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Список членов 1 -го парламента Зимбабве

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Это список членов 1 -го парламента Зимбабве , который начался в 1980 году и истек в 1985 году. Соглашение о доме Ланкастера , 20 из 100 мест в Палате Ассамблеи и 10 из 40 мест в Сенате были зарезервировано для белых зимбабейцев . Членство в парламенте было установлено на южном родезианском выборах 1980 года , которые дали Zanu - PF почти 57 процентов большинства обычных мест в Палате собрания, причем PF -Zapu занимал большинство оставшихся мест. 20 мест, зарезервированных для белых, изначально были удерживаны консервативным родезийским фронтом , но большинство позже стало независимыми.

Композиция

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Сенат

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Вечеринка Начинать Конец
Zanu-Pf 18 18
Zapu-Pf 2 2
СЛУЧАЙ [ Примечание 1 ] 10 6
Индикатор [ Примечание 2 ] 0 4
Вождь 10 10
Общий 40 40

House of Assembly

[edit]
Date Party Total Vacant
CAZ[note 1] UANC ZANU–PF ZAPU–PF Ind.[note 2]
14 May 1980 (opened) 20 3 57 20 0 100 0
October 1980 20 3 57 19 0 99 1
Late 1980[1] 19 3 57 19 0 98 2
Early 1981[2] 19 3 57 20 0 99 1
January 1981[1] 20 3 57 20 0 100 0
April 1981[3] 19 3 57 20 0 99 1
June 1981[4] 18 3 57 20 0 98 2
July 1981[5] 20 3 57 20 0 100 0
November 1981[6][7] 19 3 57 20 0 99 1
December 1981[8] 18 3 57 20 0 98 2
February 1982[9] 19 3 57 20 0 99 1
4 March 1982[10] 12 3 57 20 7 99 1
6 March 1982[11] 11 3 57 20 8 99 1
9 March 1982[11][12] 10 3 57 20 9 99 1
April 1982[13] 11 3 57 20 9 100 0
24 June 1982[14] 11 3 57 19 9 99 1
19 August 1982[15] 10 3 57 18 9 98 2
25 August 1982[14] 10 3 57 19 9 98 2
Late 1982[8] 9 3 56 19 9 97 3
18 January 1983[16] 10 3 57 20 9 99 1
19 April 1983[17] 10 3 57 20 10 100 0
Mid-1983[18] 9 3 57 20 10 99 1
30 September 1983[18] 9 3 57 20 11 100 0
1 January 1984[19] 8 3 57 20 11 99 1
February 1984[19] 8 3 57 20 12 100 0
1 October 1984[20] 8 3 57 19 12 99 1
October 1984[21] 8 3 56 19 12 98 2
December 1984[22] 7 3 56 19 12 97 3
1985[23][24] 6 3 56 20 13 98 2

Senate

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Common seats

[edit]
Name Party Notes Ref.
Bernard Chidzero ZANU–PF [25][26]
George Chinengundu ZANU–PF [25][26]
Mudhumeni Chivende ZANU–PF [25][26]
Joseph Culverwell ZANU–PF [25][26]
Johnson Hungwe ZANU–PF [25][26]
Lameck Makanda ZANU–PF [25][26]
Agrippa Makunde ZANU–PF Left office in 1982.[note 3] [25][26][27]
Fred Moyo ZANU–PF [25][26]
Simbi Mubako ZANU–PF [25][26]
Tsitsi Munyati ZANU–PF [25][26]
Alick Ndlovu ZANU–PF [25][26]
Moven Ndlovu ZANU–PF Died 9 November 1984.[note 4] [25][26][28]
Enos Nkala ZANU–PF [25][26]
John Shoniwa ZANU–PF [25][26]
Sunny Takawira ZANU–PF [25][26]
Rekayi Tangwena ZANU–PF [25][26]
Tarisai Ziyambi ZANU–PF [25][26]
Joseph Msika PF–ZAPU [25][26]
Garfield Todd PF–ZAPU [25][26]
Denis Norman Independent [25][26]
Fanuel Chingoma Chief [26]
C. P. Chitanga Chief [26]
Myinga Dakamela Chief [26]
Mtozima Gwebu Chief [26]
Lameck Mashayamombe Chief [26]
Edgar Tiyeni Msikavanhu Chief [26]
Kayisa Ndiweni Chief [26]
M. M. Nyati Chief [26]
M. K. Ncube Chief [26]
M. D. M. Whata Chief [26]

