Nicolae Militaru

Nicolae Militaru
Nicolae Militaru
76th Minister of National Defense of Romania
	In office; 22 December 1989 – 16 February 1990
Prime Minister	Petre Roman
Preceded by	Vasile Milea
Succeeded by	Victor Stănculescu
Personal details
Born	10 November 1925; Bălești, Gorj County, Kingdom of Romania
Died	27 December 1996 (aged 71); Bucharest, Romania
Political party	Romanian Communist Party
Alma mater	Frunze Military Academy
Profession	Military officer, communist politician
Military service
Rank	General of the army
Commands	3rd Army (1965–1969); 2nd Army (1969–1978)

Nicolae Militaru (10 November 1925 – 27 December 1996) was a Romanian soldier and communist politician. Rising to the rank of general by the 1960s, his ties to the Soviet Union led dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu to question his loyalty and sideline Militaru in 1978. He re-emerged during the Romanian Revolution, when he was made Defense Minister, serving for nearly two months before street pressure forced his dismissal. Days after Ceaușescu’s execution, he was advanced to general of the army. His final public act came in 1996, when Militaru ran for President, barely registering any support.

Biography

Under communism

Born in Bălești, Gorj County, Militaru joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1945,^[1] entering the Romanian Land Forces that October.^[2] He attended the M. V. Frunze Military Academy in Moscow from 1952 to 1956. Upon graduation, he became a lieutenant colonel in the Romanian Land Forces and was appointed chief of staff of the 10th Infantry Division, stationed in Iași, after which he commanded the 2nd Mechanized Division, stationed in Craiova. Promoted to major general in March 1961, he served as chief of staff of the 3rd Army in Cluj from 1961 to 1965.^[3]^: 12 From 1965 to 1969, he served as commanding officer of the 3rd Army.^[4]^[5] He then commanded the 2nd Army (headquartered in Bucharest) from 1969 to 1978, attaining the rank of colonel general in 1974.^[1]^[6] He sat on the PCR’s central committee as an alternate member from 1974 to 1984. From 1969 to 1975, he represented Gurahonț, Arad County in the Great National Assembly.^[1]

In 1978, under suspicion for being a GRU agent and for plotting against dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, he was retired from active duty and made an assistant to the Industrial Constructions Minister, remaining until 1984.^[6]^[1] A Securitate plot to depose Ceaușescu existed in the early 1980s, and he is known to have joined in 1984, adding an Army dimension.^[7] Following the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, Militaru requested the Soviet leader's backing for an anti-Ceaușescu coup d'état; this was rejected.^[8]

Revolution and aftermath

On December 24, 1989, during the Romanian Revolution, Militaru was already in charge of the heavily guarded Defense Ministry when a controversial incident took place.^[9]^[10] According to a narrative put forward by former Securitate agents, he lured USLA military counterintelligence agents into an ambush and ensured the group was headed by Colonel Gheorghe Trosca [ro] and Major Eugen Cotuna since they had compromising information on Militaru's alleged GRU ties; the pair ended up killed. However, during 1990, army officers in the military's own press cast doubt on a story that was widely reported in civilian newspapers, alleging it was a Securitate diversion effectively spread by agents who had infiltrated the regular press.^[9]

On December 26, in the Revolution's immediate aftermath, the new leader, Ion Iliescu, formally named him Defense Minister.^[6] Two days later, Iliescu issued a decree promoting Militaru to the rank of general of the army.^[11] As minister, Militaru recalled to active duty some thirty officers, most of whom had received active training in the Soviet Union. Other officers became increasingly uneasy and a pro-reform group, Comitetul de Acțiune pentru Democratizarea Armatei (CADA, Action Committee for the Democratization of the Army) emerged on 12 February 1990. The following day over a thousand soldiers and officers assembled in Bucharest,^[12] and Militaru was dismissed on 16 February, replaced by General Victor Stănculescu.^[6] He ran in the 1996 presidential election, winning 0.22% of the vote but died of cancer the following month.^[6]

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Affiliation	First round			Second round
Election	Affiliation	Votes	Percentage	Position	Votes	Percentage	Position
1996	Independent	28,318	0.2%	16th

Notes

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Dobre et al., p. 397.
^ Pelin, Mihai (2003). Un veac de spionaj, contraspionaj și poliție politică. Bucharest: Editura Elion. p. 190. ISBN 978-97383-621-23.
^ Corneanu, Constantin (2019), "Armata Româna și prăbușirea Comunismului (Decembrie 1989)" (PDF), Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române (in Romanian), 22 (4 (86)): 1–13, retrieved 3 June 2021
^ Andronic, Dan (19 December 2018). "Fantomele Revoluției. Nicolae Militaru, KGB-istul adus de Iliescu în fruntea Armatei". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "Prezentarea Diviziei 4 Infanterie "Gemina" – Armata a 3-a. Anii 1960–1979". www.clujarm.ro (in Romanian). 4th Infantry Division (Romania). Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Deleanu, Valentina (29 December 2011). "Ce s-a ales de primul Guvern postdecembrist". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 10 April 2012.
^ Deletant, Dennis (1995). Ceaușescu and the Securitate. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 347. ISBN 1-56-32463-33.
^ Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-67-40253-01.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b O'Neil, Patrick H. (1997). Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe. Psychology Press. pp. 117–120. ISBN 0-7146-4765-9.
^ Nedea, Alex (22 December 2014). "Povestea cavalerului fără cap care bântuie România" (in Romanian). Vice. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "Decret nr. 15 din 28 decembrie 1989 privind înaintarea în gradul de general de armată a unui general-colonel". legislatie.just.ro (in Romanian). 28 December 1989. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ Gallagher, Tom (2005). Modern Romania: The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation. New York University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8147-3172-4.

