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Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians

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"Ashkali" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Ashkali, Iran.
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
Komuniteti Ashkali dhe Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit
Regions with significant populations
 Kosovo26,960[1][a]
 North Macedonia3,713[2][b]
 Albania12,375[3][b]
 Serbia2,831[4][5][c]
 Montenegro2,054[6][b]
 Croatia172[7]
Languages
Albanian
Religion
Cultural Muslims[8]

The Ashkali (Serbian: Ашкалије, romanized: Aškalije), otherwise known as Hashkali (Serbian: Хашкалије, romanized: Haškalije) and/or Balkan Egyptians (Serbian: Балкански Египћани, romanized: Balkanski Egipćani; Albanian: Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit; Macedonian: Ѓупци, romanized: Gjupci), are Albanian-speaking Muslim ethnic cultural minorities (recognized communities),[8][9] which mainly inhabit Kosovo and southern Serbia,[8] as well as Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.[10] Prior to the Kosovo War of 1999, the Balkan Egyptians or Ashkali people registered themselves as Albanians.[11] While some Ashkali speak Romani, Egyptians usually do not.[12] The two groups are not clearly delineated. On the other hand, they differ linguistically and culturally from the Roma, even though they have often been grouped together under the acronym RAE.[13]

History of the Balkan Egyptians

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The origins of the Balkan Egyptians are obscure, but some Balkan historians trace the origin of Balkan Egyptians to the Iron Age, citing vague references in Herodotus of the presence of Khener, an Ancient Egyptian dance group in the region. They also attribute archaeological structures in the area, notably in modern Ohrid and Bitola, as temples of the Goddess Isis, but the Mysteries of Isis was widespread in the Greco-Roman world.[14] It is also possible that the Balkan Egyptians can be traced back to the Doms in Egypt;[15] other versions are that after the Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani, Egyptian soldiers went to Albania.[16] However, historians maintain that during the Ottoman era the Balkan Egyptians and other Balkan Roma were part of a single community that was called by the Ottomans Kıbti (literally 'Copts'), reflecting the same group encompassed by the English ethnonym for the Roma ("Gypsies"). They see the alternate origins as part of a larger phenomenon whereby groups such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, as part of an effort to achieve greater civil emancipation and to escape anti-Roma prejudice, made an effort to separate themselves from other Roma and constructed a novel history for their peoples.[17]

A 14th-century reference to a placename (Агѹповы клѣти, Agupovy klěti) in the Rila Charter of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was thought by some authors, such as Konstantin Josef Jireček, to be related to the Balkan Egyptians, possible descendants of the Doms in Egypt.[18][19]

In 1990, an Egyptian association was formed in Ohrid, from which sprung the Egyptian Liberal Party of North Macedonia, which was attended by representatives from different Balkan countries.[20]

History of Ashkali

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The origin of the Ashkali remains scientifically unexplained. The Ashkali community leaders have constructed a few narratives. According to the Persian narrative, the Ashkali people originated in Persia in the 4th century. According to the Italian narrative, which is based on folk etymology, they are colonists from ancient Rome. According to the Semitic narrative, they originated in Ashkelon (now Israel).[21]

The Ashkali were aligned with Albanians before, during and after the Kosovo war.[11] During the war, many were sent to refugee camps with the Romani people in Kosovo.[11] After the war ended in 1999, some of them reaffirmed their identity as Ashkali to show their pro-Albanian stance and distinguish themselves from the Arlije and Gurbeti Roma, who had been mistakenly viewed as pro-Serbian. However, viewed by the majority population as pro-Serbian Roma, they were persecuted by Albanian nationalists in the presence of NATO forces. As the majority of Kosovo Roma, many of them settled in Serbia and Montenegro. Others moved to Albania, Serbia and Macedonia and the whole of Western Europe, such as Germany and France.[13]

The first Ashkali party (Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo) was formed in 2000 under Sabit Rrahmani, who supported Kosovo's independence in the name of all Ashkali.[11]

Demographics

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Most Ashkali live in Kosovo, but they also reside in Serbia and Montenegro, while most Balkan Egyptians are thought to live in North Macedonia and Albania, rather than Kosovo. In the Macedonian census of 2002, 3,713 people identified as Egyptian, while in the Serbian census of 2002 (excluding Kosovo), 814 people identified as Egyptian. In the Montenegrin census, on the other hand, 225 people identified as Egyptian.

