Campo de San Juan
The Campo de San Juan was the seigneurial lordship of the Order of St. John in the lands of La Mancha. It was the most important possession of the Grand Priory of the langue of Castile and León. It spanned across territory of the current Spanish provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real. The most important urban centres were Consuegra and Alcázar de San Juan.
History
[edit]The presence of the Order of St. John in the lands of La Mancha started in 1162 when a number of Knights Hospitallers were donated several villages.[2] Also in Castile, they held the fortress of Uclés from 1163 to 1174.[3] The inception of the extensive lordship in La Mancha dates back to the concession of the Castle of Consuegra to the order by Alfonso VIII in 1183,[4] a key development for the fortunes of the order in the Iberian peninsula.[5] In 1185, Dona María Ramírez de Medrano, lady of Fuenmayor, donated lands to the order and established a commandery and convent of San Juan de Acre.[6]
Including the easternmost fringes of the Montes de Toledo in its western part, the territory spanned across an area of 3,983 km2 (2,421 in the current-day province of Toledo and 1,653 in the current-day province of Ciudad Real), limiting in the plains of La Mancha with the Campo de Calatrava (linked to the Order of Calatrava) and the Campo de Montiel (linked to the Order of Santiago).[7]
Unlike the Hispanic military orders, the hospitallers, an "international" order, were not fully incorporated to the Hispanic Monarchy in the 15th–16th centuries, so, to a large extent, the priors retained administrative and justice powers over the jurisdiction.[8]
By the early 16th century, Alcázar prospered, parallel to the relative decline of the stronghold of Consuegra.[9] In the context of the struggles over the control of the priory and its ensuing split between Antonio de Estúñiga and Diego de Toledo, Consuegra, Madridejos, Camuñas, Urda, Turleque, Tembleque, Villacañas, Villarta de San Juan, Herencia and Arenas de San Juan were entrusted to the former whereas Alcázar de San Juan, Argamasilla de Alba, Quero and Villafranca de los Caballeros were given to the latter.[10] The decision for the reunification of the territory was not taken until 1566.[10]
At the height of the 18th century, it was the only lordship able to rival the Mitre of Toledo in terms of patrimony (land and vassals) in the Kingdom of Toledo.[8] By 1769, the territory comprised 14 towns: Consuegra, Alcázar, Madridejos, Herencia, Villacañas, Tembleque, Villafranca, Urda, Argamasilla, Quero, Camuñas, Villarta, Turleque and Arenas.[11] After becoming a mayorazgo-infantazgo in 1785, the langues and assemblies of the Order of Malta were fully incorporated to the Spanish Crown in 1802.[12]
References
[edit]- Citations
- ^ Corella 1992, p. 178.
- ^ Barquero Goñi 1997, p. 74.
- ^ Barquero Goñi 2015, p. 96.
- ^ Molero García 2011, p. 17.
- ^ Ayala Martínez 1999, p. 4.
- ^ María Ramírez de Medrano and the Hospital and Convent of San Juan de Acre https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8373680.pdf
- ^ Ruibal Rodríguez 2012, p. 56.
- ^ Jump up to: a b García Martín 1999, p. 267.
- ^ Gómez Vozmediano 1996, p. 139.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Barquero Goñi 1998, p. 556.
- ^ García Martín 1999, pp. 260–261.
- ^ García Martín 1999, pp. 266–267.
- Bibliography
- Ayala Martínez, Carlos de (1999). "La Orden Militar de San Juan en Castilla y León: los Hospitalarios al norte del Sistema Central (siglos XII-XIV)". Historia. Instituciones. Documentos (26): 1–40. ISSN 0210-7716.
- Barquero Goñi, Carlos (1997). "La repoblación hospitalaria en la Corona de Castilla (siglos XII-XVI)". Historia. Instituciones. Documentos (24): 71–100. ISSN 0210-7716.
- Barquero Goñi, Carlos (1998). "Disputas por el Priorato del Hospital en Castilla durante los siglos XIV y XV". Hispania. Revista Española de Historia. 58 (199). Madrid: Editorial CSIC: 537–557. doi:10.3989/hispania.1998.v58.i199.647. ISSN 0018-2141.
- Barquero Goñi, Carlos (2015). "Los fines de la presencia de la Orden del Hospital en Castilla (Siglos XII y XIII)". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval (28). Madrid: UNED: 87–107. ISSN 0214-9745.
- Corella, Pilar (1992). "Aportaciones a la "Descripción del Gran Priorato", de Domingo de Aguirre" (PDF). Anales Toledanos (29): 133–181. ISSN 0538-1983.
- García Martín, Pedro (1999). "El patrimonio de la lengua de Castilla y León de la Orden de Malta o "todo lo que adquiera el religioso es para su religión"". Hispania. Revista Española de Historia. 59 (201). Madrid: Editorial CSIC: 251–268. doi:10.3989/hispania.1999.v59.i201.624. ISSN 0018-2141.
- Gómez Vozmediano, Miguel Fernando (1996). "La revuelta de las Comunidades en la Mancha (1519-1531)". Chronica Nova. Revista de Historia Moderna de la Universidad de Granada (23). Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada: 135–169. doi:10.30827/cn.v0i23.2107. ISSN 0210-9611.
- Molero García, Jesús M. (2011). De encomienda a priorato. Consuegra y la Orden de San Juan en la edad media (siglos XII al XV) – via Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.
- Ruibal Rodríguez, Amador (2012). "Las Órdenes Militares en España (siglos XII-XV): Fortificaciones y encomiendas" (PDF). IV Congreso de Castellología. Madrid 7, 8 y 9 de marzo de 2012. pp. 49–96.