References

Florica Dobre, Liviu Marius Bejenaru, Clara Cosmineanu-Mareș, Monica Grigore, Alina Ilinca, Oana Ionel, Nicoleta Ionescu-Gură, Elisabeta Neagoe-Pleșa, Liviu Pleșa, Membrii C.C. al P.C.R. (1945–1989). Dicționar. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2004. ISBN 973-45-0486-X

[“dobre”-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Dobre et al., p. 397.

[2] Pelin, Mihai (2003). Un veac de spionaj, contraspionaj și poliție politică. Bucharest: Editura Elion. p. 190. ISBN 978-97383-621-23.

[3] Corneanu, Constantin (2019), "Armata Româna și prăbușirea Comunismului (Decembrie 1989)" (PDF), Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române (in Romanian), 22 (4 (86)): 1–13, retrieved 3 June 2021

[4] Andronic, Dan (19 December 2018). "Fantomele Revoluției. Nicolae Militaru, KGB-istul adus de Iliescu în fruntea Armatei". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[5] "Prezentarea Diviziei 4 Infanterie "Gemina" – Armata a 3-a. Anii 1960–1979". www.clujarm.ro (in Romanian). 4th Infantry Division (Romania). Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[ales-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Deleanu, Valentina (29 December 2011). "Ce s-a ales de primul Guvern postdecembrist". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 10 April 2012.

[7] Deletant, Dennis (1995). Ceaușescu and the Securitate. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 347. ISBN 1-56-32463-33.

[8] Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-67-40253-01.

[oneil-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b O'Neil, Patrick H. (1997). Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe. Psychology Press. pp. 117–120. ISBN 0-7146-4765-9.

[10] Nedea, Alex (22 December 2014). "Povestea cavalerului fără cap care bântuie România" (in Romanian). Vice. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[11] "Decret nr. 15 din 28 decembrie 1989 privind înaintarea în gradul de general de armată a unui general-colonel". legislatie.just.ro (in Romanian). 28 December 1989. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[12] Gallagher, Tom (2005). Modern Romania: The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation. New York University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8147-3172-4.

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v t e Defence Ministers of Romania
United Principalities Principality of Romania	Vlădoianu Macedonski Cornescu Florescu Golescu Adrian Sămășescu Grigore Ghica Iacovache Manu Solomon Lecca Haralambie Gherghel I.C. Brătianu Duca Manu Pencovici Tell Slăniceanu Cernat Dabija
Kingdom of Romania	Gheorghe Angelescu Fălcoianu Alexandru Anghelescu Barozzi Vlădescu Lahovary Catargiu Poenaru Budișteanu Stoicescu Berindei Sturdza Averescu Stelian Crăiniceanu Filipescu Argetoianu Hârjeu I. I. C. Brătianu Vintilă Brătianu Iancovescu Grigorescu Văitoianu Rășcanu Moșoiu Holban Mărdărescu Mircescu Paul Angelescu Cihoski Maniu Condeescu Ștefănescu Amza Samsonovici Uică Tătărescu Irimescu Ilasievici Antonescu Argeșanu Ciupercă Călinescu Ilcuș Nicolescu Iacobici Pantazi Racoviță Sănătescu Negulescu Rașcanu Lascăr
Socialist Republic	Bodnăraș Sălăjan Ioniță Coman Olteanu Milea
Romania since 1989	Militaru Stănculescu Spiroiu Tinca Babiuc Ionescu Frunzăverde Pașcu Atanasiu Frunzăverde Meleșcanu Stănișoară Oprea Dobrițoiu Dușa Motoc Leș Țuțuianu Fifor Leș Ciucă Dîncu Tîlvăr

v t e First Petre Roman cabinet (26 December 1989 – 28 June 1990)
Prime Minister	Petre Roman
Deputy Prime Ministers	Gelu Voican Voiculescu Mihai Drăgănescu Ion Aurel Stoica Anton Vătăşescu
Ministers of State	Petru Pepelea Mihail Victor Buracu Costică Bădescu Ovidiu Adrian Moţiu
Ministers	Teofil Pop (Justice) Nicolae Militaru/Victor Stănculescu (Defense) Andrei Pleșu (Culture) Nicolae Ştefan (Agriculture and Food Industry) Sergiu Celac (Foreign Affairs) Mihai Chițac/Doru-Viorel Ursu (Interior) Mihai Şora (Education) Simion Hâncu (Environment) Alexandru Dimitriu (Constructions) Mihnea Marmeliuc (Labor) Corneliu Burada (Transport) Dan Enăchescu (Health) Stelian Pintilie (Posts and Telecommunications) Victor Stănculescu (National Economy) Adrian Georgescu (Electric Energy) Gheorghe Caranfil (Chemical and Petrochemical Industry) Anton Vătăşescu (Electrotechnics, Electronics and Informatics) Victor Murea (Oil Industry) Ioan Cheşa (Metallurgical Industry) Constantin Popescu (Light Industry) Ioan Aurel Stoica (Motor Industry) Ioan Folea (Geology) Nicolae Dicu (Mines) Ion Râmbu (Woodworking Industry) Nicolae M. Nicolae (Foreign Trade) Mihail Lupoi (Tourism) Nicolae Stoicescu (Religious Affairs) Mircea Angelescu (Sports)