Badumna longinqua
| Badumna longinqua | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Членистоногие |
| Субфилум: | Chelicerata |
| Сорт: | Арахнид |
| Заказ: | Пауки |
| Инфрамерс: | Araneomorphae |
| Семья: | Desidae |
| Genus: | Badumna |
| Species: | B. longinqua
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| Binomial name | |
| Badumna longinqua | |
Badumna longinqua или «Серый дом -паук» это вид пауков - в семействе Desidae . Уроженец Восточной Австралии , он был введен в Новую Зеландию, Японию, Соединенные Штаты, Мексика, Уругвай [ 1 ] и Нидерланды.
Описание
[ редактировать ]Badumna longinqua -это паук среднего размера, а мужчины достигают максимальной длины не более 11 миллиметров (0,43 дюйма), в то время как женщины незначительно больше с максимальной длиной тела 15 мм (0,59 дюйма). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Его общее название, Grey House Spider, обусловлено окраской на цефалотораксах и животе, которые покрыты ковровыми покрытиями со светлыми волосками и точечной маркировкой [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] и ноги, которые имеют пурпурно-коричневый цвет с волосками, расположенными в полосы на каждой ноге. [ 7 ] Аналогично окрашенное коричневое панцирь темнеет ближе к хелицере и глазам. [ 7 ] Его восемь глаз маленькие и черные, с передней средней парой исключительно больше, примерно в 1 с половиной раза больше, чем окружающие глаза. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Под этими щетинками находятся яйцевидная живот и ноги, которые являются пурпурно-коричневыми цветами с волосками, расположенными в полосы на каждой ноге. [ 9 ]
Distribution
[edit]New Zealand range
[edit]Badumna longinqua was originally native to eastern Australia.[7][8][10][5][6] The spider was unintentionally introduced and colonised into New Zealand and now is widespread throughout both the North and South Islands.[11][12][13] This species is found throughout the North Island but is selected within the South Island [14][3][10] as it is not as common southern and western of the South Island due to unfavourable environmental conditions. The colonisation of this species has increased over the last few decades due to human transport and trade, most likely arriving during colonial times, via inert phoresy on ships, planes, trains, and merchandise.[10][13] The species was only first reported in New Zealand in the twentieth century.[6][12][8] The range expansion of the species is due to human activities.[13] This is because Badumna longinqua is able to spread within goods in transportation such as ships, trains and planes, which, offer warmth and the availability of food.[14] Another speculated arrival method is that of ballooning, a means of dispersal in Araneae where a spiderling lets out a thread of silk called gossamer, which is carried away by wind or a thermal updraft, causing the spider to become airborne.[15][12] Badumna insignis, a closely related, slightly larger species, commonly named the common black spider or black house spider, has also colonised New Zealand, but only as far as the northern part of the North Island[citation needed].
Geographic distribution
[edit]Aside from Australasia, B. longinqua has increased its global range to other countries including Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Japan, the United States, Uruguay, and South Africa[5][10][6][13]
Habitat preferences
[edit]Badumna longinqua is mainly located in temperate zones or climates of the world.[8] Temperate zones or climates are in the middle latitudes, which are found between the tropics and the polar regions.[8] Environmental conditions can limit the success of a species but Badumna longinqua shows great tolerance and survival for varied climates.[14] In most foreign nations including New Zealand, the grey house spider is a synanthropic species and is common in urban habitats and agroecosystems.[13] The species resides almost exclusively in the somewhat artificial environments that are produced as a result of human inhabitancy, and not in wild habitats, for example natural forest.[12][13] The distinctively messy web of B. longinqua can be found in many urban places, such as nooks and crannies on window frames and walls, in rubbish bins, under furniture, on car bodies and mirrors, trees bases and benches in urban parks, and artificial posies in cemeteries.[11][10][3][8] Badumna longinqua have also been found in cemeteries in artificial flowers,[11][10][6] which therefore suggest that they are very suitable to refuge.[13] The species primarily are found living in tree trunks, rock walls, retreats, leaves, and tangled webbing in green shrubs.[8] Badumna longinqua live in grasslands, riparian forests and wetlands.[8] Higher densities of the species populations are found in trees near roads or urban areas where human activity is higher.[8] Commercial Eucalyptus plantations in Uruguay, and Pinus plantations elsewhere provide an abundance of potential homes for the spiders, which often take up residence on the trees, positioning their hideaways under loose bark.[6][8] In the United States, Badumna longinqua seems to be less reliant on a synanthropic relationship with people and can also be located in woodlands, along immediate coastal areas, within agricultural ecosystems, and recently in vineyards.[7][6]
Phenology
[edit]The female Badumna longinqua spider can potentially spend the whole of her life in the one same web,[3][14] whereas the sexually mature male is forced to leave his home when it becomes time to reproduce.[8] The male begins his hunt for females in the warmer months of the year, from summer through to early autumn.[7][8] Although the details of B. longinqua courtship have not yet been formally described, and biology of the spider is not well studied, it is acknowledged in most cases to be a solitary spider.[7][16] The lifespan of Badumna longinqua is not officially documented, however its closest relative Badumna insignis lives for a maximum of around two years, and so it could be postulated that B. longinqua would live for approximately the same period of time.[17]
Web
