Mari religion
The Mari religion (Mari: Чимарий йӱла, Čimarii jüla), also known as Mari paganism, is the ethnic religion of the Mari people, a Volga Finnic ethnic group based in the republic of Mari El, in Russia. The religion has undergone changes over time, particularly under the influence of neighbouring monotheisms. In the last few decades, while keeping its traditional features in the countryside, an organised Neopagan-kind revival has taken place.[1]
The Mari religion is based on the worship of the forces of nature, which humans must honour and respect. Before the spread of monotheistic teachings amongst the Mari, they worshipped many gods (the jumo, a word cognate to the Finnish Jumala), while recognising the primacy of a "Great God", Kugu Jumo. In the 19th century, influenced by monotheism, the Pagan beliefs altered and the image of a Osh Kugu Jumo, literally "Great God of Light", was strengthened.
Subject to persecution in the Soviet Union, the faith has been granted official status since the 1990s by the government of Mari El, where it is recognized as one of the three traditional faiths along with Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Some activists claim that the Mari native religion believers are subject to pressure by Russian authorities as part of a wider campaign to Russify Mari culture. Vitaly Tanakov, an adherent of the faith, was charged with inciting religious, national, social and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks.[2]
Organisation[edit]
Followers of the Mari native religion perform public rituals and mass prayers and conduct charitable, cultural and educational activities. They train and educate the younger generation and publish and distribute religious literature. Currently, there are four regional Mari native religion organizations. Prayer meetings and mass prayers are held in accordance with the traditional calendar; it always takes into account the position of the Moon and Sun.
Public prayers are held, usually in the sacred groves (küsoto). Ceremonies are held by a rank of priests. There is a significant discrepancy between the pantheons of the Lowlands Mari, who worship roughly 140 gods, and Highlands Mari, who worship about 70 gods.[3] However most of these deities are different forms of other gods. Nine deities are the most important ones, and these are often said to be hypostases of the high god Osh Kugu Jumo. The Mari native religion includes tree worship and animal sacrifices.
Following[edit]
The Mari religion is one of Europe's indigenous religions of unbroken lineage which has survived Christianisation, and it has co-existed with Russian Orthodoxy for generations. Today, many Mari are baptized as Christians, yet they attend their traditional prayer services rather than Christian masses. A 2004 sociological survey found that about 15% of the total population of Mari El consider themselves adherents of the Mari native religion. Since Mari make up just 45% of the republic's population (700,000), this figure means that probably more than a third claim to follow the old religion.[4]
The percentage of pagans among the Mari of Bashkortostan and the eastern part of Tatarstan is even higher (up to 69% among women). Mari fled here from forced Christianization in the 17th to 19th centuries.[5]
A similar number was claimed by Victor Schnirelmann, who found that between a quarter and a half of the Mari either worship the Pagan gods or are adherents of Neopagan groups.[6] Mari intellectuals maintain that Mari ethnic believers should be classified in groups with varying degrees of Russian Orthodox influence, including syncretic followers who might even go to church at times, followers of the Mari native religion who are baptized, and nonbaptized Mari.
Gods[edit]
Many gods in Mari have counterparts in ancient Hinduism and European religions. Some gods and spirits in the Mari pantheon:[7][8]
- Kugu Jumo, the main god, often seen as a monistic godhead. Also called Kugurak, the "Elder". He is associated with a duck.
- Tul, god of fire, attribute of Kugu Jumo.
- Surt, spirit of the household, attribute of Kugu Jumo.
- Saksa, god of fertility, attribute of Kugu Jumo.
- Küdryrchö Jumo, god of thunder.
- Tutyra, god of fog, attribute of Kugu Jumo. And other attributes of the godhead.
- Püryshö, the god of fate, the caster and the creator of the future of all men. Cognate with Purusha[citation needed]
- Azyren, the god of death.
- Shüdyr-Shamych, the god of the stars.
- Tylmache, worker of the divine will.
- Tylze, the god of the Moon. Also known as Tõlze.
- Uzhara, the god of the dawn. Cognate with Usha[citation needed]
- Mlande, the god of earth.
- Shochyn-Ava, the goddess[9] of childbirth.
- Tünya, the god of the universe
- Keremet, evil spirit
Many of these gods, especially those controlling natural phenomena, have female counterparts, with the name ending in ava ("mother"), like Tul-Ava, goddess of fire, Mlande-Ava, goddess of earth, Kudurcho-Ava, goddess of thunder, etc.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Vladimir Napolskikh. Notes at the Margins: Neopaganism in Eurasia. // Eurasian Journal / Acta Eurasica. Number 1. Moscow, 2002.
- ^ Alexander Verkhovsky. Anti-Extremist Legislation and Its Enforcement. SOVA, 2007.
- ^ Yakovlev, Gabriel (1887). Религиозные обряды черемис [Religious Rites of the Cheremis] (Adobe Flash document) (in Russian). Kazan: Orthodox Missionary Society.
Богов у луговых черемиъ считается (с матерями, пїамбарами , виднезями, праздничными и поминальными божествами) приблизительно около 140, у горных 70 (Lowland Mari people have about 140 deities in total, while mountain Mari have 70. These include mothers, piambars, vidnezs, as well as festive and mourning deities)
- ^ Nikolaus von Twickel. Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Saint Petersburg Times, 2009.
- ^ Шнирельман, Виктор (2001). Неоязычество на просторах Евразии. Москва. ISBN 5-89647-050-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Victor Schnirelmann. Christians Go Home! Archived 2014-09-22 at Archive-It. Journal of Contemporary Religion 17.2. 2002.
- ^ Knorre 2014, p. 253
- ^ Glukhova 2011, pp. 60–61
- ^ "'Europe's Last Pagans' Worship in Marii El Grove". 14 July 2009.
Resources[edit]
- Glukhova, Natalya (2011) [1995]. "Reflections of the Cheremis Religious Beliefs in the Texts of the Pagan Prayers" (PDF). In Kõiva, Mare; Vassiljeva, Kai (eds.). Folk Belief Today (2ª ed.). Tartu: EKM Teaduskirjastus. p. 60-66. ISBN 978-9949-446-96-4. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- Knorre, Boris (2014) [2013]. "16 - Neopaganism in the Mari El Republic". In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Studies in Contemporary and Historical Paganism. Acumen Publishing. p. 249-265. ISBN 9781317544623.
- Schnirelman, Victor (2002). "Christians! Go home: A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia (An Overview)" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Religion. 17 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1080/13537900220125181. S2CID 51303383. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
External links[edit]
- Mari Native Religion - Official Website in Russian
- Nikolaus von Twickel. Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove. Saint Petersburg Times, 2009.
- Mari Paganism: Traditional Religion or Destructive Cult?. Keston News Service, 2002.
- Blog