Multilinear map

In linear algebra, a multilinear map is a function of several variables that is linear separately in each variable. More precisely, a multilinear map is a function

f\colon V_{1}\times \cdots \times V_{n}\to W{\text{,}}

where $V_{1},\ldots ,V_{n}$ ( $n\in \mathbb {Z} _{\geq 0}$ ) and $W$ are vector spaces (or modules over a commutative ring), with the following property: for each $i$ , if all of the variables but $v_{i}$ are held constant, then $f(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{i},\ldots ,v_{n})$ is a linear function of $v_{i}$ .^[1] One way to visualize this is to imagine two orthogonal vectors; if one of these vectors is scaled by a factor of 2 while the other remains unchanged, the cross product likewise scales by a factor of two. If both are scaled by a factor of 2, the cross product scales by a factor of $2^{2}$ .

A multilinear map of one variable is a linear map, and of two variables is a bilinear map. More generally, for any nonnegative integer $k$ , a multilinear map of k variables is called a k-linear map. If the codomain of a multilinear map is the field of scalars, it is called a multilinear form. Multilinear maps and multilinear forms are fundamental objects of study in multilinear algebra.

If all variables belong to the same space, one can consider symmetric, antisymmetric and alternating k-linear maps. The latter two coincide if the underlying ring (or field) has a characteristic different from two, else the former two coincide.

Examples[edit]

Any bilinear map is a multilinear map. For example, any inner product on a $\mathbb {R}$ -vector space is a multilinear map, as is the cross product of vectors in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ .
The determinant of a matrix is an alternating multilinear function of the columns (or rows) of a square matrix.
If $F\colon \mathbb {R} ^{m}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is a C^k function, then the $k$ th derivative of $F$ at each point $p$ in its domain can be viewed as a symmetric $k$ -linear function $D^{k}\!F\colon \mathbb {R} ^{m}\times \cdots \times \mathbb {R} ^{m}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ .^{[citation needed]}

Coordinate representation[edit]

Let

f\colon V_{1}\times \cdots \times V_{n}\to W{\text{,}}

be a multilinear map between finite-dimensional vector spaces, where $V_{i}\!$ has dimension $d_{i}\!$ , and $W\!$ has dimension $d\!$ . If we choose a basis $\{{\textbf {e}}_{i1},\ldots ,{\textbf {e}}_{id_{i}}\}$ for each $V_{i}\!$ and a basis $\{{\textbf {b}}_{1},\ldots ,{\textbf {b}}_{d}\}$ for $W\!$ (using bold for vectors), then we can define a collection of scalars $A_{j_{1}\cdots j_{n}}^{k}$ by

f({\textbf {e}}_{1j_{1}},\ldots ,{\textbf {e}}_{nj_{n}})=A_{j_{1}\cdots j_{n}}^{1}\,{\textbf {b}}_{1}+\cdots +A_{j_{1}\cdots j_{n}}^{d}\,{\textbf {b}}_{d}.

Then the scalars $\{A_{j_{1}\cdots j_{n}}^{k}\mid 1\leq j_{i}\leq d_{i},1\leq k\leq d\}$ completely determine the multilinear function $f\!$ . In particular, if

{\textbf {v}}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{d_{i}}v_{ij}{\textbf {e}}_{ij}\!

for $1\leq i\leq n\!$ , then

f({\textbf {v}}_{1},\ldots ,{\textbf {v}}_{n})=\sum _{j_{1}=1}^{d_{1}}\cdots \sum _{j_{n}=1}^{d_{n}}\sum _{k=1}^{d}A_{j_{1}\cdots j_{n}}^{k}v_{1j_{1}}\cdots v_{nj_{n}}{\textbf {b}}_{k}.

Example[edit]

Let's take a trilinear function

g\colon R^{2}\times R^{2}\times R^{2}\to R,

where $V i = R 2, d i = 2, i = 1,2,3$ , and $W = R, d = 1$ .

A basis for each $V i$ is $\{{\textbf {e}}_{i1},\ldots ,{\textbf {e}}_{id_{i}}\}=\{{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2}\}=\{(1,0),(0,1)\}.$ Let

g({\textbf {e}}_{1i},{\textbf {e}}_{2j},{\textbf {e}}_{3k})=f({\textbf {e}}_{i},{\textbf {e}}_{j},{\textbf {e}}_{k})=A_{ijk},

where $i,j,k\in \{1,2\}$ . In other words, the constant $A_{ijk}$ is a function value at one of the eight possible triples of basis vectors (since there are two choices for each of the three $V_{i}$ ), namely:

\{{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1}\},\{{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2}\}.