[edit]As a starting point for its web, Badumna longinqua first finds a satisfactory hiding place, such as a crack or small opening to funnel out its web from, which it then interlines with silk.[11][3][12][8] From this tubular entrance, it builds a multitude of ladder-like webs in a radiating fashion,[10][18][19] and for this reason it is placed into the ladderweb spiders grouping, of which it is one of only a few in New Zealand.[7] The grey house spider's special cribellate silk is used for the connecting zig-zag patterned threads of the web.[12][13][6] Located in the spider's rear legs, the calamistrum combs the silk of the web.[8] As the web is occupied for long periods of time,[11][4][12][2][3] with the female spider even remaining in her web for the entirety of her life unless compelled to move[3][14] silken additions and restorations are carried out nightly, resulting in a disorderly looking web which becomes increasingly untidy over time.[11][4][12][2][3][19] Despite possibly being one of the most abundant spiders around homes and buildings throughout New Zealand,[4] B. longinqua itself is not often sighted as it feeds at night and will stay hidden in its retreat during the daytime.[11][4][12] Furthermore, it generally does not go wandering into households in search of a mate as with other common species of Araneae.[12] When night falls, the grey house spider exits its burrow to tend to its web,[12] and then sit in wait of a meal.[2][3]
Prey
[edit]This species is a web-building spider meaning that it constructs its web in a calm and undisturbed place.[9] Thus making them wait for food to come to them and capture their food. An assortment of insects are preyed upon by Badumna longinqua, including; small psyllids, ants, and moths,[2][8] as well as some insects of considerably larger size than itself, like wasps, bees, and even bumblebees and cicadas.[12][2][8] However, usually making up over half of the diet is, as could be expected, a variety of flies.[7][2][8] Victims that make the fatal mistake of blundering into the sticky web are rushed at, bitten, and further entangled by the spider until unable to move or escape.[7][4][12] If this prey is caught during the day, the grey house spider retires back into the safety of its burrow, to emerge after nightfall and feast on its earlier catch.[4][12][19] Spiders feed by liquefying the prey through injection or regurgitation of digestive fluids into their prey to then proceed to suck the digested food.[9]
Predators and parasites
[edit]Parasitic wasps and flies can pose a risk to B. longinqua, but its greatest predator is the notorious hunting spider, Lampona, more commonly known as the white-tailed spider.[2][8] There are two species of Lampona in New Zealand and both seem to readily predate grey house spiders as a favoured dietary choice.[11][3][8] Along the Pacific Coast of California and presumably in other countries, grey house spiders are frequently preyed upon by the cosmopolitan long-bodied cellar spider or "daddy long legs" (Pholcus phalangioides), another very prevalent alien species[7] which is likewise common and introduced in New Zealand .[15][8] Many birds eat this species as well as some mammals (New Zealand Short-tailed Bats).[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Taxon details Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2017-09-15
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Laing, D.J. (1998). "A Comparison of the Prey of Three Common Web Building Spiders of Open Country, Bush Fringe and Urban Areas". Tuatara. 30: 23–35.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j T.E.R:R.A.I.N. "House spider (Grey) Badumna longinqua". T.E.R:R.A.I.N - Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fairweather, B (2008). Spiders in New Zealand. New Zealand: Penguin Group.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nentwig, W.; Blick, T.; Gloor, D.; Hangii, A.; Kropf, C. "Badumna longinqua". Universitaet Bern. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Simo, M.; Laborda, A.; Jorge, C.; Guerrero, C.J.; Dias, M.A.; Castro, M. (2011). "Introduction, distribution and habitats of the invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Uruguay, with notes on its world dispersion". Journal of Natural History. 45 (27–28): 27–28. doi:10.1080/00222933.2011.559599. S2CID 85094922.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Адамс, RJ (2014). «Полевой гид по паукам Калифорнии и государства Тихоокеанского побережья» . Калифорнийские руководства по естественной истории . 108 (1): 180–377 . Получено 2018-04-03 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т в Simo, M., Laborda, A., Horge, C., Guerrero, JC, Dias, MA, & Castro, M. (2011). Введение введения (L. Koch, 1867) Журнал естественной истории, 45 (27-28),
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Pennisi, E. (2017). Распутывание биологии пауков. Science, 358 (6361), 288-291
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин Pompozzi, G.; Перальта, А.; Симо, М. (2013). «Инвазивный паук Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) в Аргентине: новые записи о распределении, с примечаниями о ее расширении и учреждении» . Проверка списка . 9 (3): 218–221. doi : 10.15560/9.3.218 . HDL : 11336/12456 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Кроу, А. (2007). Какой новозеландский паук? Полем Новая Зеландия: группа пингвинов.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не Forster & Forster, R., L. (1999). Пауки Новой Зеландии и их всемирные родственники . Отаго: Университет Отаго Пресс.
{{cite book}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Simo, M., Laborda, A., Nunez, M. & Brescovit, AD (2015). Первые записи инвазивного паука Badumna longinqua (L. Koch) (Desidae) в южной Бразилии с заметками о местах обитания и дисперсии вида. Проверка списка: Журнал данных о биоразнообразии , 11 (1), 1-3.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Pompozzi, G., Peralta, L. & Simo, M. (2013). Инвазивный паук Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) в Аргентине: новые записи о распределении, с примечаниями о его расширении и учреждении. Проверка списка: Журнал данных о биоразнообразии , 9 (3), 618-621.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beccaloni, J. (2009). Арахниды . Лондон: музей естественной истории.
- ^ Коста, Ф. (1993). Aranae, Amaurbiidae Журнал арахнологии 21 (3): 258–2 JSTOR 3705487 .
- ^ «Викторианские пауки: черный дом паук» . Музей Виктория Австралия .
- ^ Simo, M.; Laborda, A.; БРЕСКОВИТ, А. (2015). «Первые записи инвазивного паука Badumna longinqua (L. Koch) (Desidae) в южной Бразилии с заметками о местах обитания и дисперсии вида» . Проверка списка . 11 (1): 1533. DOI : 10.15560/11.1.1533 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Ubick, D. (2005). Пауки Северной Америки: руководство по идентификации. Нью -Йорк, США: Американское аракнологическое общество.