Саиф бин Султан
| Саиф бин Султан | |
|---|---|
| Имам Оманской империи | |
| Правление | 1692–4 октября 1711 года |
| Предшественник | Бил'араб бин Султан |
| Преемник | Султан бин Саиф II |
| Умер | 4 октября 1711 года |
| Династия | Яруба |
Саиф бин Султан ( арабский : سيف بن سلطان ) был четвертым из династии Яруба Имама Омана , члена секты Ибади . Он правил с 1692 по 1711 год, в ходе которого присутствие оманов стало прочно установленным на побережье Восточной Африки.
Ранние годы
[ редактировать ]Саиф бин Султан был сыном второго яруба -имама, султана бин Саифа . После смерти отца его брат Бил'араб бин Султан стал имамом в 1679 году. Позже Саиф бин Султан поссорился со своим братом, построил свои силы и осадил Бил'араб в Джабрине . После того, как Бил'араб умер там в 1692/93 году, Саиф бин Султан стал имамом. [ 1 ]
Имам
[ редактировать ]
Саиф бин Султан инвестировал в улучшение сельского хозяйства, построив Афладж во многих частях интерьера, чтобы обеспечить воду и посадить ладони в регионе Аль -Батиты, чтобы побудить арабов перейти изнутри и поселиться вдоль побережья. [ 2 ] Он построил новые школы. [ 3 ] He made the castle of Rustaq his residence, adding the Burj al Riah wind tower.[4]
Saif bin Sultan continued the struggle against the Portuguese on the East African coast.[2] In 1696, his forces attacked Mombasa, besieging 2,500 people who had taken refuge in Fort Jesus. The Siege of Fort Jesus ended after 33 months when the thirteen survivors of famine and smallpox surrendered.[5] Soon after the Omanis took Pemba Island, Kilwa and Zanzibar.
The expansion of Omani power included the first large-scale settlement of Zanzibar by Omani migrants.[6] Saif bin Sultan appointed Arab governors to the city states of the coast before he returned to Oman. Later, many of these were to come under the control of Muhammed bin Uthman al-Mazrui, governor of Mombasa, and his descendants, the Mazrui, who made only nominal acknowledgement of the suzerainty of Oman.[7] Saif bin Sultan also encouraged piracy against the merchant trade of India, Persia and even of Europe.[8]
Death and legacy
[edit]Saif bin Sultan died on 4 October 1711. He was buried in the castle of Rustaq in a handsome tomb, later destroyed by a Wahhabi general.[8] At his death he had great wealth, said to include 28 ships, 700 male slaves and one third of Oman's date trees. He was succeeded by his son Sultan bin Saif II.[2] Saif bin Sultan earned the title "the Earth's bond" or "the chain of the Earth" for the benefits he had brought to the people of Oman.[3][4] According to Samuel Barrett Miles,
The Imam Saif bin Sultan was the greatest of the Yaareba Princes, and at no time before or since has Oman been so renowned, powerful or prosperous as under his sway. Ambition and love of glory, combine with a lust for wealth, were his ruling passions, and in pursuit of these objects he was as unscrupulous and unswerving as he was capable and energetic. ... We hear but little in the local historians of internal troubles and wars during his reign; we may therefore infer that the Imam had the skill and tact to divert the more restless and ambitious spirits from tribal broils, jealousies and dissensions by employing them in piratical and other expeditions, and in encouraging them to venture their trading operations in distant regions, for it is beyond question that under his auspices the commerce of Oman greatly extended and developed.[8]
References
[edit]Citations
- ^ Ochs 1999, p. 106.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas 2011, p. 222.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Plekhanov 2004, p. 49.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ochs 1999, p. 258.
- ^ Beck 2004.
- ^ Limbert 2010, p. 153.
- ^ Miller 1994, p. 9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Miles 1919, p. 225.
Sources
- Beck, Sanderson (2004). "East Africa, Portuguese, and Arabs". Middle East & Africa to 1875. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
- Limbert, Mandana (2010-06-07). In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7460-4. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
- Майлз, Сэмюэль Барретт (1919). Страны и племена Персидского залива . Гранат и Итака Пресс. ISBN 978-1-873938-56-0 Полем Получено 2013-11-11 .
- Миллер, Норман Н. (1994). Кения: стремление к процветанию . Westview Press. п. 9 ISBN 978-0-8133-8202-9 Полем Получено 2013-11-11 .
- Ochs, Peter J. (1999-11-01). Маверик Гид по Оману . Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0865-2 Полем Получено 2013-11-11 .
- Плеханов, Сергей (2004). Реформатор на престоле: Султан Кабус Бин сказал Ал . Trident Press Ltd. P. 49 ISBN 978-1-900724-70-8 Полем Получено 2013-11-11 .
- Томас, Гэвин (2011-11-01). Грубая гид по Оману . Пингвин. ISBN 978-1-4053-8935-8 Полем Получено 2013-11-11 .