White seats

[edit]
Name Party Notes Ref.
Lou Ankers Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]
Bob Blunt Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]
Margaret Clark Rhodesian Front[note 5] Left office before 1984. [25][26]
Ken Fleming Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]
Douglas Hamilton Ritchie Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned September 1980.[note 6] [25][26]
George Hartley Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]
Jack Mussett Rhodesian Front[note 5] Left office before 1984. [25][26]
Mark Partridge Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]
Paul Savage Rhodesian Front[note 5] Died 2 April 1983.[note 7] [25][26]
Sam Whaley Rhodesian Front[note 5] [25][26]

House of Assembly

[edit]

Common seats

[edit]
Name Party Province Notes Ref.
Kumbirai Kangai ZANU–PF Manicaland
Maurice Nyagumbo ZANU–PF Manicaland
Didymus Mutasa ZANU–PF Manicaland
William Ndangana ZANU–PF Manicaland
Frederick Shava ZANU–PF Manicaland
Victoria Chitepo ZANU–PF Manicaland
Naomi Nhiwatiwa ZANU–PF Manicaland
Moven Mahachi ZANU–PF Manicaland
Joshua Dhube ZANU–PF Manicaland
Columbus Makoni ZANU–PF Manicaland
Ezekiel Sanyangare ZANU–PF Manicaland
Edgar Tekere ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central
Joice Mujuru ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central
Sydney Sekeramayi ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central
Farai Masango ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central Resigned October 1980.[note 8] [29]
George Rutanhire ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central
Joseph Kaparadza ZANU–PF Mashonaland Central
Robert Mugabe ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Mark Nuda Dube ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Robert Marere ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Witness Mangwende ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Moses Mvenge ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Edson Shirihuru ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Edward Pswarayi ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Grafton Ziyenge ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Philemon Murambiwa ZANU–PF Mashonaland East Died 16/01/2021 at 90 years
Jack Hunda ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Horace Nyazika ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Godfrey Chidyausiku ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Abraham Kabasa ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Shadreck Rambanepasi ZANU–PF Mashonaland East
Abel Muzorewa UANC Mashonaland East
Silas Mundawarara UANC Mashonaland East
Robson Manyika ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
J. Chivaura ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
Nathan Shamuyarira ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
Alexio Mudzingwa ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
Swethan Mombeshora ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
Enos Chikowore ZANU–PF Mashonaland West
Ariston Chambati PF–ZAPU Mashonaland West Resigned October 1980.[note 9]
Titus Mukarati UANC Mashonaland West
Herbert Ushewokunze ZANU–PF Matabeleland North
Vote Moyo PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Donald Mangena PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North Died 24 June 1982.[note 10]
Sydney Malunga PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Jini Ntuta PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North Died 19 November 1984.
John Nkomo PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Daniel Ngwenya PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Ruth Chinamano PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Jane Ngwenya PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
Thenjiwe Lesabe PF–ZAPU Matabeleland North
George Silundika PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South Died 9 April 1981.
Stephen Nkomo PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South
Edward Ndlovu PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South
Boyson Mguni PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South
Callistus Ndlovu PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South
Peter Njini PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South
Akim Ndlovu PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South Expelled 19 August 1982.[note 11] [15]
Tamai Vivian Mpofu PF–ZAPU Matabeleland South Sworn on 18 January 1983. [16]
Simon Muzenda ZANU–PF Midlands
Ernest Kadungure ZANU–PF Midlands
Emmerson Mnangagwa ZANU–PF Midlands
Richard Hove ZANU–PF Midlands
Simba Makoni ZANU–PF Midlands
Samuel Mumbengewi ZANU–PF Midlands
Julia Tukai Zvobgo ZANU–PF Midlands
Saviour Mativenga ZANU–PF Midlands
Joshua Nkomo PF–ZAPU Midlands
Clement Muchachi PF–ZAPU Midlands
Cephas Msipa PF–ZAPU Midlands
William Kona PF–ZAPU Midlands
Samuel Mamutse ZANU–PF Victoria[note 12]
Dzingai Mutumbuka ZANU–PF Victoria
Eddison Zvobgo ZANU–PF Victoria
Sheba Tavarwisa ZANU–PF Victoria
Nollan Makombe ZANU–PF Victoria
Simon Mazorodze ZANU–PF Victoria
Oliver Munyaradzi ZANU–PF Victoria
James Bassopo Moyo ZANU–PF Victoria Convicted October 1984.[note 13] [21]
Nelson Mawema ZANU–PF Victoria
Dzikamai Mavhaire ZANU–PF Victoria
Albert Taderera ZANU–PF Victoria
Source:[30]

White seats

[edit]
Name Party Constituency Notes Ref.
John Landau Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Avondale [11]
Independent (from 1982)
David Smith Rhodesian Front Borrowdale Resigned 30 April 1981.[note 14] [3]
Paddy Shields Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Bulawayo Central [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Denis Walker Rhodesian Front[note 5] Bulawayo North Expelled 19 August 1982.[note 15] [15]
Wally Stuttaford Rhodesian Front[note 5] Bulawayo South Criminal conviction in 1982.[note 16] [8][11]
Rowan Cronjé Rhodesian Front[note 5] Central Resigned November 1981.[note 17] [6][7][8][9]
Desmond Butler Rhodesian Front[note 5] Eastern
P. K. van der Byl Rhodesian Front[note 5] Gatooma–Hartley
Richard Cartwright Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Hatfield [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Robert Gaunt Rhodesian Front Highlands Resigned 1980.[note 18] [1]
Dennis Divaris Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Kopje [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Donald Goddard Rhodesian Front[note 5] Lundi Died 1 January 1984.[note 19] [19]
Arthur Tapson Rhodesian Front[note 5] Makoni Resigned 1983.[note 20] [18]
William Michie Irvine Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Marlborough [10]
Independent (from 1982)
André Sothern Holland Rhodesian Front Mazoe–Mtoko Resigned June 1981.[note 21] [4][5]
Henry Elsworth Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Midlands [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Chris Andersen Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Mount Pleasant [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Esmond Micklem Rhodesian Front (until 1982)[note 5] Northern [10]
Independent (from 1982)
Ian Smith Rhodesian Front[note 5] Southern
Alec Moseley Rhodesian Front[note 5] Western Resigned December 1981.[note 22] [8][13]

Membership changes

[edit]

Senate

[edit]
Vacated by Party Reason for change Successor Party Installed Ref.
Douglas Hamilton Ritchie Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned September 1980 due to ill health. Archibald Wilson Rhodesian Front[note 5] 11 February 1981 [31]
Archibald Wilson Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned in 1982 due to ill health. Esme Scott Independent August 1982 [32][33]
Agrippa Makunde ZANU–PF Criminal conviction in 1982.[note 3] Missing [27]
Missing Max Rosenfels Independent April 1983 [32]
Paul Savage Rhodesian Front[note 5] Died 2 April 1983.[note 23] Brian Grubb Independent May 1983 [32][34]
Margaret Clark Rhodesian Front[note 5] Left office before 1984. Missing [25]
Jack Mussett Rhodesian Front[note 5] Left office before 1984. Missing [25]
Missing Terence Oatt Rhodesian Front[note 5] Before 1984 [25][26]
Moven Ndlovu ZANU–PF Died 9 November 1984.[note 4] Missing [28]
Missing Chief Zephaniah Charumbira Chief Before 1984. [25][26]

House of Assembly

[edit]
Constituency/province Vacated by Party Reason for change Successor Party Installed Ref.
Victoria Nollan Makombe ZANU–PF Became president of the Senate in May 1980. Missing [35]
Mashonaland West Ariston Chambati PF–ZAPU Resigned October 1980 to become ambassador to West Germany. Josiah Chinamano PF–ZAPU 1981 [2][36]
Mashonaland Central Farai Masango ZANU–PF Resigned October 1980 to become high commissioner to Tanzania. Moton Malianga ZANU–PF 1981 [36]
Highlands Robert Gaunt Rhodesian Front Resigned 1980. James Thrush Rhodesian Front[note 24] January 1981 [1][10]
Borrowdale David Smith Rhodesian Front Resigned 30 April 1981. John Probert Republican Front[note 5] July 1981 [3][5]
Matabeleland South George Silundika PF–ZAPU Died 9 April 1981. Missing
Mazoe–Mtoko André Sothern Holland Rhodesian Front Resigned June 1981 to form Democratic Party.[note 25] Geoff York Rhodesian Front[note 26] July 1981 [4][5][23]
Central Rowan Cronjé Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned November 1981 to emigrate.[note 27] Tony Berkhout Republican Front[note 5] February 1982 [6][7][8][9]
Western Alec Moseley Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned December 1981 due to ill health. Desmond Chalmers Republican Front[note 5] April 1982 [8][13]
Bulawayo South Wally Stuttaford Rhodesian Front[note 5] Criminal conviction in 1982.[note 16] Bob Nixon Independent 19 April 1983 [8][17][37]
Donald Mangena PF–ZAPU Died 24 June 1982. Sikajaya Andrew PF–ZAPU 25 August 1982 [14]
Matabeleland South Akim Ndlovu PF–ZAPU Expelled 19 August 1982 for missing 21 consecutive sittings. Missing [15]
Bulawayo North Denis Walker Rhodesian Front[note 5] Expelled 19 August 1982 for missing 21 consecutive sittings. Guybon Cumming Republican Front[note 5] 18 January 1983. [15][16]
Mashonaland East Missing Joseph Jekanyika ZANU–PF 18 January 1983 [16]
Matabeleland South Missing Tamai Vivian Mpofu ZAPU–PF 18 January 1983 [16]
Makoni Arthur Tapson Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned 1983 to emigrate to South Africa. Jock Kay Independent October 1983 [18]
Lundi Donald Goddard Rhodesian Front[note 5] Died 1 January 1984.[note 28] Peter Field Independent February 1984 [19]
Mashonaland West Josiah Chinamano PF–ZAPU Died 1 October 1984. Kenneth Mano PF–ZAPU 1985 [20][24]
Masvingo James Bassopo Moyo ZANU–PF Criminal conviction in October 1984. Missing [21]
Matabeleland North Jini Ntuta PF–ZAPU Died 19 November 1984. Missing
Western Desmond Chalmers Rhodesian Front[note 5] Resigned December 1984 after emigrating to the United Kingdom. Missing [22]

