Землетрясения Камчатки
Многие крупные землетрясения произошли в регионе полуострова Камчатка в Дальне Восточной России. События в 1737, 1923 и 1952 годах были землетрясениями мегатерста и вызвали цунами . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Есть еще много землетрясений и цунами, происходящих из региона.
Тектоническая настройка
[ редактировать ]Южная часть полуострова Камчатка лежит над сходящейся краем пластины где тихоокеанская пластина подсудима , под тарелкой Охотской вдоль линии траншеи Курил -Камчатка . Скорость конвергенции между двумя пластинами составляет около 86 мм в год. [ 3 ] Землетрясения генерируются разрывом вдоль границы Мегатруста между двумя пластинами, внутри нисходящей Тихоокеанской пластины и внутри соответствующей пластины Охотской. Северная часть полуострова находится вдали от конвергентных границ траншеи Курил-Камчатка и алеутской траншеи , но через границу между двумя блоками в североамериканской плите, колима-чукоткой и микроплантированными берингом. Эта граница вмещает как активное сокращение, так и правое боковое проскальзывание через серию больших выбросов в тренде SW-NE. [ 4 ]
1737 earthquake
[edit]The epicentre of the 1737 earthquake was located at 52°30′N 159°30′E / 52.5°N 159.5°E. This earthquake occurred at a depth of 40 km (25 miles). A magnitude of 8.3 Ms (9.0Mw) has been estimated.[5]
1841 earthquake
[edit]An earthquake of estimated magnitude 9.0 Mw , with an epicenter just offshore, which triggered a large tsunami.[6]
1923 earthquakes
[edit]On February 3, 1923, an estimated magnitude 8.3–8.5 Mw earthquake with an approximate location of 54°00′N 161°00′E / 54.0°N 161.0°E triggered a 25-foot tsunami that caused considerable damage in Kamchatka, with a reported 3 deaths.[7][8] The tsunami was still 6 meters (20 feet) high when it reached Hawaii, causing at least one fatality.[7] There was another earthquake and tsunami in April 1923, which caused locally high tsunami runup near Ust' Kamchatsk, leaving a deposit studied by Minoura and others.[9]
1952 earthquake
[edit]The main earthquake struck at 16:58 GMT (November 5, 04:58 local time) on November 4, 1952. Initially assigned a magnitude of 8.2, the quake was revised to 9.0 Mw in later years.[10] A large tsunami resulted,[11] causing destruction and loss of life around the Kamchatka peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Hawaii was also struck, with estimated damage of up to US$1 million and livestock losses, but no human casualties were recorded. Japan reported no casualties or damage. The tsunami reached as far as Alaska, Chile, and New Zealand.[7][12]
The hypocentre was located at 52°45′N 159°30′E / 52.75°N 159.5°E, at a depth of 30 km (18.6 miles). The length of the subduction zone rupture was 600 km (373 miles). Aftershocks were recorded in an area of approximately 247,000 km2 (90,367 square miles), at depths of between 40 and 60 km (25 and 37 miles).[13][14] A recent analysis of the tsunami runup distribution based on historical and geological records give some indication as to the slip distribution of the rupture.[15]
1959 earthquake
[edit]A magnitude Mw 8.0 earthquake occurred on May 4, at a hypocentral depth of 20 km, with a maximum felt intensity of VIII MSK.[6]
2006 earthquake
[edit]The region of Koryak Autonomous Okrug was struck by an Mw 7.6 earthquake on April 20 (April 21 local time). It was followed by a large number of aftershocks, including two of Mw 6.6.[16] This was a reverse faulting event along the boundary between two microplates within the North American Plate. The event caused a 140 km long zone of surface rupture.[17]
2020 earthquake
[edit]The Mw 7.5 earthquake occurred on March 25. The earthquake was the largest to occur in Russia since the 2013 Okhotsk Sea earthquake.[18] It was initially reported as 7.8 Mw , before being downgraded to 7.5.[19]
This shock was a result of near-trench intraplate compressional faulting within the descending Pacific Plate. The epicenter was in the area of the large-slip region of the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake, which was an M 9.0 megathrust event. Large compressional activity is more common before, and long after, major compressional events along coupled zones, suggesting interplate strain accumulation. [20]
In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 285 miles (460km) away from the epicenter the intensity was felt at 5, objects were falling in buildings and people ran out into the street for safety.[21][22]
A tsunami warning was issued immediately after the earthquake. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre initially said hazardous tsunami waves were possible within 1,000km of the earthquake’s epicentre. It said earthquakes of this strength in the past had caused tsunamis far from the epicentre.[23] A tsunami of about 0.5 m (1.6 ft) struck Kamchatka.[24]
See also
[edit]- Ring of Fire – Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
References
[edit]- ^ Kamchatka: Edge of the Plate Archived 2007-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pedoja, K., Bourgeois, J., Pinegina, T., Higman, B., 2006. Does Kamchatka belong to North America? An extruding Okhotsk block revealed by coastal neotectonics of the Ozernoi Peninsula, Kamchatka, Russia, Geology, v. 34(5), pp. 353–356.
