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The Fall of Phaëthon, Crispijn van de Passe I, after design by Maerten de Vos

Crispijn van de Passe the Elder, or de Passe[1] (c. 1564, Arnemuiden – buried 6 March 1637, Utrecht)[2] was a Dutch publisher and engraver and founder of a dynasty of engravers comparable to the Wierix family and the Sadelers, though mostly at a more mundane commercial level. Most of their engravings were portraits, book title-pages, and the like, with relatively few grander narrative subjects. As with the other dynasties, their style is very similar, and hard to tell apart in the absence of a signature or date, or evidence of location.[3] Many of the family members produced their own designs, and have left drawings.

Crispijn the Elder

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Crispijn van de Passe I was born in Arnemuiden in Zeeland. From 1580, he trained and worked in Antwerp, then the centre of the printmaking world, where very productive workshops produced work for publishers with excellent distribution networks throughout Europe. In the guild year 1584-1585 he became a member of Antwerp's artists' Guild of Saint Luke.[2] He worked for the prominent Antwerp publishing and printing house Plantin Press.[4]

Portraits of 8 of the 13 Gunpowder Plotters, Crispijn van de Passe I, 1605.[5]

He principally worked as a reproductive artist after designs by Antwerp artists, in particular Maerten de Vos, who was a prolific designer of prints. Van de Passe married Magdalena de Bock, a niece of de Vos wife. The disruptions caused by the Dutch Revolt scattered many artists across Northern Europe. As an Anabaptist, de Passe was at risk of religious persecution. He first moved to Aachen, until Protestants were also expelled from there. He started his own engraving and publishing business in Cologne in 1589, but again was forced to leave in 1611. He set up in business in Utrecht, by about 1612. Here he created engravings for the English and other markets. He died in Utrecht in 1637 and was buried on 6 March 1637. His works include a famous rendition of the English Gunpowder Plotters, although it is not known what basis he had for the likenesses.

The family's prints are well represented in most print rooms, including the National Portrait Gallery in London.[5]

The second generation

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Portrait of Pocahontas at the age of 21, Simon de Passe, 1616.[6][7]

Four of Crispijn I's children were also notable engravers for the family business,[5] as was his grandson Crispijn III.

His eldest son, Simon de Passe (c. 1595 – 6 May 1647) worked in England from about 1616 before moving to Copenhagen as royal engraver and designer of medals in 1624, where he remained until his death. He is best remembered for his early London print of Pocahontas (1616).[6]

Crispijn II (ca. 1597–1670) worked in Paris, at least from 1617 to 1627, in Utrecht (1630–1639), and from then until his death in Amsterdam; his work on the "Maneige royal" ("Instructions to the king on how to ride a horse") of Antoine de Pluvinel is considered by Hind the finest work of the dynasty.[8]

Willem de Passe (ca. 1598 – ca. 1637), the least productive of the siblings, took over from his brother in England, probably after working in France, and died in London, perhaps of plague. He joined the Huguenot church in Threadneedle Street in 1624, and his wife Elizabeth may have been the daughter of the English publisher Thomas Jenner.[9]

Magdalena van de Passe (1600–1638) was, like her siblings, born in Cologne and died in Utrecht. She specialized in landscapes until her marriage to the minor artist Frederick van Bevervoorden in 1634, after which she essentially stopped engraving, even though her husband died in 1636.[10][11] The business presumably involved shipping drawings, engraved printing plates, and printed copies around Europe between the various cities involved.

After the three deaths in the period 1637–38 only Crispijn II in the Dutch Republic and Simon in Denmark remained. Crispijn II's later years were unsuccessful. Crispijn III was a more minor figure who died in 1678.[12]

Major works

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  • Hortus Floridus, mostly by Crispijn II.[13]
  • Heroologia Anglica, 1620. Sixty-five portraits of English notables, by various members of the family

Notes

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  1. ^ With all family members, the "van" comes and goes in contemporary references. The given are the most common in modern references. See Getty for lists of variants.
  2. ^ a b Passe, Crispijn van de (I) at the Netherlands Institute for Art History
  3. ^ Mayor, 417
  4. ^ Bowen, Karen L.; Imhof, Dirk (2008-04-17). Association with Plantin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521852760. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  5. ^ a b c Crispiijn van de Passe, National Portrait Gallery, accessed 6 July 2009
  6. ^ a b A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century, Buck Woodard, nps.gov, accessed July 2009. The original English caption (at the bottom of the image) reads "Matoaks alias Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhâtan Emperour of Attanoughkomouck alias virginia converted and baptized in the Christian faith, and wife to the wor.ff Mr. Joh Rolfe ."
  7. ^ "1616 engraving of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe also John Sith". Virginia Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-12-28. The inscription directly under the portrait reads "Ætatis suæ 21 A. 1616", Latin for "at the age of 21 in the year 1616".
  8. ^ Grove art biography on artnet
  9. ^ British Museum online biographical details – see external link.
  10. ^ Grove biography at artnet
  11. ^ For all, see Hind, 122–124 & passim; Getty ULAN, van de Passe family
  12. ^ Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, Volume 16, with details of a 1975 catalogue raisonné of the family's work
  13. ^ van de Passe, Crispijn the Elder. Hortus floridus in quo rariorum & minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramq[ue] formam accuratissime delineatae et secundum quatuor anni tempora divisae exhibentur incredibili labore ac diligentia Crisp. Passaei junioris delineatae ac suum in ordinem redactae (Floral Garden in which are Exhibited Images of Rather Rare and Less Common Flowers, in Living and True Form, Delineated Very Accurately and Divided According to the Four Seasons of the Year, Exhibited by the Unbelievable Labour and Diligence of Crispus Passaeus the Younger, Delineated and Brought Back into their Own Order). Arnheimij (Arnhem): Ioannem Ianssonium (?Jan Janszoon the Elder) 1614–1617.

References

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Media related to Van de Passe family at Wikimedia Commons

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