Ashkali are predominant in the central and eastern regions of Kosovo: Ferizaj, Fushë Kosova, and Lipjan. Kosovo's Egyptian community is mostly to be found in its western part, in Gjakova, Istog, Peja, and Deçan. The Ashkali as well as the Egyptian community of Kosovo had 98% unemployment in 2009.[22]

In Albania, however, the Balkan Egyptian community is fully integrated into Albanian society and culture, having a high educational and employment rate as well, although a good percentage of the community do not identify as Balkan Egyptian due to cultural integration and also because of negative stereotypes about people of color. Despite the fact that most Balkan Egyptians in Albania tend to have typical Mediterranean features, fair skin and light features are not uncommon.

Culture

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Ashkali Flag[23]

In Kosovo, Roma and Ashkali do not classify one another as gadje.[22] Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians reject having any relation with the Roma.[24] The Ashkali and Roma claim the Egyptians as their own; whereas the Ashkali and Egyptians dispute over each other's background.[11] No television or radio channels are dedicated to Kosovo's Ashkali or Egyptian minority audiences.[22] Circumcision celebrations of their sons are pompously organized by the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians.[25]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 15,436 Ashkali and 11,524 Balkan Egyptians
  2. ^ a b c Identified as Balkan Egyptians
  3. ^ 1,834 Balkan Egyptians and 997 Ashkali at the 2011 census

References

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  1. ^ "Population - by gender ethnicity at settlement level" (PDF). p. 11. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  2. ^ Statistički godišnik na Republika Makedonija (in Macedonian). 2007. p. 55. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  3. ^ "1.1.13 Popullsia banuese sipas përkatësisë etnike dhe kulturore sipas Përkatësia etnike dhe kulturore, Variabla dhe Viti" (xls). INSTAT - Instituti i Statistikave (in Albanian).
  4. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији" (PDF) (in Serbian). Statistics of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Third Report Submitted by Serbia Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". Council of Europe. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  6. ^ "STATISTIČKI GODIŠNJAK 2011" (PDF). Statistics of Montenegro: 46. Retrieved 31 July 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Population by ethnicity – detailed classification, 2011 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Ismaili, Besa (2013). "Kosovo". In Nielsen, Jørgen S.; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 369–381. doi:10.1163/9789004255869_025. ISBN 978-90-04-25586-9. ISSN 1877-1432.
  9. ^ "Minority political representation: Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians". 19 April 2017.
  10. ^ "StackPath". 12 March 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e Valeriu Nicolae; Hannah Slavik (2007). Roma Diplomacy. IDEA. ISBN 978-1-932716-33-7.
  12. ^ "Post-war Kosovo and its policies towards the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian communities" (PDF). Harvard: School of Public Health. July 2014.
  13. ^ a b Lichnofky, C. (2013). "Ashkali and Egyptians in Kosovo: New ethnic identifications as a result of exclusion during nationalist violence from 1990 till 2010". Romani Studies. 23 (1): 29–60. doi:10.3828/rs.2013.2. S2CID 143787353.
  14. ^ "Cult Of Isis in Ancient Rome | UNRV.com Roman History". Unrv.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  15. ^ Zemon, Rubin. "History of the Balkan Egyptians" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Roma of Albania" (PDF). Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  17. ^ Elena Marushiakova; Vesselin Popov, eds. (2021). "Chapetr 1: The Genesis of Roma Emancipation". Roma Voices in History. Brill. pp. 1–32 at 16 & 28. doi:10.30965/9783657705184_002. ISBN 978-3-657-70518-4. S2CID 242216553.
  18. ^ Даскалова, Ангелина; Мария Райкова (2005). Грамоти на българските царе (in Bulgarian). София: Академично издателство "Марин Дринов". p. 57.
  19. ^ Trubeta, Sevasti (March 2005). "Balkan Egyptians and Gypsy/Roma Discourse" (PDF). Nationalities Papers. 33 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1080/00905990500053788. S2CID 155028453.
  20. ^ Rubin Zemon. "History of the Balkan Egyptians" (PDF). coe.int. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  21. ^ Zemon, Rubin (April 2010). "History of Ashkali identity". In Ailincai, Aurora (ed.). Balkan Egyptians and Ashkali history. Council of Europe – via ResearchGate.
  22. ^ a b c "Notes made from the Ashkali and Egyptian communities for the shadow report on the Implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in Kosovo" (PDF). Minelres.lv. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  23. ^ "Ashkali". Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  24. ^ "Bildungsprojekt in Kosovo - "Diese Kinder Roma zu nennen, das wäre verletzend"". Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  25. ^ Novik, Alexander (1 January 2020). "The Rite of Male Circumcision among the Muslim Population in the Western Balkans". Retrieved 9 April 2023 – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Footnotes

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Cited works

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