Договор Кристмеля

Договор Крайстмемеля ( Литовский : Skirsnemunės Sutartis ) был договором, подписанным 19 июня 1431 года между Полом фон Русдорфом , великим мастером тевтонических рыцарей , и Швитригайлой , великим герцогом Литваии . Швитригайла готовился к войне с Польшей , чтобы защитить свои претензии на литовский престол и искал союзников. Договор установил антиполийский альянс и побудил рыцарей вторгнуться в Королевство Польши , начав польс-титоническую войну (1431–35) . Литва также сдала Палангу и три мили береговой линии на Балтийском море , что изменило договор Мельно 1422 года. ^{[ 1 ]}

Фон

Великий князь Витаутас умер в октябре 1430 года, не оставив наследника, чтобы править Великим Герцогством Литвы. Согласно условиям Союза Хородона 1413 года , литовское дворянство пообещало не избирать нового великого княчья без одобрения Королевства Польши. ^{[ 2 ]} Тем не менее, литовские дворяне в одностороннем порядке избрали Швитригайлу , брат короля Польши Джогайлы , в качестве своего великого княпли. Швитригайла отказался признать верность своего брата ^{[ 2 ]} и стремился получить Королевскую корону, первоначально предназначенную для Vytautas. Польша и Литва начали подготовку к войне. Швитригайла искал союзников против Польши и представлял великий альянс Великого Герцогства Литвы, Священной Римской империи , тевтонских рыцарей , Молдавии и Золотой Орды . Защита тевтонской поддержки имело первостепенное значение. ^[3]

Negotiations and content

The Teutonic Knights were a natural ally of Švitrigaila as they wanted to undo the Polish–Lithuanian union, established in 1385, which led to their defeat in the 1410 Battle of Grunwald and 1422 Gollub War.^[4] Švitrigaila began talks with the Knights soon after the death of Vytautas and kept sending envoys to Prussia. However, Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf delayed and consulted with the Livonian Order, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, prince-electors, and Pope Martin V.^[3] Livonian Order advised to support Švitrigaila but also not to sever the relationship with Poland, Sigismund and prince-electors supported the alliance, while the pope opposed it. Towards the end of May 1431, Rusdorf personally met with Švitrigaila but again refused to enter into an agreement motivating that he needed to discuss the proposals with Prussian estates. Rusdorf's reluctance could be explained by Poland's attempts to form a Polish–Teutonic alliance against Švitrigaila.^[3]

Eventually, the treaty was concluded on 19 June 1431 in Christmemel (present-day Skirsnemunė). The treaty established a military alliance: if one party was attacked, the other was obliged to defend; war is declared only if both parties agree; any peace agreement would apply to both parties equally; spoils of war would be divided equally.^[3] The treaty had no expiration and would survive the deaths of Švitrigaila and Rusdorf if their heirs confirmed the agreement. The treaty was signed by Rusdorf, Livonian Master Zisse von Rutenberg, and Prussian bishops (notably Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga, did not participate). On the Lithuanian side it was signed by Švitrigaila, his brother Lengvenis and cousin Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Lithuanian bishops and nobles.^[3] Nine Lithuanian nobles were: Castellan of Vilnius Kristinas Astikas, Elder of Vilnius Jurgis Gedgaudas, Elder of Samogitia Mykolas Kęsgaila, Voivode of Trakai Jaunius Kęsgaila, Castellan of Trakai Sungaila, Grand Marshal of Lithuania Rumbaudas Valimantaitis, Chodko Jurewicz, regent of Navahrudak Petras Mantigirdaitis, court marshal Jonas Goštautas.^[5]

Aftermath

Following the Treaty of Christmemel, the Knights invaded Poland and ravaged the Dobrzyń Land before suffering a defeat in the Battle of Nakel in September 1431.^[6] At the same time Polish army invaded Volhynia and besieged Švitrigaila in the Lubart's Castle in Lutsk. Švitrigaila proposed peace and a formal two-year Truce of Staryi Chortoryisk was signed on 1 September.^[7]

The treaty of 1431 was confirmed again in Christmemel on 15 May 1432.^[5] The second treaty had 50 witnesses, however historians noted that some prominent figures of Lithuanian nobility, including Kristinas Astikas, were missing. This is interpreted as a sign of growing opposition to Švitrigaila's reign.^[5] Indeed, a group of nobles organized a coup and deposed of Švitrigaila in August 1432. The Knights formally observed the Truce of Staryi Chortoryisk, but also continued to support Švitrigaila, mostly through the Livonian Order.^[4] Their alliance was decisively defeated in the Battle of Wiłkomierz in September 1435.

References

^ Šapoka, Adolfas, ed. (1990) [1936]. Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). Mokslas. p. 169. ISBN 5-420-00631-6.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matusas, Jonas (1991) [1938]. Švitrigaila Lituvos didysis kunigaikštis (in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Vilnius: Mintis. pp. 52–55. ISBN 5-417-00473-1.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-929700-25-2.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Kirkienė, Genutė (2008). LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevičiai XV–XVI amžiuje (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. pp. 61, 64. ISBN 978-9955-33-359-3.
^ Biskup, Marian (1967). "Najazd krzyżacki na Polskę i bitwa pod Dąbkami 1431". Zeszyty Naukowe Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej (in Polish). Historia (15).
^ Jučas, Mečislovas (2000). Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unija (in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 165–167. ISBN 9986-590-95-7.

External links

(in German) Works related to Vertrag von Christmemel (1431) at Wikisource

[sapoka-1] Šapoka, Adolfas, ed. (1990) [1936]. Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). Mokslas. p. 169. ISBN 5-420-00631-6.

[kiaupa-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.

[matus-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matusas, Jonas (1991) [1938]. Švitrigaila Lituvos didysis kunigaikštis (in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Vilnius: Mintis. pp. 52–55. ISBN 5-417-00473-1.

[urban-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-929700-25-2.

[kirk-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Kirkienė, Genutė (2008). LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevičiai XV–XVI amžiuje (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. pp. 61, 64. ISBN 978-9955-33-359-3.

[biskup-6] Biskup, Marian (1967). "Najazd krzyżacki na Polskę i bitwa pod Dąbkami 1431". Zeszyty Naukowe Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej (in Polish). Historia (15).

[jucas-7] Jučas, Mečislovas (2000). Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unija (in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 165–167. ISBN 9986-590-95-7.

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