List of SOE F Section networks and agents
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This article lists the clandestine networks, also known as circuits, (réseaux in French) established in France by F Section of the British Special Operations Executive during World War II. The SOE agents assigned to each network are also listed. SOE agents, with a few exceptions, were trained in the United Kingdom before being infiltrated into France. Some agents served in more than one network and are listed more than once.
The clandestine networks and agents were "dedicated to encourage and aid resistance" to the German occupation of the country. Activities included gathering intelligence, organizing and supplying indigenous resistance groups, and sabotaging transportation, communications, and industrial facilities. A typical SOE network had three agents: 1. Circuit organiser: leader, planner, and recruiter of new members. 2. Wireless Radio Operator: send and receive wireless messages to and from SOE headquarters in London, encode and decode messages, maintain wireless sets. 3. Courier or messenger: travel between organiser, wireless operator, and resistance groups to deliver and receive messages, and, on occasion, deliver explosives and other equipment. Large networks sometimes had more than one courier and wireless operator.[1]
Each network was given a name and each agent belonging to the network had one or more code names and aliases which he used in France. For example, SOE organiser George Reginald Starr was the organiser of the Wheelwright network and known as "Hilaire" to French contacts in the Resistance and to other SOE personnel.[2]
Nearly 50 SOE networks were operating in France when the country was liberated from German control in 1944. Forty-three circuits were no longer existent at that time of which 31 had been destroyed by the Germans. [3]
Approximately 470 SOE agents served in France during World War II.[4] The Valençay SOE Memorial in Valençay, France lists the names of 91 men and 13 women who were killed, executed, or died in prison while serving as SOE agents.[5]
Networks and personnel
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All names of networks and dates for the operations of individual networks are from M. R. D. Foot's SOE in France (2004), pages 466-467. Dates of network operations are inclusive; some networks had lengthy periods of inactivity within the dates cited. Individual agents may have served in more than one network or during only part of the time the network was operational.
Acrobat (September 1942 to May 1944)
[edit]- John Renshaw Starr (1908–1996), organiser
- George Donovan Jones, wireless operator
- Harry Rée (1914–1991)
- Diana Rowden (1915–1944), courier, code name "Paulette"[6][7]
- John Cuthbert Young (1907–1944), wireless operator, code name "Gabriel"[8][9]
Author/Digger (September 1943 to August 1944)
[edit]- Harry Peulevé (1916–1963), wireless operator, organizer
- Louis Bertheau (1919–1944), wireless operator[10]
Autogiro (March 1941 to August 1942)
[edit]- Pierre de Vomécourt (1906–1986), organiser, code name "Lucas."
- Georges Bégué (1911–1993), wireless operator; the first SOE agent to be sent to France, arriving by parachute the night of 5/6 May 1941.[11][12]
- André Bloch (1914–1942), wireless operator[13]
- Noel Fernand Rauol Burdeyron (real name, Norman F. Burley), agent
- Christopher Burney (1917–1980), assistant
- Marcel Clech (1905–1944), wireless operator. code name "Bastien"[14]
- Roger Cottin - assistant
- Raymond Henry Flower
Bricklayer (November 1942 to February 1944)
[edit]- France Antelme (1900–1944), organiser, Code name "Dumontet"[15]
- Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), courier, code name "Solange"[6]
Butler (August 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Jean Bouguennec (1912-1944), organiser, code name "Max"[16]
- Marcel Rousset, wireless operator, code name "Leopold"
- Marcel Fox, courier, code name "Ernest"[17]
Carte (September 1941 to May 1943)
[edit]- Andée Girard, (1901–1968), organiser[8]
