Baku during World War I
With the outbreak of hostilities in the Caucasus as part of World war I, Azerbaijan was also involved in the war, being part of the Russian Empire. Baku oil was of particular importance.
Socio-economic situation
[edit]By the beginning of the war, the population of Baku was over 215 thousand people, of which 36% were Russians, 34% were Azerbaijanis, 19% were Armenians, and 4.5% were Jews.[1]
In August 1914, the provincial Committee for assistance to war victims was established in Baku. The Baku city Council provided material assistance to the families of the soldiers. In December of the same year, the Caucasus Committee was established to provide assistance to refugees.[2]
From February 14 to 18, 1916, women protested in the city against the increase in food prices.[2]
In 1917, oil production in Baku was 382 thousand tons,[3][4] that is, more than 15% of world production[1][5] In the spring of 1918, approximately 1,280,000 tons of oil were shipped from Baku to Russia.[6]
Number of oil wells
[edit]| Stages of work | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 |
| Drilled wells | 563 | 482 | 433 |
| Spudded wells | 218 | 176 | 149 |
| Newly drilled wells | 235 | 179 | 166[7] |
There were a lot of various committees functioning in Baku during the WWI: Oil Committee, Tank Distribution Committee, Kerosene Committee, etc.[7] The number of large machine-building plants reached.[6][8]
On September 10, 1918, the currency named "Baku bona" appeared.[9]
Military-political situation
[edit]In 1915, military units were stationed on the territory of Baku[5]
On November 2, 1917, at the conference of the Baku Soviet, it was decided to establish Soviet power in Baku. Earlier, the headquarters of the Military Revolutionary Committee headed by Korganov was moved to the city.[10]
In February 1918, the Transcaucasian Sejm was established[11]
As a result of the March 1918 genocide committed by the Armenian-Bolshevik armed groups, more than 12 thousand Azerbaijanis were killed in Baku. The Muslim quarters "Mammadli" and "Kirpichhana", public buildings, mosques, etc. were destroyed.[12][13]
On April 20, 1918, the Baku City Duma, headed by Fatali Khan Khoysky, was dissolved. The activities of national councils and the press were banned.[14]
In the same year, on April 25, the Baku Council of People's Commissars was established, which included only three Azerbaijanis. The former authorities were replaced by new ones: the workers'-and-peasants' militia, the Military Tribunal, the extraordinary Committee for combating counter-revolution, the city, circuit, and district people's courts, and so on. The oil industry and the Caspian Merchant Fleet were nationalized.[14]
On July 31, 1918, the Baku Council of People's Commissars ceased to exist. From August 1 to September 1 of the same year, an English corps headed by General Dunsterville remained in Baku.[15] A coalition government called “Dictatorship of the Central Caspian” was established.[16][17]
The battles for Baku that began in August ended with the liberation of the city by the Caucasian Islamic army on September 15, 1918.[18]
On September 17, 1918, the national government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Ganja was transferred to Baku.[9][19]
National liberation movement
[edit]In the spring of 1916, at the initiative of the bolsheviks, “Adalat” (“Justice”) organization was established in Baku to assist workers from southern Azerbaijan.[20]
On March 17, 1917, the Executive Committee of public organizations was established in the city, which was the local authority of the Provisional government.[14]
In addition to political parties, there were Muslim national councils in Azerbaijan, the most popular of which was the Baku Muslim National Council.[21]
On April 15–20, 1917, a Congress of Muslims of the Caucasus was held in Baku. The main slogan of the Congress was the desire to unite all Muslims in Russia. As a result of the merger of two political parties: "Musavat" and "Turkic Federalist Party", a single "Turkic Federalist Party Musavat" was created.[22]
The national liberation movement in Northern Azerbaijan, centered in Baku, ended with the restoration of national statehood represented by Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) in 1918.[23]
Culture
[edit]In 1914–1915, a weekly satirical magazine "Mezeli" ("Funny") was published in Baku in the Azerbaijani language. For all time, 42 issues were published.[24]
In 1915, the leader of the Musavat party, M. E. Rasulzade, launched the publication of the daily Turkic newspaper “Achig soz".[9][14]
In 1916, teachers' seminaries were opened in Baku.[25]
In August 1918, special pedagogical courses were opened to train qualified personnel.[25]
The Azerbaijani State Theater under the direction of Huseyn Arablinsky was functioning in that period.[26]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "Баку: город этнокультурного многообразия". UNESCO (in Russian). 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Азербайджанские женщины в период первой мировой войны". Ens.az - Новости и энциклопедия на 4 языках (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ "Baku during WWI".
- ^ "Oil production in Baku" (PDF) (in Azerbaijani).
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Baku oil".
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Baku oil during WWI".[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Number of oil wells in Baku during World War I" (PDF).
- ^ "AZƏRBAYCAN MİLLİ ENSİKLOPEDİYASI". ensiklopediya.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Azerbaijan Democratic Republic".
- ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921). New York Philosophical Library.
- ^ "Вопросы Первой мировой войны на страницах русскоязычной печати Баку". vestnik.journ.msu.ru. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ "Мартовский геноцид в Азербайджане (геноцид мусульман в 1918-20 годах в Баку и других городах)". Государственный Центр Перевода Азербайджана (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ "IRS" (PDF).
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Military-political situation in Baku during WWI".
- ^ "Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: British Police in Baku". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Dunsterville, L. C. (1921). "From Baghdad to the Caspian in 1918". The Geographical Journal. 57 (3): 153–164. doi:10.2307/1780858. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1780858.
- ^ "Lionel Dunsterville Diary". www.gwpda.org. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Сулейманов, Мехман (1999). Кавказская исламская армия и Азербайджан. Баку. p. 36.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ (%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9).pdf "National government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ В. А. Данилов, З. И. Ибрагимов, Т. М. Исламов, П. М. Калениченко, А. И. Крушанов, И. М. Кулинич, А. М. Матвеев, Г. Е. Рейхберг, П. С. Сохань, Ю. Н. Щербаков (1971). Интернационалисты. Трудящиеся Зарубежных стран-участники борьбы за власть советов. Москва: Издательство "Наука". ISBN 0810835509.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780521522458.
- ^ "МАЯК НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ". Region Plus. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Волхонский М., Муханов В. (2007). По следам Азербайджанской Демократической Республики. Москва: Европа. p. 62. ISBN 978-5-9739-0114-1.
- ^ "АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКАЯ ПЕЧАТЬ НАКАНУНЕ И В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ - Кавказ: новости, история,традиции". www.kavkazoved.info. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "AZƏRBAYCAN MİLLİ ENSİKLOPEDİYASI". ensiklopediya.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
- ^ "Азербайджанский театр покорил Россию, или История Гусейна Араблинского (ФОТО)". Trend.Az (in Russian). 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2021-01-07.