Americanism (ideology)
Americanism, also referred to as American patriotism, is a set of nationalist values which aim to create a collective American identity for the United States that can be defined as "an articulation of the nation's rightful place in the world, a set of traditions, a political language, and a cultural style imbued with political meaning".[1] According to the American Legion, a U.S. veterans' organization, Americanism is an ideology, or a belief in devotion, loyalty, or allegiance to the United States of America, or respect for its flag, its traditions, its customs, its culture, its symbols, its institutions, or its form of government.[2] In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, "Americanism is a question of spirit, conviction, and purpose, not of creed or birthplace."[3]
Americanism has two different meanings: the defining characteristics of the United States, or loyalty to the United States and defense of American political ideals. These ideals include but are not limited to independence, equality before the law, freedom of speech, republicanism, and progress.[1][4]
Ideology[edit]
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According to Wendy L. Wall in her 2008 book Inventing the "American Way": The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement, Americanism was presented by a national propaganda campaign to contrast with Communism, and Fascism, during the Cold War, with the benefits of Americanism being promoted through the ideals of freedom and democracy.
Professor of political science at Clemson University C. Bradley Thompson stated that
The meaning of Americanism today, however, is very different. To the extent that the term is even still used, its meaning has been hijacked by both the Left and the Right. The Left most often identifies Americanism with multiculturalism, relativism, environmentalism, regulation, and welfarism — in other words, with progressivism. The Right typically identifies Americanism with Christianity, school prayer, tradition, family values, and community standards—in other words, with social conservatism. None of these values are, however, uniquely American. In fact, in one form or another, they all have a distinctly European provenance that is set in direct opposition to the native meaning of Americanism.[5]
Some organizations have embraced Americanism but have taken its ideals further. For example, the Ku Klux Klan believes that Americanism includes aspects of race (purity of white American) and of American Protestantism.[6]
In a 1916 essay devoted to Americanism, Agnes Repplier emphasized that, "Of all the countries in the world, we and we only have any need to create artificially the patriotism which is the birthright of other nations."[7]
History[edit]
The concept of Americanism has been in use since the first European settlers moved to North America inspired by a vision of a shining "City upon a Hill". John Adams wrote that the new settlements in America were "the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence for the illumination of the ignorant, and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth".[8]
During the antebellum period, throughout the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, Americanism acquired a restrictive political meaning due to nativist moral panics after increased Irish and German immigration led to the growth of American Catholicism.[9]
Journalist Matthew Continetti describes U.S. presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge as "spokesmen for Americanism" based on their policies.[10] The John Birch Society and its founder, Robert Welch, promoted Americanism as "the philosophical antithesis of communism."[11] Conversely, during the Great Depression and afterwards, the Communist Party campaigned that "Communism is the Americanism of the 20th Century."[12]
The years from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II brought new meaning to the term "Americanism" to millions of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Those were times of great economic growth and industrialization, and thus brought forth the American scene consisting of "industrial democracy" and the thinking that the people are the government in America. Since then, the success of the American nation has brought tremendous power to the notion of Americanism.[1]
Ideas[edit]
Government[edit]
Americanism stresses a collective political identity based on the principles outlined in the Constitution of the United States by the Founding Fathers. Such ideologies include republicanism, freedom, liberty, individualism, constitutionalism, human rights, and the rule of law.[13][14]
Culture[edit]
Americanism espouses a collective cultural identity based on the traditional culture of the United States. Common cultural artifacts include the flag of the United States, apple pie, baseball, rock and roll, blue jeans, Coca-Cola, and small towns.[15][16][17] Americanism tends to support monoculturalism and cultural assimilation, believing them to be integral to a unified American cultural identity.[18]
Symbols[edit]
Americanism attempts to collect a set of common icons to symbolize the American identity. Well known national symbols of the United States include the U.S. flag, the Great Seal, the bald eagle, The Star-Spangled Banner, In God We Trust, and the Pledge of Allegiance.[19][20][21][22][23]
See also[edit]
- American civil religion
- American Creed
- American exceptionalism
- American nationalism
- Anti-Americanism
- Propaganda in the United States
References[edit]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Kazin, Michael and Joseph A. McCartin, eds. Americanism: New Perspectives on the History of an Ideal Archived 2016-03-17 at the Wayback Machine. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
- ^ SAL Americanism report, American Legion, 2012.