Chancellor (June to September 1944)
[edit]- George Millar, organiser[18]
Chestnut (May 1942 to August 1943)
[edit]- William Grover-Williams (1903–1945), organiser, code name "Sebastien"[19]
- Robert Benoist (1904–1944), code name "Lionel"[20]
- Jean-Pierre Wimille (1908–1949)[21]
- Robert Dowlen (1907–1945), wireless operator, code name "Richard"[22]
Cinema/Photo (January 1943 to February 1944)
[edit]- Emile Garry (1909–1944), organiser[23]
- Noor Inayat Khan (1914–1944), wireless operator, code name "Madeleine"[6]
Clergyman (October 1943 to August 1944)
[edit]- Denise Bloch (1916–1945), courier, wireless operator, code name 'Ambroise"[24]
Corsican (October 1941 to July 1943)
[edit]Detective (July 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Henri Sevenet (1914–1944), organiser[25]
- Brian Stonehouse (1918–1998), wireless operator, code name "Celestine"[26]
Digger
[edit]- Jacques Poirier – organiser[27]
Donkeyman (July 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Marguerite Knight (1920–2004), courier, code name, "Nicole"[6]
- Odette Sansom (1912–1995), courier[8]
Facade/Tilleul (August 1941 to August 1944)
[edit]Farmer (November 1942 to September 1944)
[edit]- Michael Trotobas (1914–1943), organiser[28]
Farrier (December 1942 to May 1944)
[edit]- Henri Dericourt, air operations officer, code name "Gilbert"
- Juliane Aisner, courier, code name Clair[6]
- Rene Clement, assistant
Fireman (March 1944 to September 1944)
[edit]- Patricia O'Sullivan, wireless operator, code name "Simonet"[6]
Footman (January to September 1944)
[edit]- George Hiller — organiser[29]
Freelance (April 1944 to September 1944)
[edit]- Nancy Wake, courier, code name Helene[6]
Greenheart (July 1942 to August 1943)
[edit]Headmaster (September 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Charles Sydney "Soapy" Hudson, organiser
- Francisque Eugene Bec (1905-1944), instructor[30]
- Sonya Butt, courier, code name "Blanche"[6]
- Pierre-Raimond Glaesner, instructor
- George Jones, wireless operator
- Brian Dominic Rafferty (1919-1945), courier, organiser, code name "Dominique"[31]
Heckler/Saint (September 1941 to August 1944)
[edit]- Virginia Hall, courier, code names "Marie" and "Diane"[6]
Historian (April 1944 to August 1944)
[edit]- Lilian Rolfe, courier, code name "Nadine"[6]
Inventor (September 1942 to December 1943)
[edit]- Vera Leigh, courier, code name "Simone"[6]
- Marcel Clech (1905-1944), wireless operator, code name="Bastien"*[14]
Jockey (March 1943 to September 1944)
[edit]- Francis Cammaerts, organiser, code name "Roger"[32]
- Christine Granville, courier, code name "Pauline"[6]
- Cecily Lefort, courier, code name "Alice."[6]
Juggler (July 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Sonia Olschanezky, courier, code name "Tania"
Labourer (April to June 1944)
[edit]- Elisée Allard (1906-1944, courier, code name "Baudouin" [33]
- Odette Wilen, courier, code name "Sophie"
Marksman (July 1942 to September 1944)
[edit]- Elizabeth Devereux-Rochester, courier, code name "Elizabeth"[6]
Minister (March to September 1944)
[edit]- Dennis John Barrett (1916-1944), wireless operator, code name "Honore"[34]
- Yvonne Fontaine, courier, code name "Mimi"[6]
Monk (June 1943 to March 1944)
[edit]- Eliane Plewman, courier, code name "Gaby"[6]
Monkeypuzzle (July 1942 to August 1943)
[edit]- Marcel Clech (1905-1944), wireless operator, code name "Bastien"[14]
Musician (November 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Gustave Biéler (1904-1944), organiser, code name "Guy"
- Yolande Beekman, courier, code name "Yvonne"[35]
Parson (June 1943 to February 1944)
[edit]- François Vallée (1912-1944), organiser,
- George Clement (1917-1944), wireless operator, code name "Edouard"[36]
- Henri Gaillot (1896-1944), code name "Ignace"[37]
Permit (July to September 1944)
[edit]- Robert Bruhl – assistant
- Gerard Dedieu – organiser[38]
- Ginette Jullian, wireless operator, code name "Adele"[6]
- Charles Ronald Shearn. Arrived in France 8 August 1944. Killed in Burma, 1945.
