were given to the Moscow Zoo, which in turn gifted them to the Skansen aquarium in 1981. The crocodile couple has produced numerous young since 1984.[35][36] One of the crocodiles was involved in an attack on a human in 2019 who held his arm over the enclosure during a crayfish party. The man survived but his arm was critically injured and had to be amputated.[35][37]

The largest Cuban Crocodile breeding farm in the world is Zapata Swamp Crocodile Breeding Farm. [38] It was suggested that 145 4-month old crocodiles bred at the farm were killed by feral cats in 2022, following an investigation by two biologists who manage the farm. [39]

References

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  1. ^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
  2. ^ McMahan, W., Targarona, R., Soberon, R. & Alonso Tabet, M. (2022). "Crocodylus rhombifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T5670A130856048. Retrieved 14 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ "THE CUBAN CROCODILE (CROCODYLUS RHOMBIFER)FROM LATE QUATERNARY FOSSIL DEPOSITS IN THE BAHAMAS AND CAYMAN ISLANDS" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier 1807 (Cuban crocodile)". PBDB.
  6. ^ a b c Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
  7. ^ Oaks, Jamie R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution. 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. S2CID 7254442.
  8. ^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
  9. ^ Larsson, Hans-Ove (2007). "Breeding the Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer at Skansen Aquarium". International Zoo Yearbook. 28: 110–113. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03263.x.
  10. ^ Palmer, Jamie L.; Nieto-Claudín, Ainoa; Rodriguez, Gustavo Sosa; Fleitas, Etiam Perez; Augustine, Lauren; Deem, Sharon L. (July 2023). "Hematology and Blood Chemistry Values in Cuban Crocodiles (Crocodylus Rhombifer) Housed at the Zapata Swamp Crocodile Farm, Cuba". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 54 (2): 301–309. doi:10.1638/2022-0047. ISSN 1042-7260. PMID 37428692.
  11. ^ "FLOG » history". Archived from the original on 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  12. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2012). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
  13. ^ Morgan, Gary; Franz, Richard; Ronald Crombie (1993). "The Cuban Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer, from Late Quaternary Fossil Deposits on Grand Cayman" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 29 (3–4): 153–164.
  14. ^ Franz, Richard; Morgan, G; Albury, N; Buckner, S (1995). "Fossil skeleton of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from a blue hole on Abaco, Bahamas". Caribbean Journal of Science. 31 (1–2): 149–152.
  15. ^ Steadman, D. W.; et al. (2007-12-11). "Exceptionally well preserved late Quaternary plant and vertebrate fossils from a blue hole on Abaco, The Bahamas". PNAS. 104 (50): 19897–19902. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10419897S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709572104. PMC 2148394. PMID 18077421.
  16. ^ Gary S. Morgan; Nancy A. Albury; Renato Rímoli; Phillip Lehman; Alfred L. Rosenberger; Siobhán B. Cooke (2018). "The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary underwater cave deposits in the Dominican Republic". American Museum Novitates (3916): 1–56. doi:10.1206/3916.1. hdl:2246/6920. S2CID 92375498.
  17. ^ "Cuban crocodile". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  18. ^ Alexander, Marc (2006-01-01). "Last of the Cuban crocodile?". Americas (English Edition). Organization of American States. ISSN 0379-0940. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  19. ^ ""Smart Reptiles"". Dragons Alive. BBC, Animal Planet. Crocodiles are known to respond to various sounds but the way these Cuban crocs react to training illustrates a different level of intelligence.
  20. ^ a b "Crocodilian Species - Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer)". crocodilian.com. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  21. ^ "Mark O'Shea - the Official Website".
  22. ^ "Crocodile Specialist Group - Crocodylus rhombifer". Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  23. ^ "Crocodile Specialist Group - Crocodylus rhombifer - Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan". iucncsg.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  24. ^ CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: Cuban crocodile, 2 June 1995. Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia.
  25. ^ a b Kristen, P. (2001). Crocodylus Rhombifer. Retrieved from Animal Diversity Web : .http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Crocodylus_rhombifer/
  26. ^ a b c d Ramos Taragon, R. S. (2010). Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer). In S. M. C.Stevenson, Crocodiles Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (pp. 114-118). Crocodile Specialist Group : Darwin .
  27. ^ a b Press., A. (2012, July 20). After decades, Cuban Crocodiles Born At D.C Zoo. Retrieved from CBS Baltimore: http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2012/07/20/after-decades-cuban-crocodiles-born-at-dc-zoo/
  28. ^ "Cuban Crocodile | Saint Louis Zoo". www.stlzoo.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  29. ^ "Endangered Cuban crocodiles released into the wild". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  30. ^ "Crocodiles are affected by low frequency vibrations". www.downtoearth.org.in. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  31. ^ "Endangered Crocodile Dies From Shock and Stress Due to Loud Bass Music · Guardian Liberty Voice". Guardian Liberty Voice. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  32. ^ Staff Reporter (2019-04-05). "Croc death sparks concerns over noise levels from resort". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  33. ^ Weaver, J. P.; Rodriguez, D.; Venegas-Anaya, M.; Cedeño-Vázquez, J. R.; Forstner, M. R. J.; Densmore, L. D. III (2008). "Genetic characterization of captive Cuban crocodiles (Crocodylus rhombifer) and evidence of hybridization with the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 309A (10): 649–660. Bibcode:2008JEZA..309..649W. doi:10.1002/jez.471. PMID 18646197.
  34. ^ Crane, Brent (October 17, 2017). "Saving the Endangered Cuban Crocodile". Scientific American. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  35. ^ a b Amy Woodyatt (21 August 2019). "Fidel Castro's crocodile bites man at aquarium party". CNN. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
  36. ^ "Kubakrokodil". Skansen-Akvariet (in Swedish). 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
  37. ^ "Krokodilen bet av Lars arm" (in Swedish). 13 September 2019.
  38. ^ Tien, C. (2024, May 10). Feral cats ate critically endangered baby crocodiles in Cuba, study suggests. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/animals/feral-cats-ate-critically-endangered-baby-crocodiles-in-cuba-study-suggests
  39. ^ Pérez-Fleitas, E., & Sosa-Rodriguez, G. (2024, April 19). Feral cats, a new threat to the Cuban Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer Cuvier, 1807 in Cuba?. Herpetology Notes. https://www.biotaxa.org/hn/article/view/83056
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