Educational aims and objectives
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Although the noun forms of the three words aim, objective and goal are often used synonymously,[1] professionals in organised education define the educational aims and objectives more narrowly and consider them to be distinct from each other: aims are concerned with purpose whereas objectives are concerned with achievement.
Usually an educational objective relates to gaining an ability, a skill, some knowledge, a new attitude etc. rather than having merely completed a given task. Since the achievement of objectives usually takes place during the course and the aims look forward into the student's career and life beyond the course one can expect the aims of a course to be relatively more long term than the objectives of that same course.[2][3]
Sometimes an aim sets a goal for the teacher to achieve in relation to the learners, sometimes course aims explicitly list long-term goals for the learner and at other times there is a joint goal for the teacher and learner to achieve together. While the aim may be phrased as a goal for the teacher within the scope of the course it can also imply goals for the learner beyond the duration of the course. In a statement of an aim the third person singular form of the verb with the subject course, programme or module is often used as an impersonal way of referring to the teaching staff and their goals. Similarly the learner is often referred to in the third person singular even when they are the intended reader.
Course objectives[edit]
An objective is a (relatively) shorter term goal which successful learners will achieve within the scope of the course itself. Objectives are often worded in course documentation in a way that explains to learners what they should try to achieve as they learn.
Learning outcomes[edit]
The term learning outcome is used in many educational organisations, in particular in higher education where learning outcomes are statements about what students should be able to do by the end of a teaching session. Learning outcomes are then aligned to educational assessments, with the teaching and learning activities linking the two, a structure known as constructive alignment.[4] Writing good learning outcomes can also make use of the SMART criteria. Types of learning outcomes taxonomy include:
- Bloom's taxonomy
- Structure of observed learning outcome (SOLO)
- DIKW pyramid
- Model of hierarchical complexity
In some organisations the term learning outcome is used in the part of a course description where aims are normally found.[5][6] One can equate aims to intended learning outcomes and objectives to measured learning outcomes. A third category of learning outcome is the unintended learning outcome which would include beneficial outcomes that were neither planned nor sought but are simply observed.
The effect of different teaching methods on outcomes of learning was found to be generally small or insignificant.[7] Some outcomes of learning can be quickly forgotten.[8]
See also[edit]
- Educational psychology
- Evidence-based education
- Instructional scaffolding
- Mastery learning
- Outline of educational aims
- Rubric (academic)
References[edit]
- ^ The Compact Oxford English Dictionary defines the noun objective as "A thing aimed at or sought; a target, goal, or end". "Objective", Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.), Oxford University Press, retrieved 2021-07-09 (subscription or participating institution membership required), definition B.4.b.
- ^ University of Nottingham, Medical School, Learning Objectives
- ^ Teaching Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 3, Why Formalize the Aims of Instruction?
- ^ Biggs, John (1996). "Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment". Higher Education. 32 (3): 347–364. doi:10.1007/BF00138871. S2CID 13716509.
- ^ Developing Outcomes and Objectives, The Learning Management Corporation
- ^ Outcomes Versus Objectives? What's the Difference? Daniel Pittaway
- ^ Lortie-Forgues, Hugues; Inglis, Matthew (2019). "Rigorous Large-Scale Educational RCTS Are Often Uninformative: Should We be Concerned?". Educational Researcher. 48 (3): 158–166. doi:10.3102/0013189X19832850.
- ^ Bailey, Drew; Duncan, Greg J.; Odgers, Candice L.; Yu, Winnie (2017). "Persistence and Fadeout in the Impacts of Child and Adolescent Interventions". Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 10 (1): 7–39. doi:10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459. PMC 5779101. PMID 29371909.