Physician/Prosper (June 1942 to August 1943
[edit]Also known as Prosper. SOE's most important network in 1942-1943. Agents continued to be sent to the Prosper network for some time after it came under control of the Germans in June 1943.[39]
- Francis Suttill (1910-1945), organiser, code name "Prosper"
- Francine Agazarian, courier, code name "Marguerite"[6]
- Jack Agazarian – wireless operator
- James Frederick Amps (1908-1945), deputy, code name "Tomas"[40]
- Andrée Borrel (1919–1944), courier, code name "Denise"[6]
- Jacques Bureau – radio technician
- George William Darling – group leader
- Henri Dericourt, air operations officer
- Noor Inayat Khan, wireless operator. Captured, executed 13 Sep 1944 at Dachau.
- Gilbert Norman – wireless operator
- Yvonne Rudelatt, courier, code name "Jacqueline"[6]
- Madeleine Tambour
- Germaine Tambour
Pimento (July 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]- Anthony Brooks, organiser[41]
- Lise de Baissac, courier
Plane (April 1942 to August 1943)
[edit]- Marie-Thérèse Le Chêne, courier, code name "Adele"[6]
Privet (July 1942 to June 1943)
[edit]- Edward (Teddy) Montfort Wilkinson, organiser, code name "Alexandre."[42]
Professor/Pedlar (February 1942 to August 1944)
[edit]Prosper (See Physician)
[edit]Prunus (April 1942 to April 1943)
[edit]- Maurice Pertschuk, organiser[41]
- Marcus Bloom (1907-1944), wireless operator, code name "Urbain"[43]
- Philippe de Gunzbourg, courier[8]
Salesman (April 1943 to August 1944)
[edit]- Violette Szabo, courier, code name "Louise"
Satirist (July 1942 to March 1944
[edit]Scholar (May 1944 to July 1944
[edit]- Yvonne Baseden, courier, code name "Odette"
Scientist (July 1942 to August 1944
[edit]- Claude de Baissac, organiser
- Lise de Baissac, courier. code name "Marguerite"[6]
- Mary Katherine Herbert, courier, code name "Claudine"[6]
- Roger Landes, wireless operator
- Phyllis Latour, wireless operator, code name "Genevieve" [6]
Scullion (April to September 1943)
[edit]- Phillip John Amphlett (1921-1945), saboteur [44]
Shipwright (May 1944 to September 1944)
[edit]- Amédée Maingard, organiser[45]
Silversmith (May to September 1944)
[edit]- Henri Borosh - organiser.[46]
- Madeleine Lavigne, wireless operator, code name "Isabelle"[6]
Spindle (January 1942 to July 1943)
[edit]- Peter Churchill, organiser
- Adolphe Rabinovitch, wireless operator[8]
- Odette Sansom, courier, code name "Lise"[6]
Spruce/Gardener (September 1941 to August 1944)
[edit]Stationer (January 1943 to April 1944)
[edit]- Maurice Southgate, organiser[47]
- Amédée Maingard, wireless operator
- Jacqueline Nearne, courier, code name "Jacqueline"[6]
- Pearl Witherington, courier, code names "Marie" and "Pauline"[6]
Stockbroker/Judge (April 43 to September 1944)
[edit]- Éric Cauchi (1917-1944), arms instructor, code name "Pedro"[48]
Tinker (September 1941 to August 1944)
[edit]Urchin (September 1941 to July 1943)
[edit]Ventriloquist (May 1941 to November 1942)
[edit]- Philippe de Vomécourt, organiser
- Muriel Byck (1918-1944), wireless operator, code name "Violette"[49]
- Blanche Charlet, courier, code name "Christiane"[6]
- Henri Sevenet
- Brian Stonehouse, organiser
Wheelwright (November 1942 to September 1944)
[edit]- George Reginald Starr, organiser
- Claude Arnault, saboteur, code name "Néron."
- Denise Bloch, courier, code name 'Ambroise"
- Yvonne Cormeau, wireless operator, code name "Annette"
- Philippe de Gunzbourg
- Charles Ducharlard, saboteur
- Dennis Parsons, wireless operator
- Anne-Marie Walters, courier, code name "Colette"[8]
Wizard (March 1944 to July 1944)
[edit]- Eileen Nearne (1921–2010), wireless operator, code name "Rose"
Wrestler (May 1944 to September 1944)
[edit]- Pearl Witherington (1914–2008), organiser, code name "Marie" and "Pauline"[6]
- Henri Cornioley[45]
Map of networks as of June 1943
[edit]The map below shows the major SOE F Section networks which existed in France in June 1943, based on the map published in Rita Kramer's book "Flames in the Field" (Michael Joseph Ltd, 1995).
_Networks_in_France_June_1943.jpg)
Note: The map does not show the correct location of the original Autogiro network, which operated in the Paris area and did not exist after the spring of 1942. However the network was later revived by Francis Suttill, organiser of Prosper.
Operations
[edit]Asymptote
[edit]Operation Asymptote was mounted in February 1944, while the Operational Instructions[50] were quite clear, the disguised objective was to rescue two agents Émile Bollaert and Pierre Brossolette who had been captured on 2 February 1944 while trying to leave Brittany by boat. F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas (alias Shelley, alias Asymptote alias Cheval) and Maurice Lostrie (alias Trieur) were dropped on the night of 24 February 1944 by a RAF Halifax of 161 Squadron on DZ (Drop-zone) Sarrall, 16 km NE of Montluçon, Allier. Yeo-Thomas was captured by the Gestapo on 21 March 1944. Brossolette died while trying to escape the next day.
See also
[edit]- List of SOE Agents
- List of Female SOE Agents
- SOE F Section Codenames & Aliases
- Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network
References
[edit]- ^ Escott, Beryl E. (2010) The Heroines of SOE, Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, pp. 9– 12, 26-27
- ^ Glass, Charles (2018). They Fought Alone. New York: Penguin Press. pp. ix–xiv. ISBN 9781594206177.
- ^ Foot, M. R. D (2004). S.O.E in France. London: Frank Cass Publishers. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0714655287. Revised edition, first published in 1966.
- ^ "The Female Spies of the SOE," [1], accessed 8 January 2020
- ^ "The Section F Monument," [2], accessed 8 January 2020
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Foot 2004, pp. 414–418.
- ^ Mace, Martin; Grehan, John (2012). Unearthing Churchill's Secret Army. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. pp. 156–158. ISBN 9781848847941.
- ^ a b c d e f Glass 2018, pp. ix–xiv.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Foot 2004, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Cookridge, E.H. (1967), Set Europe Ablaze, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, pp. 67–68
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 31–32.
- ^ a b c Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 231.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 287.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 332.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 192.
- ^ Jacobs, Peter (30 September 2015). Setting France Ablaze: The SOE in France During WWII. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78346-336-7.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 185–187.
- ^ "George Hiller - Special Operations Executive (SOE) Agents in France". nigelperrin.com. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 24–26.
- ^ "Captain Brian Dominic Rafferty | Christ Church, Oxford University".
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 226.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Vigurs, Kate (2021). Mission France: The True History of the Women of SOE. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20857-3.
- ^ "The British Prosper Spy Network: Destroyed to Protect D-Day?". 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017.
- ^ Suttill, Francis J. (2018). Prosper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780750989374.
- ^ a b Foot 2004, p. 127.
- ^ Marnham, Patrick (2020). War in the Shadows. London: Oneworld. p. 77. ISBN 9781786078094.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 34–36.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Foot 2004, p. 335.
- ^ Foot 2004, p. 329.
- ^ Foot 2004, pp. 112, 127.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Mace & Grehan 2012, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Marshall, Bruce (2001). The White Rabbit. Cassell. p. 101. ISBN 030435697-2.