Each vector ${\textbf {v}}_{i}\in V_{i}=R^{2}$ can be expressed as a linear combination of the basis vectors

{\textbf {v}}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{2}v_{ij}{\textbf {e}}_{ij}=v_{i1}\times {\textbf {e}}_{1}+v_{i2}\times {\textbf {e}}_{2}=v_{i1}\times (1,0)+v_{i2}\times (0,1).

The function value at an arbitrary collection of three vectors ${\textbf {v}}_{i}\in R^{2}$ can be expressed as

g({\textbf {v}}_{1},{\textbf {v}}_{2},{\textbf {v}}_{3})=\sum _{i=1}^{2}\sum _{j=1}^{2}\sum _{k=1}^{2}A_{ijk}v_{1i}v_{2j}v_{3k},

or in expanded form as

{\begin{aligned}g((a,b),(c,d)&,(e,f))=ace\times g({\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1})+acf\times g({\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2})\\&+ade\times g({\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1})+adf\times g({\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2})+bce\times g({\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{1})+bcf\times g({\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1},{\textbf {e}}_{2})\\&+bde\times g({\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{1})+bdf\times g({\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2},{\textbf {e}}_{2}).\end{aligned}}

Relation to tensor products[edit]

There is a natural one-to-one correspondence between multilinear maps

f\colon V_{1}\times \cdots \times V_{n}\to W{\text{,}}

and linear maps

F\colon V_{1}\otimes \cdots \otimes V_{n}\to W{\text{,}}

where $V_{1}\otimes \cdots \otimes V_{n}\!$ denotes the tensor product of $V_{1},\ldots ,V_{n}$ . The relation between the functions $f$ and $F$ is given by the formula

f(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})=F(v_{1}\otimes \cdots \otimes v_{n}).

Multilinear functions on n×n matrices[edit]

One can consider multilinear functions, on an $n \times n$ matrix over a commutative ring $K$ with identity, as a function of the rows (or equivalently the columns) of the matrix. Let $A$ be such a matrix and $a i, 1 \leq i \leq n$ , be the rows of $A$ . Then the multilinear function $D$ can be written as

D(A)=D(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}),

satisfying

D(a_{1},\ldots ,ca_{i}+a_{i}',\ldots ,a_{n})=cD(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{i},\ldots ,a_{n})+D(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{i}',\ldots ,a_{n}).

If we let ${\hat {e}}_{j}$ represent the $j$ th row of the identity matrix, we can express each row $a i$ as the sum

a_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}A(i,j){\hat {e}}_{j}.

Using the multilinearity of $D$ we rewrite $D (A)$ as

D(A)=D\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}A(1,j){\hat {e}}_{j},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}\right)=\sum _{j=1}^{n}A(1,j)D({\hat {e}}_{j},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}).

Continuing this substitution for each $a i$ we get, for $1 \leq i \leq n$ ,

D(A)=\sum _{1\leq k_{1}\leq n}\ldots \sum _{1\leq k_{i}\leq n}\ldots \sum _{1\leq k_{n}\leq n}A(1,k_{1})A(2,k_{2})\dots A(n,k_{n})D({\hat {e}}_{k_{1}},\dots ,{\hat {e}}_{k_{n}}).

Therefore, $D (A)$ is uniquely determined by how $D$ operates on ${\hat {e}}_{k_{1}},\dots ,{\hat {e}}_{k_{n}}$ .

Example[edit]

In the case of 2×2 matrices, we get

D(A)=A_{1,1}A_{1,2}D({\hat {e}}_{1},{\hat {e}}_{1})+A_{1,1}A_{2,2}D({\hat {e}}_{1},{\hat {e}}_{2})+A_{1,2}A_{2,1}D({\hat {e}}_{2},{\hat {e}}_{1})+A_{1,2}A_{2,2}D({\hat {e}}_{2},{\hat {e}}_{2}),\,

where ${\hat {e}}_{1}=[1,0]$ and ${\hat {e}}_{2}=[0,1]$ . If we restrict $D$ to be an alternating function, then $D({\hat {e}}_{1},{\hat {e}}_{1})=D({\hat {e}}_{2},{\hat {e}}_{2})=0$ and $D({\hat {e}}_{2},{\hat {e}}_{1})=-D({\hat {e}}_{1},{\hat {e}}_{2})=-D(I)$ . Letting $D(I)=1$ , we get the determinant function on 2×2 matrices: