Austeroderia Richardia
| Austeroderia Richardia | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Монокоты |
| Клада : | Коммулиниды |
| Заказ: | Поляки |
| Семья: | Poaceae |
| Род: | Austeroderia |
| Species: | A. richardii
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| Binomial name | |
| Austroderia richardii (Endl.) N.P.Barker et H.P.Linder
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Austroderia Richardii , Syn. Cortaderia Richardii , является видом цветущего растения в семействе Poaceae . Это вечнозеленая многолетняя трава. Род Austroderia Кортадерии часто путается с «пампас -травой», что обычно относится к Селлуане . «Ранний пампас-грасс»-более конкретное имя. [ 1 ] Название «Туссока трава» также может быть найдено. Имя маори "Toetoe". [ 2 ] Это один из пяти видов, обычно называемых родом в роде Austroderia , которые являются эндемичными для Новой Зеландии. Это происходит на Южном острове и, возможно, также на Северном острове. [ 3 ] Это также представленный вид в Тасмании, Австралия. [ 4 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]A. Richardii - это травы большого размера, которые могут вырасти до 1,5 до 3 м высотой. Его листья резко возвышены от 1 м длиной и шириной около 2 до 5 см. Из -за его прекрасных, острых зубов вдоль краев листьев его часто называют «катти травой». Его листья грубые, зеленые, плоские и узкие с честными цветущими культурами высотой 2,5 м (Kimberley, 2011). Кульмы - это полой стебель цветущего травяного растения. Эти высокие культуры являются основной идентифицирующей особенностью A. richardii , так как у них есть великие изогнутые, плотные, серебристые шлейфы на вершине культур, что делает их очень элегантными и выделяющимися среди других Austroderia (Kimberley, 2011). Цветочная головка обычно односторонняя и опускающаяся. Цветочная головка имеет много тонких висящих ветвей, которые содержат многочисленные небольшие кластеры цветов, заключенные в мягкие волосатые чешуйки. Плиты, по -видимому, являются сливочным баффом до желтоватого цвета и растут около 30–60 см в длину и имеют свободный/открытый вид. [5] This is what gives the A. richardii its distinctive thick, soft, plume-like look from its flowering heads. The leaves of the plant have multiple prominent veins running down either side of the middle of the leaf.[2] Это делает их намного более сложными и сильнее по сравнению с введенной пампасской травой, которая выглядит очень похожим, но это один из способов определения разницы.
A. richardii usually flower around spring and early summer (September to November) though they always retain their plumes. It implements a stage of fruiting around the October and March months. All Austroderia species in New Zealand, including introduced ones, have been proven to be gynodioecious. Being gynodioecious means they are involved in a dimorphic breeding system in which male-sterile individuals coexist with hermaphroditic individuals in populations. Hermaphrodites may be self-compatible also (Connor H. E, 1973). Hermaphrodite Austroderia can be characterized by their large pollen-filled anthers and small gynoecia (the female part of the flower). While female plants have flat, white or transparent, sterile anthers with larger gynoecia (Connor H. E, 1973). Both of these types of sex form seeds. Their seeds are wind dispersed.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]A. richardii is endemic to New Zealand but is an introduced species in Tasmania, Australia (Sharp, 2002). In New Zealand, it is confined to only the South Island but could possibly grow in the North Island, East of Cape Palliser (Edgar, 2000).
A. richardii is a very hardy and tolerant grass species that is able to adapt to a wide variety of habitats including, streamside, wetlands, scrubland and coastal sand dunes. It is most suited to moist or dry soils as well as sand so is able to grow effectively in the habitats mentioned. It can tolerate very poor soils such as sand on coastal dunes and is able to thrive in frost-prone regions. It is well suited to a coastal environment as it can withstand poor soil environments that the dunes appear to have as well as the coastal wind and precipitation effects that occur in coastal regions, for example on the west coast of the South Island or east coast.[5][6]
A. richardii is suited to many different types of environmental conditions but prefers areas around water (Kimberley, 2011). This shows that the plant prefers to have a lot of moisture uptake. Although it is best suited to moist soil it can tolerate soils which are poor in nutrients such as those soils with the main component being sand, clay or pumice. These soils will lack nutrients due to having too little or too much moisture in them.[6]
Ecology
[edit]A. richardii is predominately predated on by herbivores, which includes a wide range of New Zealand endemic bird species and exotic bird species. They mainly feed on the seed from the plumes that flower in spring to summer.[6] It is not poisonous but it can be assumed that most herbivores would not attempt to eat the leaves of the Austroderia richardii as it has very sharp edges and tiny teeth that run along the leaves of the plant which is why it has the nickname 'cutty grass' (Kimberley, 2011). As well as having the ability to cut predators they are also of low palatability to introduced herbivores which means its taste is not very satisfying at all to the animals so they get no enjoyment out of eating it.[2] It has been known that some grazing stock will eat the leaves but it is not enough to be a threat to the species.
Cultivation
[edit]A. richardii is widely cultivated in temperate regions for its plumes of silvery white inflorescences that appear in summer and last until well into winter, and grow to 60 cm (24 in). Like its relatives it is much used in dried flower arrangements.[7] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8]
A. richardii is the only native New Zealand species in the genus Austroderia that is offered for sale within New Zealand. It is often sold for its ornamental value and is very hard to obtain therefore is only available through nurseries that specialize in native plants.[9] A. richardii generally grows in clumps of around five or six plants. This is likely due to the way the seeds are dispersed, through wind dispersal. It acts as a good wind-break for stock as they grow in clumps and are very hardy plants that can withstand many weather conditions.[2] Botanists will often remove the old stalks that are no longer flowering so that they have a more appealing look and act as an ornamental feature in a garden or in their natural habitats.[10]
To break the dormancy of A. richardii species it is suggested that they undergo stratification of the seed by chilling it. The seed is placed in water overnight to soak, once this has occurred it is drained and then kept moist in a refrigerator for around a 4-week period. After this period the seed will be able to germinate and propagate into seedlings. Toetoe can also be propagated by division. Juvenile plants are easy to divide and grow more effectively in comparison to mature plants.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Toetoe". Landcare Research. Landcare Research. Retrieved 9 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Growing location and species detail".
- ^ "Australian Introduction of toetoe".
- ^ Jump up to: a b [Cave, Paddison], [Yvonne, Valda] (1999). The gardener's encyclopaedia of New Zealand native plants. Auckland, New Zealand: Godwit Publishing. ISBN 1869620437.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c Crowe, Andrew (1997). The quickfind guide to growing native plants. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 0670876429.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cortaderia richardii". Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ Matthews, Julian (1987). New Zealand Native Plants for your Garden. New Zealand: Pacific Publishers. ISBN 0670846163.
- ^ Jump up to: a b James, Lawerance (1998). The cultivation of New Zealand native grasses. New Zealand: Godwit. ISBN 1869620232.