- ^ "M 7.5 - 221 km SSE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Imaeva, L.; Gusev, G.; Imaev, V.; Mel'nikova, V. (2017). "Neotectonic activity and parameters of seismotectonic deformations of seismic belts in Northeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 148: 254–264. Bibcode:2017JAESc.148..254I. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.09.007.
- ^ "Page on tsunami associated with event from West Coast and Alaska warning center". Archived from the original on 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gusev, A.A.; Shumilina, L.S. (2004). "Recurrence of Kamchatka Strong Earthquakes on a Scale of Moment Magnitudes" (PDF). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 40 (3): 206–215.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia
- ^ Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900 Archived 2010-11-07 at the Wayback Machine United States Geological Survey
- ^ Minoura, K., Gusiakov, V.G., Kurbatov, A., Takeuti, S., Svendsen, J.I., Bondevik, S., and Oda, T., 1996, Tsunami sedimentation associated with the 1923 Kamchatka earthquake. Sedimentary Geology, v. 106, pp. 145–154.
- ^ Historic Earthquakes Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine It was also said to be magnitude 9.2.
- ^ MacInnes,B.T., Weiss, R., Bourgeois, J., Pinegina, T.K., 2010. Slip distribution of the 1952 Kamchatka great earthquake based on near-field tsunami deposits and historical records. Bull. Seismol. Soc. America, v. 100(4), pp. 1695–1709.
- ^ Bureau of Meteorology: Tsunami Information
- ^ The aftershock sequence of the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952 – BÅTH and BENIOFF 48 (1): 1 – Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
- ^ Three Kamchatka earthquakes – STAUDER 50 (3): 347 – Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
- ^ MacInnes et al., 2010, see above.
- ^ United States Geological Survey. "M 7.6 - 80 km NE of Tilichiki, Russia". Retrieved December 11, 2021.
- ^ Rogozhin, E.A.; Ovsyuchenko, A.N.; Marakhanov, A.V.; Novikov, S.S. (2010). "A Geological Study of the Epicentral Area of the April 20(21), 2006 Olyutorskii Earthquake". Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. 4 (2): 79–86. Bibcode:2010JVolS...4...79R. doi:10.1134/S0742046310020028. S2CID 128628163.
- ^ "M8.3 - Sea of Okhotsk". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ «Россия поднимает предупреждение о цунами после величины 7,5 землетрясения от островов Курил» . www.straits Times.com . 25 марта 2020 года.
- ^ Ye, L.; Lay, T.; Канамори, Х. (2021). «25 марта 2020 г. МВт 7,5 Парамашир, Северные Землетрясения на островах Курил и основное (МВт ≥ 7,0), близкое к интраслятному сжатию» . Земля и планетарные научные письма . 556 : 116728. Bibcode : 2021e & PSL.55616728Y . doi : 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116728 . ISSN 0012-821X . S2CID 233944154 .
- ^ "ЩЕСТВО, ПРОИСШЕСТВИЯ И ЧС" .
- ^ "Жители Петропавловска-Камчатского сняли на видео землетрясение" .
- ^ Персонал опекуна; Агентства (2020-03-25). «Землетрясение в России: предупреждение о цунами отменено после события 7,5 величины» . Хранитель . ISSN 0261-3077 . Получено 2020-03-26 .
- ^ «Землетрясение поражает Российские острова Курил, побуждая предупреждение о цунами» . heamoscowtimes.com . 25 марта 2020 года.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- (in Russian) Землетрясения на Командорских островах .
- (in Russian) Землетрясения на Камчатке: информация, впечатления жетелей Камчатки .