List of passive satellites

List of passive satellites is a listing of inert or mostly inert satellites, mainly of the Earth. This includes various reflector type satellites typically used for geodesy and atmospheric measurements.

Passive satellites

Calsphere
- Calsphere 1A
- Calsphere 2
- Calsphere 3
- Calsphere 4
- Calsphere 4A
- Calsphere 5^[1]
Dragsphere 1^[2]
Dragsphere 2^[2]
Enoch^[3]
Explorer 9
GFZ-1^[4]
Humanity Star^[5]
LCS-1^[6]
PAGEOS
PAMS-STU, see STS-77^[7]
POPACS^[8]
Reflector^[9]
PasComSat
Rigid Sphere 1 (AVL-802H)^[10]
Rigid Sphere 2^[11]
Sfera^[12]

Dedicated laser ranging satellites

Several dedicated laser ranging satellites were put in orbit:^[13]

Ajisai (Experimental Geodetic Payload)^[14]
BLITS^[15]
Calsphere satellites^[16]
Etalon^[17]
- Kosmos 1989
- Kosmos 2024
LAGEOS^[18]
- LAGEOS 1
- LAGEOS 2, see STS-52
LARES^[19]
- LARES 1
- LARES 2
Larets^[20]^[21]
STARSHINE
- Starshine 1,^[22] see STS-96
- Starshine 2, see STS-108
Starlette and Stella^[23]

Mostly passive satellites

Starshine 3^[24]
Echo project^[25]
- Echo 1 (Echo 1A)
- Echo 2
Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster
Hayabusa2
- Deployable camera 3 (DCAM3)
- Small Carry-On Impactor (SCI)
- Target Marker B
- Target Marker A
- Target Marker E (Explorer)
- Target Marker C (Sputnik/Спутник)
Tianwen-1
- Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1
- Tianwen-1 Remote Camera
- Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2

References

^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ ^a ^b "Dragsphere 1, 2". Space.skyrocket.de. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "Enoch - Gunter's Space Page". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1995-04-19. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "Space-Spotting: How To See Humanity Star and Other Objects in Orbit". Popular Mechanics. 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
^ "LCS 1". NSSDCA Master Catalog. NSSDCA. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1996-05-22. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "POPACS (Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Sphere)". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2001-12-10. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-08-07. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-08-07. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "Sfera-53 (TEKh-44, Vektor-T)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "International Laser Ranging Service". Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ Kucharski, Daniel; Kirchner, Georg; Otsubo, Toshimichi; Kunimori, Hiroo; Jah, Moriba K.; Koidl, Franz; Bennett, James C.; Lim, Hyung-Chul; Wang, Peiyuan; Steindorfer, Michael; Sośnica, Krzysztof (August 2019). "Hypertemporal photometric measurement of spaceborne mirrors specular reflectivity for Laser Time Transfer link model". Advances in Space Research. 64 (4): 957–963. Bibcode:2019AdSpR..64..957K. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2019.05.030. S2CID 191188229.
^ Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Meyer, Ulrich; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Dach, Rolf (October 2015). "Time variable Earth's gravity field from SLR satellites". Journal of Geodesy. 89 (10): 945–960. Bibcode:2015JGeod..89..945S. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0825-1.
^ "Calsphere 1, 2, 3, 4". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ Lindborg, Christina. "Etalon". Russia and Navigation Systems. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Sośnica, Krzysztof (1 August 2015). "LAGEOS Sensitivity to Ocean Tides". Acta Geophysica. 63 (4): 1181–1203. Bibcode:2015AcGeo..63.1181S. doi:10.1515/acgeo-2015-0032.
^ Krzysztof, Sośnica (1 March 2015). "Impact of the Atmospheric Drag on Starlette, Stella, Ajisai, and Lares Orbits". Artificial Satellites. 50 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2015ArtSa..50....1S. doi:10.1515/arsa-2015-0001.
^ "Larets".
^ "International Laser Ranging Service". Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1999-06-05. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Dach, Rolf (August 2014). "Contribution of Starlette, Stella, and AJISAI to the SLR-derived global reference frame" (PDF). Journal of Geodesy. 88 (8): 789–804. Bibcode:2014JGeod..88..789S. doi:10.1007/s00190-014-0722-z. S2CID 121163799.
^ "Starshine 3 (Starshine-OSCAR 43, SO 43)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ Donald H. Martin (2000). Communication Satellites. AIAA. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-884989-09-4.

[1] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[dsphere-2] "Dragsphere 1, 2". Space.skyrocket.de. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[3] "Enoch - Gunter's Space Page". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2020-07-19.

[4] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1995-04-19. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[5] "Space-Spotting: How To See Humanity Star and Other Objects in Orbit". Popular Mechanics. 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-27.

[lcs1-6] "LCS 1". NSSDCA Master Catalog. NSSDCA. Retrieved 16 June 2016.

[7] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1996-05-22. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[8] "POPACS (Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Sphere)". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 2020-07-18.

[9] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2001-12-10. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[10] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-08-07. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[11] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1971-08-07. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[12] "Sfera-53 (TEKh-44, Vektor-T)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[13] "International Laser Ranging Service". Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-20.

[14] Kucharski, Daniel; Kirchner, Georg; Otsubo, Toshimichi; Kunimori, Hiroo; Jah, Moriba K.; Koidl, Franz; Bennett, James C.; Lim, Hyung-Chul; Wang, Peiyuan; Steindorfer, Michael; Sośnica, Krzysztof (August 2019). "Hypertemporal photometric measurement of spaceborne mirrors specular reflectivity for Laser Time Transfer link model". Advances in Space Research. 64 (4): 957–963. Bibcode:2019AdSpR..64..957K. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2019.05.030. S2CID 191188229.

[Satellite_laser_ranging_Time_variable_Earth-15] Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Meyer, Ulrich; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Dach, Rolf (October 2015). "Time variable Earth's gravity field from SLR satellites". Journal of Geodesy. 89 (10): 945–960. Bibcode:2015JGeod..89..945S. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0825-1.

[16] "Calsphere 1, 2, 3, 4". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[17] Lindborg, Christina. "Etalon". Russia and Navigation Systems. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

[18] Sośnica, Krzysztof (1 August 2015). "LAGEOS Sensitivity to Ocean Tides". Acta Geophysica. 63 (4): 1181–1203. Bibcode:2015AcGeo..63.1181S. doi:10.1515/acgeo-2015-0032.

[19] Krzysztof, Sośnica (1 March 2015). "Impact of the Atmospheric Drag on Starlette, Stella, Ajisai, and Lares Orbits". Artificial Satellites. 50 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2015ArtSa..50....1S. doi:10.1515/arsa-2015-0001.

[20] "Larets".

[21] "International Laser Ranging Service". Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-20.

[22] "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 1999-06-05. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[23] Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Dach, Rolf (August 2014). "Contribution of Starlette, Stella, and AJISAI to the SLR-derived global reference frame" (PDF). Journal of Geodesy. 88 (8): 789–804. Bibcode:2014JGeod..88..789S. doi:10.1007/s00190-014-0722-z. S2CID 121163799.

[24] "Starshine 3 (Starshine-OSCAR 43, SO 43)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-02-13.

[25] Donald H. Martin (2000). Communication Satellites. AIAA. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-884989-09-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

Passive satellites

Dedicated laser ranging satellites

Mostly passive satellites

See also

References