- ^ Theodore Roosevelt. True Americanism, The Forum Magazine, April 1894.
- ^ Global Attitudes & Trends: Chapter 1: The American Brand, Pew Research Center, July 14, 2014.
- ^ C. Bradley Thompson. Defining Americanism, The Conversation, March 23, 2011.
- ^ Evans, Hiram Wesley (March–May 1926). "Klan's Fight for Americanism" (PDF). North American Review. 223 (830): 33–63. JSTOR 25113510.
- ^ Agnes Repplier. "Americanism", The Atlantic, March 1916.
- ^ The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States ..., Volume 1.
- ^ Elteren, Mel van. Americanism and Americanization: A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2006, p. 51.
- ^ Continetti, Matthew (2022). The Right: The Hundred-Year War for American Conservatism. New York: Basic Books. pp. 16, 117. ISBN 9781541600508.
- ^ Celestini, Carmen (2018). God, Country, and Christian Conservatives: The National Association of Manufacturers, the John Birch Society, and the Rise of the Christian Right (PDF) (PhD). University of Waterloo. pp. 10, 114–116, 124–126.
- ^ Haynes, John Earl (1996). Red Scare or Red Menace?: American Communism and Anticommunism in the Cold War Era. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. p. 179. ISBN 9781566631488.
- ^ Article preamble of the Constitution of United States (1787)
- ^ Seymour Martin Lipset, The first new nation (1963).
- ^ Sides, Hampton (2007). Americana: Dispatches from the New Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1400033553.
- ^ Sears, Stephen (1975). Hometown U.S.A. New York: American Heritage. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
- ^ "Americana". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ Tilove, Jonathan (8 July 2007). "A diversity divide: Beneath the surface, Americans are deeply ambivalent about diversity". Statesman.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2007.
- ^ 4 U.S.C. § 1
- ^ 4 U.S.C. § 41
- ^ Bruce E. Beans, Eagle's Plume: The Struggle to Preserve the Life and Haunts of America's Bald Eagle (University of Nebraska Press 1997), p. 59.
- ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301(a)
- ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302
Further reading[edit]
- June Granatir Alexander (2008). Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism: Slovaks And Other New Imiigrants. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-780-0.
- "What is Americanism?", American Journal of Sociology, 20, no. 5 (March 1915): 613-628. JSTOR 2762907.
- John E. Bodnar (1996). Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04396-5.
- Chinard, Gilbert. (1929.) Thomas Jefferson, the Apostle of Americanism. Little, Brown And Company.
- Dorsey, Leroy G. (2007.) We Are All Americans, Pure and Simple: Theodore Roosevelt and the Myth of Americanism. University of Alabama Press.
- Gelernter, David. (2007.) Americanism: The Fourth Great Western Religion. New York: Doubleday.
- Hill, Merton E., ed. (1926). American Patriotism: American Ideals in the Words of America's Great Men. Allyn and Bacon.
- Kazin, Michael; McCartin, Joseph A. (2006.) Americanism: new perspectives on the history of an ideal Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3010-9
- Jeremy Latchaw (2009). American Patriotism Through the Eyes of an Eagle. Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-60791-485-3.
- George McKenna (2008). The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13767-5.
- Rand, Ayn (1946). "Textbook of Americanism". The Vigil. ASIN B0007H447Q.
- Woden Teachout (2009). Capture the Flag: A Political History of American Patriotism. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-4476-3.
- Yerkes, Andrew C. (2005). Twentieth-century Americanism: Identity and ideology in Depression-era leftist fiction. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97538-7, ISBN 978-0-415-97538-4.