Notes and references

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b The Rhodesian Front was succeeded in 1981 by the Republican Front, and in 1984 by the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Includes members of the Independent Zimbabwe Group, a bloc formed by white independent MPs in 1983.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Makunde was convicted of ordering seven followers to burn down ZAPU offices.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Ndlovu was assassinated by ZAPU rebels at his home in Beitbridge, Matabeleland South.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as The Rhodesian Front was succeeded in 1981 by the Republican Front, and in 1984 by the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe.
  6. ^ Hamilton Ritchie was succeeded on 11 February 1981 by Archie Wilson. Wilson resigned in 1982 and was succeeded by Esme Scott in August 1982.
  7. ^ Savage was succeeded by Brian Grubb in May 1983.
  8. ^ Masango was appointed high commissioner to Tanzania. He was succeeded by Moton Malianga in January 1981.
  9. ^ Chambati was appointed ambassador to West Germany. He was succeeded by Josiah Chinamano in January 1981. Chinamano died on 1 October 1984 and was succeeded by Kenneth Mano.
  10. ^ Mangena was succeeded by Sikajaya Andrew Muntanga on 25 August 1982.
  11. ^ Ndlovu missed 21 consecutive sittings of Parliament, the threshold for expulsion. He had fled to Zambia.
  12. ^ Victoria Province was renamed Masvingo Province in 1982.
  13. ^ Bassopo Moyo served in Parliament until his 1984 criminal conviction.
  14. ^ Smith was succeeded by John Probert in July 1981.
  15. ^ Walker was succeeded by Guybon Cumming on 18 January 1983.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Beginning in December 1981, Stuttaford was detained by Zimbabwean authorities under emergency powers. He was later released before being detained again.
  17. ^ Cronjé resigned to take a job offer outside Zimbabwe. He was succeeded by Tony Berkhout in February 1982.
  18. ^ Gaunt was succeeded by James Thrush in January 1981.
  19. ^ Goddard was succeeded by Peter Field in February 1984.
  20. ^ Tapson was succeeded by Jock Kay in October 1983.
  21. ^ Holland was succeeded by Geoff York in July 1981.
  22. ^ Moseley was succeeded by Desmond Chalmers in April 1982.
  23. ^ Savage was murdered at his Matabeleland farm by ZAPU rebels.
  24. ^ Thrush was elected as a Rhodesian Front member, but resigned to become an independent on 4 March 1982.
  25. ^ Holland ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic Party candidate in the by-election to win his former seat.
  26. ^ York was elected as a Rhodesian Front member, but resigned to become an independent in 1985.
  27. ^ Cronjé emigrated to take a job offer in another Southern African country.
  28. ^ Goddard died in a fall over a waterfall.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1980. p. 5927.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Zimbabwe News. Zimbabwe African National Union. 1998. p. 11.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1981. p. 135.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Zimbabwe, a Country Study. U.S. Department of the Army. 1983. p. 214.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Foisie, Jack (16 July 1981). "Ian Smith Political Gains Aggravate Zimbabwe's Black-White Relations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Annual of Power and Conflict. Institute for the Study of Conflict. 1982.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1982.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "MP quit 'to enjoy rest of my life'" (PDF). The Star. 5 January 1982. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1985. p. 108.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Ross, Jay (4 March 1982). "White Party Splits in Zimbabwe". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  11. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Новостной бюллетень . Проект. 1982. с. 20
  12. ^ «Белая вечеринка в Зимбабве страдает от другого дефекта» . Христианский научный монитор . 10 марта 1982 года . Получено 8 апреля 2020 года .
  13. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Росс, Джей (9 апреля 1982 г.). «Белые отвергают избрание Мугабе» . Вашингтон пост . Получено 9 апреля 2020 года .
  14. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Сервис, British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring (1982). Резюме мировых трансляций: неарабская Африка .
  15. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Чикова, Лавмор (9 июня 2003 г.). «Дом возобновится, когда завтра сидит» . Вестник . Получено 9 апреля 2020 года .
  16. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Парламентские дебаты . Дом Ассамблеи Зимбабве. 1982. с. 799.
  17. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Парламентские дебаты . Зимбабве Дом Ассамблеи. 1983. с. 23
  18. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Современные архивы Кизинга . Кизинг ограничен. 1983. с. 757.
  19. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Отчет Южной Африки . Ассоциация доклада Южной Африки. 1984. с. 80
  20. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Националистический лидер Чинамано умирает» . УПИ . 2 октября 1984 года . Получено 9 апреля 2020 года .
  21. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Современные архивы Кизинга . Кизинг ограничен. 1985.
  22. ^ Jump up to: а беременный "MP уходит" . Хранитель . 7 декабря 1984 года . Получено 9 апреля 2020 года .
  23. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Независимый Зимбабве . Департамент информации, правительство Зимбабве. 1985. с. 4
  24. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Права по правам человека Интернет -репортер . 1985. с. 358.
  25. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в v В х и С аа Аб и объявление Но из в нравиться Краткое руководство по первому парламенту Зимбабве . Министерство информации, публикации и телекоммуникационных публикаций Зимбабве. 1984. с. 25
  26. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в v В х и С аа Аб и объявление Но из в нравиться это к и ал являюсь анонца в доступа Кэри, Роберт; Митчелл, Диана (1980). «Парламент Зимбабве - 1980 - сенаторы» . Африканские националистические лидеры - Родезия в Зимбабве .
  27. ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Зимбабве испытания" . Возраст . 7 января 1982 года . Получено 9 апреля 2020 года .
  28. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «2 чиновника против оппозиции Зимбабве уволены» . New York Times . 13 ноября 1984 года. ISSN   0362-4331 . Получено 10 апреля 2020 года .
  29. ^ Краткое руководство по первому парламенту Зимбабве . Министерство информации, постов и телекоммуникационных изданий для правительства Зимбабве. 1984. с. 17
  30. ^ Кэри, Роберт; Митчелл, Диана (1980). «Члены парламента - правительство Зимбабве 1980» . Африканские националистические лидеры - Родезия в Зимбабве .
  31. ^ Резюме мировых трансляций: неарабская Африка . Британская вещательная корпорация. 1981. с. 6
  32. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Современные архивы Кизинга . Кизинг ограничен. 1983. с. 477.
  33. ^ Новостной бюллетень . Зимбабве проект. 1982. с. 5
  34. ^ Калли, Жаклин Одри; Schoeman, Elna; Андор, Лидия Ева (1999). Политическая история Южной Африки: хронология ключевых политических событий от независимости до середины 1997 года . Greenwood Publishing Group. п. 723. ISBN  978-0-313-30247-3 .
  35. ^ Отчет Африки к югу от Сахары . Информационная служба иностранного вещания. 1980. с. 201.
  36. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Митчелл, Диана (1982). Кто есть кто, 1981-82: националистические лидеры в Зимбабве . С. 75–77. ISBN  978-0-7974-0497-7 .
  37. ^ Африканский исследовательский бюллетень . Блэквелл. 1982. с. 6800.
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List of members of the 1st Parliament of Zimbabwe - Wikipedia
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