Выбор места
Выбор места указывает на практику размещения новых объектов, как для бизнеса, так и для государства. Выбор места включает в себя сопоставление потребностей нового проекта с преимуществами потенциальных мест. Эта практика достигла зрелости в 20-м веке, когда деятельность правительств и корпораций расширилась до новых географических регионов в национальном и международном масштабе, а также по мере того, как можно было собирать и анализировать подробные данные о схемах автомобильного и пешеходного движения.
История
[ редактировать ]Выбор места был формализован в 1940-х и 1950-х годах посредством ряда важных проектов правительства США. Определение правильного местоположения для проектов, важных для национальной безопасности, включая Национальную лабораторию Лос-Аламоса , Хэнфордский полигон и Академию ВВС США , потребовало тщательного процесса оценки. Процесс выбора площадки, разработанный для этих проектов, был усовершенствован и позже стал стандартной практикой в частном секторе. По мере роста экономики и населения США в послевоенные годы росли и корпоративные операции. Крупные компании начали использовать формальный процесс выбора места для определения идеальных мест для новых корпоративных кампусов и, в частности, производственных операций.
В литературе по теории выбора места до недавних лет различные проблемы рассматривались только с национальной точки зрения. По большому счету, в этих изданиях нет международных обзоров. В США, стране, где выбор промышленных площадок сыграл важную роль с самого начала, что привело к очень раннему поиску методических подходов, Эдгар М. Гувер был одним из ведущих пионеров в области анализа площадок. В своей книге «Местоположение экономической деятельности» Гувер еще в 1948 году собрал важнейшие критерии выбора промышленных площадок, которые применяются и сегодня. Однако были довольно ранние попытки объединить теории международной торговли с теориями национально ориентированных территорий, чтобы разработать теорию территорий с международной точки зрения. Одним из этих первых авторов был Олин (1952), за ним следовали Сабатил (1969), Мур (1978), Теш (1980) и Гетт (1994).
Nevertheless, even to this day, this situation has only changed to some extent. Even though since the 1990s it has no longer been only major corporations that expand abroad, and any foreign direct investment results in a site selection, there are still very few well-researched studies on this topic. A specifically international site selection theory is still not discernible. Many current and more recent publications either review site decisions made by individual corporations or analyze them as reference cases. Other publications focus on a cost-specific approach largely driven by site relocations in the context of cost structure optimization within major corporations. However, these publications only rarely and at best cursorily deal with issues of construction and real estate aspects.
Theodor Sabathil's 1969 dissertation is considered one of the early in-depth studies in the area of international site selection. Therein, Sabathil largely focused on country selection, which is part of the site selection process. In this context, Sabathil compiled a comprehensive catalogue of site factors and a theoretical approach to site selection; the latter does not go into great detail. Neither does Sabathil take any legal, natural, or cultural site factors into consideration. However, he discusses in particular company-specific framework conditions and psychological factors.[1]
The dissertation submitted in 1980 by Peter Tesch constitutes another milestone in the further development of international site theory. Tesch combines theories of international trade and investment with site theories. He is the first to include country-specific framework conditions in his analysis. The main basis for his comments on the various types of internationalization are location-specific competitive advantages. In this context, Tesch developed a catalogue of criteria for international site decisions grouped into three categories:• site factors affecting all company activities• availability and costs of the site factors impacting on the production factors• turnover-related site factors.
Thomas Goette's 1994 study tries to classify important international site factors and to structure the process of international site selection. Goette distinguishes between economic site conditions (sales potential, competitive conditions, infrastructure and transportation costs, labor, monetary conditions), political site conditions (tax legislation, environmental protection, institutional market entry barriers, support of business, political risks), cultural site conditions (differences in language, mentality, religion, and the lack of acceptancy of foreign companies), and geographical site conditions (climate, topography). This study again demonstrates that an attempt to cover all aspects will result in loss of quality as all factors were not or could not be taken into consideration. Goette also theorizes that, in particular, industrial site decisions within companies are usually once-off and division-related decision-making processes. Based on this, Goette assumes a relatively low learning curve, and hence little potential for improvement for subsequent projects.
As one of the last major contributions, Thomas Glatte aimed to enhance and globalize the known systems in his book "International Production Site Selection" by providing a 10-staged selection process, suggesting selected methods for each selection stage and offering a comprehensive list of criteria for the practitioner.[2]
Notable projects
[edit]United States Air Force Academy
The United States Air Force was created in 1947 as an independent service branch and legislation was passed to create a United States Air Force Academy. Selecting the best location for the academy was deemed critical by Congress and the Air Force Academy Site Selection Board was established to manage the task. The board evaluated more than 580 locations in 22 states before selecting the current Colorado Springs site.[3]
Hanford Site
Site selection for the Hanford nuclear production facility was important for different reasons. Nuclear material and nuclear weapon production required land suitable for large-scale manufacturing, but also remote and secure from natural disasters. The Army Corps of Engineers selected 586 acres in Southwest Washington in 1942.[4]
BMW automotive manufacturing
In 1992, BMW announced the company would invest over $620 million to develop a new manufacturing facility in Spartanburg, South Carolina.[5] The factory was the first by a European car manufacturer in the United States since Volkswagen had closed its Pennsylvania facility in 1992.[6] BMW spent three years evaluating over 250 sites before selecting South Carolina.
Process
[edit]The site selection process includes a detailed evaluation of project needs which are then measured against the merits of potential locations. The process typically includes selecting and evaluating communities, real estate site analysis and acquisition, and may include negotiating tax incentives.[7] When choosing new locations for retail outlets, chain restaurant, and fast food franchises, site selection consultants will analyze the volume and travel patterns of cars and pedestrians as part of their process.[8]
According to the U.S. General Services Administration, site selection considerations should begin early in the capital development process and play a significant role in pre-planning discussions.[9] The process includes the following steps:
- Define project criteria
- Evaluate communities
- Create short list of communities based upon project criteria
- Identify real estate sites within each finalist community
- Real estate analysis
- Negotiate tax incentives
- Site acquisition
Detailed site selection typically requires nine months for federal projects[10] and four to six months for private sector projects.[11] The National Environmental Policy Act may extend the site selection timeline for federal agencies, depending on the level of environmental analysis required.[12]
Current use
[edit]Formal site selection is widely employed today. The U.S. federal government and all federal agencies require new facility development to follow internal site selection procedures. While not as widespread, many state governments and state government agencies have followed suit and published their own site selection guides.[13] Without requirements for use, site selection for private business is still widely used, but less so than in federal agencies. In private industry, site selection consultants[14] are hired for complicated projects including manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters, and research and development operations. For both government and business, the work can be performed by internal staff or an external advisors. Many large corporations with ongoing new facility needs employ internal site selection teams.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Glatte, Thomas 2015. Location Strategies: Methods and their methodological limitations Journal for Engineering, Design and Technology, Volume 13, Issue 3, p. 435 - 462
- ^ Glatte, Thomas 2013. Industrial Production Site Selection Expert Verlag, Renningen, Germany
- ^ "Air Force Academy". National Park Service. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Hanford Overview". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "BMW downplays wages in site selection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "BMW expected to build plant in South Carolina". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Site Selection Process". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "INRIX Introduces New Dataset in Site Selection Suite". QSR Magazine. September 25, 2018.
- ^ "Site Selection Guide Introduction". GSA. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "GSA Site Selection Process Overview". GSA. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Corporate Site Selection". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "NEPA Activities in Site Selection". GSA. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "School Site Selection and Approval Guide". California Department of Education. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ "Site Selection Consutlants". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved 4 November 2011.